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Insurgent peace research: affects, friendship and feminism as methods 叛乱和平研究:以影响、友谊和女权主义为方法
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2122699
Priscyll Anctil Avoine
ABSTRACT Affect and friendship change the way we think about research (epistemology) and conduct research (methodology). This article accounts for affect and friendship as feminist methods in peace research. It argues that affective feminist conversations, practices and actions through friendship can drastically modify how we think about peace. Based on fieldwork conducted in Colombia (2019 and 2022) with female ex-guerrilleras from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Farc-ep), it (1) draws upon the concepts of camaradería and being insurgent proposed by the women of the Farc-ep to (2) trace how affect and friendship can change the way we do peace research. Ultimately, the article proposes four aspects for the adoption of friendship as a method in peace research by: 1) deconstructing the linearity in peace research methods; 2) multiplying data collection’s methods; 3) including affects throughout the whole research process and 4) advocating for an insurgent peace research that vindicates long-term ‘transversal politics’ and translocal coalition-building.
情感和友谊改变了我们思考研究(认识论)和进行研究(方法论)的方式。本文论述了情感和友谊作为女性主义研究和平的方法。它认为,通过友谊进行的情感女权主义对话、实践和行动可以极大地改变我们对和平的看法。基于在哥伦比亚(2019年和2022年)与哥伦比亚革命武装力量-人民军(Farc-ep)的女性前游击队员进行的实地调查,它(1)借鉴了Farc-ep妇女提出的camaradería和叛乱的概念,(2)追踪影响和友谊如何改变我们进行和平研究的方式。最后,文章提出了在和平研究中采用友谊作为研究方法的四个方面:1)解构和平研究方法的线性;2)增加数据收集方法;3)包括整个研究过程的影响;4)倡导一项支持长期“横向政治”和跨地方联盟建设的叛乱和平研究。
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引用次数: 0
‘What is the benefit of this project?’ Representation and participation in research on conflict-affected youth “这个项目有什么好处?”代表和参与有关受冲突影响青年的研究
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2122698
Jaremey R. McMullin
ABSTRACT This article deploys the language, narratives and proposed solutions of research participants to conceptualise peace research as a representational and relational process of recognition. To do so, it draws from a multi-year research project on the economic livelihood and social integration strategies of conflict-affected youth in Liberia’s commercial motorcycling sector. Its starting point is reflexive engagement with participants’ own frequent question: ‘What is the benefit of this project?’ It advocates for participatory approaches to the time-spaces that ex-combatant and conflict-affected youth actually inhabit (rather than those scripted or desired for them by more traditional forms of peace research). It applies critical peace-building insights about time to contribute to conceptualisations of post-conflict ‘reintegration trajectories’ that question ideas about who builds peace, and how. It argues that participatory research brings issues of social stigma, objectification and marginalisation to the fore. And, it explores the methodological implications of participatory research, identifying the ways in which sited ethnography, relational interviewing and narrative approaches can centre research-as-recognition. Participatory approaches make peace researchable not just to collect lived experiences (treating research as transactional data collection) but to implement participants’ own ideas about peace-building strategies and solutions (treating peace research as relational recognition and something that is mutually beneficial).
本文利用研究参与者的语言、叙述和提出的解决方案,将和平研究概念化为一个表征和关系的认识过程。为此,它借鉴了一个关于利比里亚商业摩托车行业受冲突影响青年的经济生计和社会融合战略的多年研究项目。它的出发点是参与者自己经常问的问题:“这个项目的好处是什么?”它提倡对前战斗人员和受冲突影响的青年实际居住的时间空间采取参与式方法(而不是更传统形式的和平研究为他们编写或期望的时间空间)。它运用关于时间的关键和平建设见解,为冲突后“重返社会轨迹”的概念化做出贡献,质疑关于谁建立和平以及如何建立和平的想法。它认为,参与性研究将社会耻辱、物化和边缘化问题带到了前台。此外,它还探讨了参与性研究的方法论含义,确定了现场人种学、关系访谈和叙事方法可以将研究作为认识的中心。参与式方法使和平研究不仅可以收集生活经验(将研究视为交易性数据收集),而且可以实施参与者自己关于建设和平战略和解决方案的想法(将和平研究视为关系认可和互惠互利的东西)。
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引用次数: 0
Tracing temporal conflicts in transitional Myanmar: life history diagrams as methodological tool 追踪转型期缅甸的时间冲突:生活史图作为方法论工具
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2124847
Jenny Hedström, Elisabeth Olivius
ABSTRACT This article adds to the emerging ‘temporal turn’ in peace studies by addressing methodological questions about how temporality can be captured and explored in empirical studies. Developing our methodological tools for exploring time and temporality, we argue, is critical to move beyond the supposed linear temporality of peace processes, and make visible alternative temporal frameworks that shape everyday experiences and contestations around peace in conflict-affected contexts. Drawing on a study of two conflict-affected areas in Myanmar, we contribute towards this aim through a discussion of how life history diagrams helped us trace temporal conflicts between overarching narratives of political transition and everyday experiences of insecurity. This facilitated a deeper understanding of how relationships between war and peace, and between past, present and future, were manifested and made sense of in people’s everyday lives. Our use of life history diagrams revealed temporal conflicts between the dominant, linear temporality of the Myanmar transition, and more complex and cyclical temporal frameworks people used to describe their realities. Life history diagrams also facilitated narratives that troubled an events-based temporality focused on macro-political shifts such as ceasefire agreements and elections, and instead foregrounded everyday experiences of continuous insecurity and struggle.
本文通过解决关于如何在实证研究中捕捉和探索时间性的方法问题,增加了和平研究中新兴的“时间转向”。我们认为,开发我们探索时间和时间性的方法工具,对于超越和平进程的所谓线性时间性,并在受冲突影响的背景下形成围绕和平的日常经验和争论的可见替代时间框架至关重要。通过对缅甸两个受冲突影响地区的研究,我们通过讨论生活史图表如何帮助我们追踪政治过渡的总体叙述与日常不安全经历之间的时间冲突,为实现这一目标做出了贡献。这有助于人们更深入地了解战争与和平、过去、现在和未来之间的关系如何在人们的日常生活中得到体现和理解。我们对生活史图表的使用揭示了缅甸过渡的主导线性时间和人们用来描述现实的更复杂的周期性时间框架之间的时间冲突。生活史图表也促进了叙事,这些叙事以事件为基础,关注宏观政治变化(如停火协议和选举)的临时性,而不是持续的不安全和斗争的日常经历。
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引用次数: 1
Pluralism, temporality and affect – methodological challenges of making peace researchable 多元主义、暂时性与影响——和平研究的方法论挑战
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2123218
J. Söderström, Elisabeth Olivius
ABSTRACT Scholarly debates about how we conceptualise, theorise and measure peace have recently intensified, yet exactly how peace scholars translate these theoretical innovations into concrete methodological tools and practices is less clear. We argue that pluralism, temporality and the role of affect are three recent focal points in current scholarly debates that aim to further our conceptual understanding of peace. Taking these theoretical developments seriously requires us to consider our methodological tools to approach each one, but these concepts also point to methodological issues on their own. This special issue aims to investigate our assumptions about peace, and how these in turn shape the way we approach the study of peace, in terms of both research design and data collection as well as in the process of writing up and disseminating findings, all departing from these three specific challenges. As such, this special issue contributes to efforts of making peace beyond the absence of war more researchable.
最近,关于如何将和平概念化、理论化和衡量和平的学术辩论愈演愈激烈,但和平学者究竟如何将这些理论创新转化为具体的方法工具和实践却不太清楚。我们认为,多元化、暂时性和情感的作用是当前学术辩论的三个焦点,旨在进一步促进我们对和平的概念理解。认真对待这些理论的发展需要我们考虑我们的方法工具来接近每一个,但这些概念也指向自己的方法问题。本期特刊旨在调查我们对和平的假设,以及这些假设如何反过来影响我们在研究设计和数据收集以及在撰写和传播研究结果的过程中处理和平研究的方式,所有这些都脱离了这三个具体挑战。因此,本期特刊有助于使没有战争的和平更加可研究。
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引用次数: 8
The possibilities of studying affect to illuminate women’s contributions to peace 研究情感来阐明妇女对和平的贡献的可能性
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2131375
M. Pepper
ABSTRACT It has become widely acknowledged by scholars and practitioners that women’s participation in peace-building is essential to building sustainable, inclusive peace. The question remains, however, what is ‘women’s participation’ in practical terms? What does it look like? What does it feel like? Following feminist scholarship that has argued for attention to the politics of emotion in International Relations, I call for an emotion-aware approach to thinking about women’s participation in peace-building and the recognition that emotion has real, material effects on how women participate and the impact of their participation. Drawing on fieldwork experience in Burma and on the Thailand-Burma border I reflect on the process of asking such questions and the possibilities of taking affect seriously in the study of peace. What emerges from this reflection is a methodological consideration that centres emotion and recognises it as simultaneously politically meaningful and gendered. Exploration of the challenges of such an approach grounds this contribution in the realities of data collection and interpretation in the field, while also demonstrating the richness that emerges from such inquiry.
学者和实践者普遍认为,妇女参与建设和平对建设可持续、包容的和平至关重要。然而,问题仍然是,“妇女参与”在实践中是什么?它看起来像什么?那是什么感觉?继女权主义学术主张关注国际关系中的情感政治之后,我呼吁采取一种意识到情感的方法来思考妇女参与建设和平的问题,并认识到情感对妇女如何参与以及她们参与的影响具有真实的、实质性的影响。根据在缅甸和泰缅边境的实地工作经验,我反思了提出这些问题的过程,以及在和平研究中认真对待这些问题的可能性。从这种反思中出现的是一种方法论上的考虑,它以情感为中心,并承认它同时具有政治意义和性别。对这种方法所面临的挑战的探索,将这种贡献建立在实地数据收集和解释的现实基础上,同时也展示了这种调查所产生的丰富性。
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引用次数: 0
The art of plurality: participation, voice, and plural memories of community peace 多元化的艺术:社区和平的参与、声音和多元记忆
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2138697
B. Thorne
ABSTRACT This article’s central focus is on exploring the interplays between plurality and methodological approaches in peace research, through engaging with insights from arts methods and participatory action research (PAR). Specifically, engaging with these insights suggests that they have significant potential to aid plural dialogue, intergenerational memory, and young people’s active participation in post-conflict communities, and thus can further extend understandings of plurality in peace research. Furthermore, the article proposes that this creative and participatory methodology can contribute to three central parts of plurality in peace research, namely, facilitation, ‘voice’, and intergenerational participation. This article also draws connections between arts methods, PAR, and decolonising knowledge production, specifically in relation to peace research attempting to prioritise local forms of knowledge production. In doing so, the article also critically reflects on some of the challenges and limitations of this methodological approach and attempts at decolonising knowledge production in peace research. The article, engaging with illustrated examples of arts methods, argues that this methodological approach to peace research allows individuals and groups to understand multiple past experiences and events, can allow for a shared acknowledgement of frictional experiences of these events, and aid young people’s participation in conversations about the present and future.
本文的中心焦点是通过结合艺术方法和参与式行动研究(PAR)的见解,探索和平研究中多元性和方法方法之间的相互作用。具体而言,研究这些见解表明,它们在帮助多元对话、代际记忆和年轻人积极参与冲突后社区方面具有巨大潜力,从而可以进一步扩大对和平研究多元性的理解。此外,本文提出,这种创造性和参与性的方法可以促进和平研究多元化的三个核心部分,即促进、“声音”和代际参与。本文还提出了艺术方法、PAR和非殖民化知识生产之间的联系,特别是在试图优先考虑本地形式知识生产的和平研究方面。在此过程中,本文还批判性地反思了这种方法方法的一些挑战和局限性,以及在和平研究中非殖民化知识生产的尝试。这篇文章结合了艺术方法的例子,认为这种和平研究的方法方法使个人和团体能够理解过去的多种经验和事件,可以允许对这些事件的摩擦经验的共同承认,并帮助年轻人参与关于现在和未来的对话。
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引用次数: 1
Creating space for agonism: making room for subalternised voices in peace research 为斗争创造空间:为和平研究中的次要声音创造空间
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2122697
Claske Dijkema
ABSTRACT How can researchers do more than ‘do no harm’ and have a positive impact in the contexts in which they intervene? These are classic questions of PAR, which also apply to peace research. How can research practice contribute to peace? There is an intimate relationship between power, violence and silence. Hence, working with subalternised voices, subject to epistemic violence, poses a methodological challenge for social sciences in which words are data. This paper presents a research method that allows for constructive confrontation in contexts of terrorist violence in European cities, generally considered to be at peace. This method consists of organising public debate in collaboration with community organisations in a neighbourhood directly affected by the aftermath of a wave of terrorist attacks in France. In the case of the Université Populaire, the organisation of public debates allowed for the public expression of agonism, and was a source of hope and prefigurative politics. Exploring this case, this article contributes to discussions about how to deal with the challenges of pluralism within current peace research.
研究人员如何做的不仅仅是“不伤害”,而且在他们干预的环境中产生积极的影响?这些都是PAR的经典问题,也适用于和平研究。研究实践如何促进和平?权力、暴力和沉默之间有着密切的关系。因此,研究次替代的声音,受制于认知暴力,对以文字为数据的社会科学提出了方法论上的挑战。本文提出了一种研究方法,允许在欧洲城市的恐怖主义暴力背景下进行建设性的对抗,通常被认为是和平的。这种方法包括与直接受到法国恐怖袭击余波影响的社区组织合作组织公开辩论。在人民大学的例子中,公共辩论的组织允许公开表达斗争,是希望和预示政治的源泉。通过对这一案例的探讨,本文有助于讨论如何在当前的和平研究中应对多元化的挑战。
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引用次数: 2
Affects, emotions and interaction: the methodological promise of video data analysis in peace research 影响、情绪和互动:和平研究中视频数据分析的方法学前景
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2122696
I. Bramsen, J. Austin
ABSTRACT Methodologically, Peace Research has long been dominated by words, numbers, and sometimes images. This article suggests also integrating Video Data Analysis (VDA) into the analytical toolbox of Peace Research so as to explore the potential of the millions of videos of relevance for the study of peace and conflict that can be found online and beyond. The article introduces VDA and shows how the method can be applied to analyse micro-dynamics of phenomena such as violence, conflict, mediation, and peacebuilding. Videos enable researchers to observe events that no or few researchers would otherwise have access to from their armchairs, integrating the attentiveness to interaction and atmosphere that only ethnographers would have. While losing the ethnographer’s benefit of ‘being there’, videos allow researchers to replay events in slow motion and thus capture subtle dynamics of timing, interaction, and affect. The article discusses the epistemological challenges, ethical dilemmas, and future promises of applying VDA in Peace Research and provides concrete examples of how the observation of affects reflected in body postures and facial expressions, as well as the social bonds reflected in the rhythm and content of interaction, can be of value in peace research.
在方法上,和平研究长期以来一直以文字、数字、有时还有图像为主导。本文还建议将视频数据分析(VDA)整合到和平研究的分析工具箱中,以探索在线和其他地方可以找到的数百万与和平与冲突研究相关的视频的潜力。本文介绍了VDA,并展示了该方法如何应用于分析暴力、冲突、调解和建设和平等现象的微观动力学。视频使研究人员能够观察到没有或很少有研究人员能够坐在扶手椅上观察到的事件,整合了只有人种学家才能拥有的对互动和氛围的关注。虽然失去了民族志学者“身临其境”的好处,但视频使研究人员能够以慢动作回放事件,从而捕捉到时间、互动和影响的微妙动态。本文讨论了在和平研究中应用VDA的认识论挑战、伦理困境和未来前景,并提供了具体的例子,说明如何观察反映在身体姿势和面部表情中的情感,以及反映在互动节奏和内容中的社会纽带,在和平研究中具有价值。
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引用次数: 1
Regional security complex: The Boko Haram menace and socio-economic development crises in the Sahel 区域安全综合体:博科圣地威胁和萨赫勒地区的社会经济发展危机
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2120256
Adeyemi S. Badewa
ABSTRACT Regional development and stability in many parts of the Global South is threatened by violent conflicts – deep-rooted in complex ‘geo-politico-economic challenges’. This reflects the causality of Boko Haram threats and security-development crises in the Sahel. To extrapolate the patterns of insecurity and their effects on peace and development in the region, a thematic analysis of empirical and secondary data was conducted using the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT). This expatiates on the role of actors, geopolitics (external) interventions, the environment, and resources in the Sahel’s complex security-development milieu. The study deduced that escalation of conflicts and negative consequences of interventions exacerbate states’ fragility and human insecurity, amidst displacement, destruction, and impairment of livelihoods and regional resilience capacities across the Sahel. Therefore, it recommends a holistic regional security-development mechanism, that is evidence-based, to sustainably address the root causes and effects of Sahel’s insecurity and socio-economic predicaments.
全球南方许多地区的区域发展和稳定受到暴力冲突的威胁——这些冲突根植于复杂的“地缘政治经济挑战”。这反映了博科圣地威胁和萨赫勒地区安全发展危机的因果关系。为了推断该地区的不安全模式及其对和平与发展的影响,本文利用区域安全综合体理论(RSCT)对经验和二手数据进行了专题分析。本文阐述了在萨赫勒地区复杂的安全发展环境中,参与者、地缘政治(外部)干预、环境和资源的作用。该研究推断,冲突升级和干预措施的负面后果加剧了萨赫勒地区各国的脆弱性和人类不安全感,造成流离失所、破坏、生计和区域抵御能力受损。因此,它建议建立一个以证据为基础的整体区域安全-发展机制,以可持续地解决萨赫勒不安全和社会经济困境的根源和影响。
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引用次数: 3
‘We don’t have anything’: understanding the interaction between pastoralism and terrorism in Nigeria “我们什么都没有”:了解尼日利亚畜牧业与恐怖主义之间的相互作用
IF 1.3 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2122695
Promise Frank Ejiofor
ABSTRACT Since 2011, the Sahel has been bedevilled by insecurity spawned by communal strife, social fragmentation, and religious extremism. Some of the security conundrums in the region are perpetrated by some pastoralists who have turned criminals and established strong ties with terrorist groups such as Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS), Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), and Boko Haram. Whilst the reasons for the emergence of militant jihadism have been largely explored in the vast corpus on terrorism, less attention has been devoted to understanding-cum-explaining the reasons pastoralists take up arms and join terrorist groups. The few scholarly publications on the problematic posit that the reasons for pastoralists’ resort to terrorism in the region lie in political ecology and pastoralist populism. In this article, I contend that these dominant explanations sidestep the socioeconomic context within which pastoralists struggle to eke out a bare existence as well as the varied everyday abuses perpetrated by state and non-state actors against pastoralists. Drawing on the relative deprivation conceptual framework advanced by the American political scientist Ted Gurr, I argue that pastoralists join terrorist groups because they perceive discrepancies between their past and present socioeconomic condition but also as a consequence of marginalisation and everyday abuses against pastoralists. I illustrate the pastoralism-terrorism nexus with the crucial case of Nigeria―Africa’s most populous state and largest economy.
自2011年以来,萨赫勒地区一直被社区冲突、社会分裂和宗教极端主义所引发的不安全所困扰。该地区的一些安全难题是由一些牧民造成的,他们已经变成了罪犯,并与恐怖组织建立了密切的联系,如Jama 'at Nusrat al-Islam - muslim (JNIM)、大撒哈拉伊斯兰国(ISGS)、伊斯兰国西非省(ISWAP)和博科圣地。虽然关于恐怖主义的大量文献对激进圣战主义出现的原因进行了大量的探讨,但对牧民拿起武器加入恐怖组织的原因的理解和解释却很少受到关注。少数关于这一问题的学术出版物认为,该地区牧民诉诸恐怖主义的原因在于政治生态和牧民民粹主义。在这篇文章中,我认为这些主流的解释回避了社会经济背景,牧民在其中挣扎着勉强生存,以及国家和非国家行为体对牧民犯下的各种日常虐待。根据美国政治学家泰德·古尔(Ted Gurr)提出的相对剥夺概念框架,我认为牧民加入恐怖组织,是因为他们意识到自己过去和现在的社会经济状况存在差异,但也是由于边缘化和对牧民的日常虐待。我以尼日利亚这个非洲人口最多的国家和最大的经济体为例来说明畜牧业与恐怖主义之间的联系。
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引用次数: 3
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Conflict Security & Development
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