This article examines the use of military drones over the past 20 years. It includes the following: (1) a critical review of how drone warfare in the US-led ‘war on terror’ affected drone crews and those ‘living under drones’; (2) an analysis of how drone warfare in Ukraine and Russia differs from previous deployments of the technology; and (3) a careful assessment of what lies ahead, as national governments and technology firms race to develop AI-enabled drones and autonomous weapons systems on a broad scale.
{"title":"Death by remote control: Drone warfare in Afghanistan, Ukraine and beyond","authors":"Roberto J. González","doi":"10.1111/1467-8322.12862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12862","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the use of military drones over the past 20 years. It includes the following: (1) a critical review of how drone warfare in the US-led ‘war on terror’ affected drone crews and those ‘living under drones’; (2) an analysis of how drone warfare in Ukraine and Russia differs from previous deployments of the technology; and (3) a careful assessment of what lies ahead, as national governments and technology firms race to develop AI-enabled drones and autonomous weapons systems on a broad scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":46293,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology Today","volume":"40 1","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139676827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rise of ancient DNA studies in prehistoric archaeology, terms such as matriliny and patriliny are commonly used in scholarly literature. From a sociocultural anthropological perspective, however, the two terms are not as simple and unproblematic as is widely accepted among archaeogeneticists. Matriliny and patriliny are umbrella terms for societies with a wide range of political and kinship practices, with or without a state. Moreover, archaeogenetic literature has assumed specific associations with matrilineal and patrilineal descent that are not supported by sociocultural anthropology. To properly understand the diversity of human sociopolitical forms in both the deep and recent past, archaeology – in its broadest sense, including archaeogenetics – must avoid essentializing prehistoric communities without exploring the empirical nuances that are well documented ethnographically. Finally, the article calls for more engagement in debates on kinship and sociopolitical organization in prehistory from sociocultural anthropological perspectives.
随着古 DNA 研究在史前考古学中的兴起，母系和父系等术语在学术文献中被普遍使用。然而，从社会文化人类学的角度来看，这两个术语并不像考古遗传学家普遍接受的那样简单和没有问题。母系和父系是具有各种政治和亲属关系习俗的社会的总称，无论是否有国家。此外，考古学文献假定母系和父系血统有特定的联系，而社会文化人类学并不支持这种假定。为了正确理解人类社会政治形式在远古和近代的多样性，考古学--包括考古遗传学在内的最广义的考古学--必须避免将史前社区本质化，而不去探索人种学上有充分记载的经验上的细微差别。最后，文章呼吁从社会文化人类学的角度更多地参与史前亲属关系和社会政治组织的辩论。
{"title":"Why kinship still needs anthropologists in the 21st century","authors":"Sabina Cveček","doi":"10.1111/1467-8322.12861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12861","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>With the rise of ancient DNA studies in prehistoric archaeology, terms such as matriliny and patriliny are commonly used in scholarly literature. From a sociocultural anthropological perspective, however, the two terms are not as simple and unproblematic as is widely accepted among archaeogeneticists. Matriliny and patriliny are umbrella terms for societies with a wide range of political and kinship practices, with or without a state. Moreover, archaeogenetic literature has assumed specific associations with matrilineal and patrilineal descent that are not supported by sociocultural anthropology. To properly understand the diversity of human sociopolitical forms in both the deep and recent past, archaeology – in its broadest sense, including archaeogenetics – must avoid essentializing prehistoric communities without exploring the empirical nuances that are well documented ethnographically. Finally, the article calls for more engagement in debates on kinship and sociopolitical organization in prehistory from sociocultural anthropological perspectives.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46293,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology Today","volume":"40 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-8322.12861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139676820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roger Lancaster, Jonathan Marks, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Agustín Fuentes
This editorial reflects on the controversy at the American Anthropological Association and the Canadian Anthropology Society's conference, where a session on the fixity of biological sex was cancelled. Retracing developments from Simone de Beauvoir's foundational ideas to the theories of second-wave feminism it emphasizes how the gender concept was posed as a dynamic cultural construct. rather than a fixed biological fate, then shows that biological sex is also more complex than earlier characterizations of it as given, fixed, and immutable. Underscoring the complexities of academic debate and inclusivity, the piece highlights anthropologists’ work in revealing gender diversity and spotlights the role of young LGBTQI researchers in reshaping our concepts of sex and gender, which have moved from fixed binaries to a more fluid understanding in contemporary thought. The editorial concludes with a call for an integrated, non-dichotomous approach to (cultural) gender and (biological) sex, a nuanced understanding that recognizes their interplay.
这篇社论反映了美国人类学协会和加拿大人类学协会会议上的争议，在这次会议上，一场关于生物性别固定性的会议被取消了。文章回顾了从西蒙娜-德-波伏娃（Simone de Beauvoir）的基本思想到第二波女权主义理论的发展历程，强调了性别概念是如何被视为一种动态的文化建构，而不是一种固定的生物命运，然后表明生物性别也比早先将其视为既定、固定和不可改变的特征更为复杂。这篇文章强调了学术辩论和包容性的复杂性，突出了人类学家在揭示性别多样性方面所做的工作，并强调了年轻的 LGBTQI 研究人员在重塑我们的性和性别概念方面所发挥的作用。社论最后呼吁对（文化）性别和（生物）性别采取一种综合的、非二分法的方法，一种承认它们之间相互作用的细致入微的理解。
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Amanda H. Sorensen, Samantha Lee, Diana E. Marsh, Katrina Fenlon, Ricardo L. Punzalan
This article outlines the revitalization of the Council for the Preservation of Anthropological Records (CoPAR) to adapt to the changing dynamics of archival data reuse in anthropology. It begins by examining the prevailing discourse on anthropological data, archives and their reuse, then explores interdisciplinary data curation trends. Recent initiatives include collaborations with Wikipedia and Wikidata and innovative design strategies to improve access to anthropological archives. The article also discusses the ethical and logistical challenges faced during this transformation. The overarching vision presented is to position CoPAR as a central hub that connects archivists, anthropologists and Indigenous communities, ensuring streamlined and ethical access to anthropological records in the digital realm.
{"title":"Reviving anthropology's past: Digital archival access and ethical collaboration with Indigenous communities","authors":"Amanda H. Sorensen, Samantha Lee, Diana E. Marsh, Katrina Fenlon, Ricardo L. Punzalan","doi":"10.1111/1467-8322.12847","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1467-8322.12847","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>This article outlines the revitalization of the Council for the Preservation of Anthropological Records (CoPAR) to adapt to the changing dynamics of archival data reuse in anthropology. It begins by examining the prevailing discourse on anthropological data, archives and their reuse, then explores interdisciplinary data curation trends. Recent initiatives include collaborations with Wikipedia and Wikidata and innovative design strategies to improve access to anthropological archives. The article also discusses the ethical and logistical challenges faced during this transformation. The overarching vision presented is to position CoPAR as a central hub that connects archivists, anthropologists and Indigenous communities, ensuring streamlined and ethical access to anthropological records in the digital realm.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46293,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology Today","volume":"39 6","pages":"11-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-8322.12847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138822480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing refinement of internet technology is compelling anthropologists to reconceptualize data acquisition within the digital realm. Conducting ethnography on sensitive topics that involve imagery necessitates the development of innovative anonymization and pseudo-anonymization methods. This article focuses on two pivotal facets of digital space ethnography: (1) devising strategies to mitigate harm towards participant members of vulnerable communities and (2) ensuring adherence to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) while preserving the privacy of incidental parties on social media platforms. This article demonstrates how artistic blurring is one anonymization technique that may be applied ethically in the digital ethnographic examination of sensitive issues in Norway.
{"title":"Anonymizing in digitalized fieldwork: An art-based blurring approach","authors":"Cecilia G. Salinas","doi":"10.1111/1467-8322.12848","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1467-8322.12848","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The ongoing refinement of internet technology is compelling anthropologists to reconceptualize data acquisition within the digital realm. Conducting ethnography on sensitive topics that involve imagery necessitates the development of innovative anonymization and pseudo-anonymization methods. This article focuses on two pivotal facets of digital space ethnography: (1) devising strategies to mitigate harm towards participant members of vulnerable communities and (2) ensuring adherence to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) while preserving the privacy of incidental parties on social media platforms. This article demonstrates how artistic blurring is one anonymization technique that may be applied ethically in the digital ethnographic examination of sensitive issues in Norway.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":46293,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology Today","volume":"39 6","pages":"15-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-8322.12848","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138822481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Front and back cover caption, volume 39 issue 6</p><p>CHILDREN'S CHRISTMAS POWER</p><p>The jolly figure of Santa Claus, tankard in hand as he rests his feet atop a sack of toys, invites us to ponder the mystery behind this iconic Christmas emblem. Who is the real Santa, and what is his relationship to adults and children during the holiday season? This image of Santa on the cover of Puck magazine's 1896 Christmas edition alludes to the complex web of secrecy and revelation that enables Santa to materialize each year.</p><p>As Martí Torra Merín explores in the accompanying article, Santa Claus and other Christmas figures occupy a unique position in contemporary Western cultures. Their ‘existence’ relies upon the innocence projected onto children, who serve as conduits to the magical realm. Yet children's agency in navigating this process has been overlooked. Through an ethnographic study in Catalonia, the article reveals that even young children detect inconsistencies in Santa's portrayal, and older children may feign ignorance of the ‘secret’ to prolong the magic.</p><p>Far from fragile, children's awareness empowers their agency. Their liminal position, privy to the ‘public secret’ that adults both disbelieve in Santa and expect children's innocence, allows for clever navigation of cultural expectations. Like Puck's impish character, children toe the line between innocence and cunning. Ultimately, the article argues, recognizing children's agency is key to understanding how Santa materializes each Christmas through intricate social performances between adults and youth. This image encapsulates that interplay, with Santa as the symbolic connector between magical worlds and everyday realities.</p><p>SEX AND GENDER ARE INSEPARABLE</p><p>This back cover image* visually embodies the guest editorial's exploration of how the complex interplay between sex and gender defies conventional binary perceptions.</p><p>The left circle, ‘sex’, includes the biological aspects of our being, encompassing our evolved physical attributes, biomaterial processes and bodily characteristics that are often, albeit incorrectly, assumed to be fixed and immutable. It acknowledges biomateriality as a dynamic process more than a static ‘thing’.</p><p>The right circle, ‘gender’, encapsulates the roles, behaviours and identities shaped through socialization within various social groups and cultural constructs. It signifies the fluid and dynamic nature of how we express and identify ourselves in society, which is not necessarily aligned with biological sex.</p><p>At the intersection of these two spheres lies the ‘gender/sex’ overlap, a space that acknowledges the co-construction of hormones and behaviour. This area represents the ongoing interplay and feedback loops between our biological traits and the social roles we embody. It is a recognition that hormones can influence behaviours that society reads as gendered and, conversely, that our social experiences and behaviours ca
{"title":"Front and Back Covers, Volume 39, Number 6. December 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/1467-8322.12721","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1467-8322.12721","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Front and back cover caption, volume 39 issue 6</p><p>CHILDREN'S CHRISTMAS POWER</p><p>The jolly figure of Santa Claus, tankard in hand as he rests his feet atop a sack of toys, invites us to ponder the mystery behind this iconic Christmas emblem. Who is the real Santa, and what is his relationship to adults and children during the holiday season? This image of Santa on the cover of Puck magazine's 1896 Christmas edition alludes to the complex web of secrecy and revelation that enables Santa to materialize each year.</p><p>As Martí Torra Merín explores in the accompanying article, Santa Claus and other Christmas figures occupy a unique position in contemporary Western cultures. Their ‘existence’ relies upon the innocence projected onto children, who serve as conduits to the magical realm. Yet children's agency in navigating this process has been overlooked. Through an ethnographic study in Catalonia, the article reveals that even young children detect inconsistencies in Santa's portrayal, and older children may feign ignorance of the ‘secret’ to prolong the magic.</p><p>Far from fragile, children's awareness empowers their agency. Their liminal position, privy to the ‘public secret’ that adults both disbelieve in Santa and expect children's innocence, allows for clever navigation of cultural expectations. Like Puck's impish character, children toe the line between innocence and cunning. Ultimately, the article argues, recognizing children's agency is key to understanding how Santa materializes each Christmas through intricate social performances between adults and youth. This image encapsulates that interplay, with Santa as the symbolic connector between magical worlds and everyday realities.</p><p>SEX AND GENDER ARE INSEPARABLE</p><p>This back cover image* visually embodies the guest editorial's exploration of how the complex interplay between sex and gender defies conventional binary perceptions.</p><p>The left circle, ‘sex’, includes the biological aspects of our being, encompassing our evolved physical attributes, biomaterial processes and bodily characteristics that are often, albeit incorrectly, assumed to be fixed and immutable. It acknowledges biomateriality as a dynamic process more than a static ‘thing’.</p><p>The right circle, ‘gender’, encapsulates the roles, behaviours and identities shaped through socialization within various social groups and cultural constructs. It signifies the fluid and dynamic nature of how we express and identify ourselves in society, which is not necessarily aligned with biological sex.</p><p>At the intersection of these two spheres lies the ‘gender/sex’ overlap, a space that acknowledges the co-construction of hormones and behaviour. This area represents the ongoing interplay and feedback loops between our biological traits and the social roles we embody. It is a recognition that hormones can influence behaviours that society reads as gendered and, conversely, that our social experiences and behaviours ca","PeriodicalId":46293,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology Today","volume":"39 6","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-8322.12721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138822457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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