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Competing imaginaries: Crypto-utopianism and the material forces of Bitcoin mining 相互竞争的想象:加密乌托邦主义和比特币挖矿的物质力量
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12825
ADAM HAYES

Drawing on Marx's theory of history, this article argues that the competition and capital accumulation inherent in the production of Bitcoin (i.e. ‘mining’) are at odds with the narrative discourses that position Bitcoin as a revolutionary technology capable of subverting traditional power structures. Through an analysis of the evolution of Bitcoin mining, the article demonstrates how the material conditions of its production have shifted over time, leading to the concentration of mining power among a few large corporate entities and a concomitant erosion of the decentralized ethos that underpinned the early Bitcoin community. The article also argues that this shift is not simply a result of the ‘natural’ evolution of the technology, but also the outcome of specific social and economic forces that encourage the accumulation of capital over Bitcoin's democratic and decentralized potentialities. Overall, the article suggests that the narrative discourses surrounding Bitcoin need to be understood in relation to the material forces that shape its production and circulation, and that a more nuanced analysis of the interplay between material and discursive factors is necessary to fully grasp the dynamics of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

本文借鉴马克思的历史理论,认为比特币生产(即“采矿”)中固有的竞争和资本积累与将比特币定位为能够颠覆传统权力结构的革命性技术的叙事话语不一致。通过对比特币挖矿演变的分析,本文展示了其生产的物质条件如何随着时间的推移而发生变化,导致挖矿权集中在少数大型企业实体手中,并伴随而来的是支撑早期比特币社区的去中心化精神的侵蚀。这篇文章还认为,这种转变不仅仅是技术“自然”演变的结果,也是特定社会和经济力量的结果,这些力量鼓励资本积累,而不是比特币的民主和去中心化潜力。总的来说,这篇文章表明,围绕比特币的叙事话语需要与塑造其生产和流通的物质力量联系起来理解,并且有必要对物质因素和话语因素之间的相互作用进行更细致的分析,以充分掌握加密货币生态系统的动态。
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引用次数: 1
Frail hope and new frontiers 微弱的希望和新的边界
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12823
Alex Preda, Julie Valk, Ruowen Xu

This guest editorial takes as its starting point the 2021 guest editorial in ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY on the anthropology of blockchain written by Kosmarski and Gordiychuk, in which they discussed the possibilities of blockchain in terms of a ‘frail hope of novel, weird, grassroots, decentralized forms of social life’. They also argued that blockchain brought us to ‘new frontiers’ in politics, economics, capital, votes and subjective feelings. Two years later, in this 2023 guest editorial, the authors take stock of where blockchain technology stands concerning these ‘frail hopes’ and ‘new frontiers’. They distinguish between three articulations of blockchain imaginaries: blockchain-as-discourse, blockchain-as-sociotechnical assemblage and blockchain-as-spectacle. Then, they explore what blockchain means for capital, and whether we are headed towards mass adoption of blockchain technology, concluding that, for now, they see primarily institutional adoption. The authors also discern parallel institutional structures, with traditional finance on one side and blockchain-enabled crypto finance on the other, and they examine the regulated future of crypto assets.

这篇客座社论以Kosmarski和Gordiychuk撰写的2021年《今日人类学》关于区块链人类学的客座社论为起点,他们从“对新颖、怪异、基层、分散的社会生活形式的微弱希望”的角度讨论了区块链的可能性。他们还认为,区块链将我们带到了政治、经济、资本、投票和主观感受的“新前沿”。两年后,在这篇2023年的客座社论中,作者评估了区块链技术在这些“脆弱的希望”和“新领域”方面的地位。他们区分了区块链想象的三种表达方式:区块链作为话语、区块链作为社会技术组合和区块链作为景观。然后,他们探讨了区块链对资本的意义,以及我们是否正朝着大规模采用区块链技术的方向发展,得出的结论是,目前,他们主要看到的是机构采用。作者还发现了平行的制度结构,一边是传统金融,另一边是支持区块链的加密金融,他们研究了加密资产的受监管未来。
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引用次数: 0
Blockchain in the EU: Transforming imaginaries and the social making of fnancial regulation b区块链在欧盟:转变想象和金融监管的社会制造
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12829
Inês Faria

Based on local and online ethnographic research, this article explores how blockchain projects and financial supervisors navigate transforming technological dispositions and interact in constructing regulatory frameworks. While there is a straightforward replacement of revolutionary blockchain narratives with regulatory compliance ones, there is also degree of codependency between regulators and market actors in regulatory negotiation.

基于本地和在线人种学研究,本文探讨了区块链项目和金融监管机构如何驾驭不断变化的技术倾向,并在构建监管框架方面进行互动。虽然革命性的区块链叙事可以直接取代监管合规叙事,但在监管谈判中,监管机构和市场参与者之间也存在一定程度的相互依赖。
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引用次数: 0
Blockchain imaginaries: Introduction to this special issue 区块链imaginaries:本期特刊的介绍
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12824
Julie Valk, Alex Preda, Ruowen Xu
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引用次数: 0
The money tree: Exploring central bank digital currency blockchain imaginaries 货币树:探索央行数字货币区块链的想象
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12827
Lana Swartz, Carola Westermeier

Central banks worldwide are developing, piloting and launching new central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). As the hub for the central banking community, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) promotes a curiously botanical CBDC imaginary. From ‘money flowers’ to ‘tree trunks’ and a ‘strong canopy’, This helps to naturalize CBDC without clarifying its sociopolitical implications or envisioned monetary future, such as geopolitical tensions and financial fragmentation, new modes of financial interaction or the strengthened role of central banks. While omitting the paradoxes and ambivalences of CBDC, the imaginary of the BIS structures the enfolding discourses and allows the bank to function as a think tank for financial policy-making.

世界各国央行正在开发、试点和推出新的央行数字货币(cbdc)。作为中央银行界的中心,国际清算银行(BIS)提倡一种奇怪的植物性CBDC想象。从“货币之花”到“树干”和“强大的树冠”,这有助于在不澄清其社会政治影响或设想的货币未来的情况下将CBDC自然化,例如地缘政治紧张局势和金融碎片化,金融互动的新模式或中央银行的强化作用。虽然忽略了CBDC的悖论和矛盾,但BIS的想象结构了包含话语,并允许银行作为金融政策制定的智囊团。
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引用次数: 0
Front and Back Covers, Volume 39, Number 4. August 2023 封面和封底,第39卷,第4期。2023年8月
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12719
<p>Front and back cover caption, volume 39 issue 4</p><p>CBDC'S BOTANICAL IMAGERY</p><p>In the ever-evolving landscape of global finance, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has cultivated a botanical metaphor to illustrate the concept of central bank digital currency (CBDC). In this issue, Swartz & Westermeier explore this metaphor (illustrated here by Matthew Kurina), presenting a fascinating anthropological perspective on the intersection of technology, economy and imagination.</p><p>The BIS's metaphorical ‘money tree’ positions the central bank as the sturdy trunk, providing stability and support to the financial ecosystem. The branches, representing various financial institutions, extend from this trunk, while the leaves, symbolizing the diverse forms of money, flourish at the periphery. This metaphor not only encapsulates the hierarchical structure of the financial system but also naturalizes the concept of CBDC, subtly implying its inevitability and organic integration into the existing monetary ecosystem.</p><p>The BIS uses the ‘money flower’, another botanical metaphor, to classify the past, present and future forms of money. The petals of this flower represent different characteristics of money, such as whether it is digital or physical, centralized or decentralized. This metaphorical taxonomy provides a framework for understanding the evolution of money and the potential role of CBDCs in the future financial landscape.</p><p>However, while visually appealing and conceptually insightful, these botanical metaphors also raise anthropological questions. They mask the sociopolitical implications of CBDCs, presenting them as natural phenomena rather than human-made constructs. This portrayal glosses over the potential power dynamics, control mechanisms and geopolitical tensions inherent in adopting CBDCs.</p><p>As we stand at the precipice of a new era in digital currency, these metaphors serve as a reminder of the need for critical engagement with the narratives that shape our understanding of complex financial technologies. The ‘money tree’ and ‘money flower’ are not just symbols of financial evolution, but also tools of persuasion, framing our perception of the future of money.</p><p>CULTURAL EVOLUTION IN THE AGE OF NFTs</p><p>The Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC), an intriguing collection of algorithmically generated cartoon ape NFTs etched into the Ethereum blockchain, has not only sparked a cultural phenomenon but also inspired the first ever NFT-themed restaurant, Bored & Hungry, in Long Beach, California, USA.</p><p>Why apes? A BAYC founder suggests it is a response to the existential ennui that follows the attainment of vast wealth through crypto investments. ‘Once you've achieved unimaginable wealth, what's next? You join a swamp club with a bunch of apes and embrace the unusual’. Or, you could always enjoy a burger.</p><p>Yet, these seemingly whimsical endeavours are more than just a pastime for the crypto rich. NFTs si
第39卷第4期CBDC的植物图像在不断变化的全球金融格局中,国际清算银行(BIS)培养了一个植物隐喻来说明央行数字货币(CBDC)的概念。在本期节目中,斯沃茨&;韦斯特迈尔探索了这个比喻(由马修·库里纳(Matthew Kurina)在这里说明),提出了一个关于技术、经济和想象力交集的迷人的人类学视角。国际清算银行比喻的“货币树”将央行定位为坚固的树干,为金融生态系统提供稳定和支持。树枝,代表着各种金融机构,从树干延伸出来,而树叶,象征着各种形式的货币,在外围蓬勃发展。这个比喻不仅概括了金融体系的层级结构,也将CBDC的概念自然化,巧妙地暗示了其与现有货币生态系统的必然性和有机融合。国际清算银行使用另一个植物学比喻“货币之花”来对货币的过去、现在和未来形式进行分类。这朵花的花瓣代表了货币的不同特征,比如它是数字的还是实体的,是中心化的还是去中心化的。这种隐喻分类法为理解货币的演变和cbdc在未来金融格局中的潜在作用提供了一个框架。然而,尽管这些植物隐喻在视觉上很吸引人,在概念上也很有洞察力,但它们也引发了人类学上的问题。它们掩盖了cbdc的社会政治影响,将它们呈现为自然现象,而不是人为构建。这种描述掩盖了采用cbdc所固有的潜在权力动态、控制机制和地缘政治紧张局势。当我们站在数字货币新时代的悬崖上时,这些隐喻提醒我们,有必要批判性地参与塑造我们对复杂金融技术理解的叙事。“摇钱树”和“摇钱花”不仅是金融进化的象征,也是说服的工具,塑造了我们对未来金钱的看法。无聊猿游艇俱乐部(BAYC)是一个由算法生成的卡通猿nft蚀刻在以太坊区块链上的有趣集合,它不仅引发了一种文化现象,还激发了有史以来第一家以nft为主题的餐厅Bored &饥饿,在长滩,加州,美国。为什么猩猩?BAYC的一位创始人表示,这是对通过加密投资获得巨额财富后存在的无聊感的回应。一旦你获得了难以想象的财富,接下来是什么?你和一群猿猴一起加入沼泽俱乐部,拥抱不寻常。”或者,你也可以一直吃汉堡。然而,这些看似异想天开的尝试不仅仅是加密富人的消遣。nft标志着围绕区块链技术的政治话语的深刻转变。他们挑战区块链的金融化,与当代反金融的极右翼民粹主义浪潮保持一致,并有可能为现行的资本主义民主秩序提供一种替代方案。在本期中,Bill Maurer深入探讨了不可替代性概念与嵌入式或社会经济的人类学理论之间令人不安的关系。他认为,这种紧张关系可能为后新自由主义的未来铺平道路,这种未来不是植根于金融,而是植根于未来社会世界的再生模式。从人类学的角度来看,nft和区块链技术的兴起代表了社会规范和价值观的迷人演变。它挑战了我们对所有权、价值和社区的传统理解,创造了一种新形式的“数字部落主义”,归属感与共享的数字资产联系在一起。此外,加密货币富人所表达的无聊,以及他们随后撤退到虚拟的“沼泽俱乐部”,可以被视为一种数字“potlatch”形式,一种Kwakiutl的礼仪盛宴,在这里,地位不是通过财富积累来确立的,而是通过炫耀的处理。随着区块链技术继续渗透到生活的各个方面,人类学努力理解其影响。它带来的文化转变既重要又复杂,其全部含义尚待揭示。
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引用次数: 0
Classified 分类的
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12821
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引用次数: 0
ALAN BARNARD (1949-2022) 艾伦·巴纳德(1949-2022)
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12817
Thomas Widlok, Akira Takada
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引用次数: 0
Ethnographic responsibility: Can the bureaucratization of research ethics be ethical? 民族志责任:研究伦理的官僚化是否合乎伦理?
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12811
Michael Herzfeld

Globally, ethics reviews exhibit four significant flaws: (1) they transpose institutional fears of liability onto individual researchers; (2) they presuppose a universal ethical standard; (3) they create conflicts among formal requirements, academic freedom and respect for local ethics; and (4) they deny agency to informants. The author has nearly a half-century of research experience in a Cretan mountain community that was often at odds with officialdom. This exemplifies the kind of research and social engagement now increasingly unfeasible because rigid ethical review procedures ignore local values. Anthropologists are subject to more restrictive rules than journalists, despite the discipline’s greater attention to local values, practices (including language) and concerns. The article ends with a call for global action to protect anthropology’s commitment to respecting cultural diversity, especially as it appears in the form of local (and sometimes labile) ethics.

在全球范围内,伦理审查表现出四个重大缺陷:(1)将机构对责任的担忧转移到研究人员个人身上;(2)它们以普遍的道德标准为前提;(3)在正式要求、学术自由和尊重当地伦理道德之间造成冲突;(4)拒绝对线人的代理。作者在一个经常与官方不和的克里特岛山区社区有近半个世纪的研究经验。这种研究和社会参与现在越来越不可行,因为严格的伦理审查程序忽视了当地的价值观。尽管人类学家更关注当地的价值观、习俗(包括语言)和关注点,但与记者相比,人类学家受制于更多的限制性规则。文章最后呼吁全球采取行动,保护人类学尊重文化多样性的承诺,特别是当它以当地(有时是不稳定的)伦理的形式出现时。
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引用次数: 1
Indigeneity coalesced: The 2022 national strike in Ecuador 原住民联合起来:2022年厄瓜多尔全国罢工
IF 1.3 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8322.12814
Víctor Bretón, Jordi Gascón, Camila del Mármol

This article analyses the national strike in Ecuador in June 2022, which paralysed most of its cities and roads for 18 days. The uprising has relevance for understanding the historical path of Indigenous movements in Latin America. We address two main questions. First, we analyse the 2022 uprising in the context of the extended timeframe of Indigenous revolts stretching back to 1990, considering what this popular mobilization tells us about recent highs and lows of Indigenous organizations and their relationship with current government regimes. Second, we delve into a tactical aspect of the uprising, exploring how the Indigenous population, among the most impoverished sectors in Ecuador, could block and freeze the country’s economic and commercial activity for so long.

这篇文章分析了厄瓜多尔在2022年6月发生的全国大罢工,这次罢工使该国大部分城市和道路瘫痪了18天。这次起义对于理解拉丁美洲土著运动的历史路径具有相关性。我们解决两个主要问题。首先,我们将2022年的起义置于1990年以来原住民起义的大背景下进行分析,考虑到这次民众动员告诉我们的是原住民组织最近的高潮和低谷,以及他们与当前政府政权的关系。其次,我们将深入探讨这场起义的策略层面,探讨身为厄瓜多最贫穷族群的原住民,为何能在这么长时间内阻止并冻结国家的经济与商业活动。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Anthropology Today
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