Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.15407/arheologia2021.02.130
S. Pavlenko, A. Borysov, Andrii Sorokun, T. Slobodian
{"title":"Cremated Burial of the Middle of the 1st Millennium AD in Zhytomyr Polissia","authors":"S. Pavlenko, A. Borysov, Andrii Sorokun, T. Slobodian","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2021.02.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.02.130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41764100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.15407/arheologia2021.02.080
S. Ryzhov, V. Shumova
{"title":"The Results of Archaeological Investigations Near Moshuriv Village in Cherkasy Region","authors":"S. Ryzhov, V. Shumova","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2021.02.080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.02.080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49553853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.15407/arheologia2021.02.033
O. Hopkalo
{"title":"Garments Offerings in the Cherniakhiv–Sîntana-de-Mureş Culture Inhumations","authors":"O. Hopkalo","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2021.02.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.02.033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44185234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.15407/arheologia2021.02.063
T. Rudych, O. Kozak
{"title":"Population of Kyiv Podil in Ancient Rus Period","authors":"T. Rudych, O. Kozak","doi":"10.15407/arheologia2021.02.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.02.063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41803067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.005
Z. Guliyeva
The different opinions have been put forward about the neolithization of the Azerbaijan. Some researchers note that the South Caucasus’ Neolithic culture is related to Mesopotamia by origin; some note that this culture developed based on local traditions. New researches conducted in the territory of Nakhchivan are essential for solving these problems. New excavations conducted in Kultepe I, located near the city of Nakhchivan, led to the discovery of new facts related to the peopling history of this site and the peculiarities of the Kultepe culture. Studies show that there were various centers of Neolithic cultures’ formation in the VII—VI millennia BC in Azerbaijan. Moreover, the Kultepe is the oldest ceramic Neolithic site in the South Caucasus. Outputs of these studies indicate that Azerbaijan’s Neolithic cultures have no sources in the Middle East’s monuments.
{"title":"The Origin Of the Kultepe Culture","authors":"Z. Guliyeva","doi":"10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"The different opinions have been put forward about the neolithization of the Azerbaijan. Some researchers note that the South Caucasus’ Neolithic culture is related to Mesopotamia by origin; some note that this culture developed based on local traditions. New researches conducted in the territory of Nakhchivan are essential for solving these problems. New excavations conducted in Kultepe I, located near the city of Nakhchivan, led to the discovery of new facts related to the peopling history of this site and the peculiarities of the Kultepe culture. Studies show that there were various centers of Neolithic cultures’ formation in the VII—VI millennia BC in Azerbaijan. Moreover, the Kultepe is the oldest ceramic Neolithic site in the South Caucasus. Outputs of these studies indicate that Azerbaijan’s Neolithic cultures have no sources in the Middle East’s monuments.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48811342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.072
V. Zabavin, Serhii Nebrat
In the article there are presented excavation materials from the Mariupol archaeological expedition and the results of new research of the archaeological expedition conducted by the Mariupol State University in the North-Eastern Azov area and in Donets Ridge refilling a comparatively small series of burials of the pre-Scythian time in the basin of the Azov Sea rivers. As far as the set of features, all the burial sites presented by the authors are dated by the early Iron Age and precede the sites of the Scythian time. The burials discovered near Kalynivka and Starolaspa villages are interpreted by the authors as Cimmerian sites of Novocherkassk type or as burials of the late stage of Chernogorivka culture. The burials from Vysoke and Yalta are determined as complexes of Chernogorivka type / Chernogorivka group of Cimmerian culture or as late Chernogorivka complexes. The authors consider peculiarities of the rite and inventory complex as well as some aspects of cultural and chronological character, spiritual and material culture of the tribes which, in the researchers’ view, are conflated with the historical Cimmerians. Analysis of the materials has made it possible for the authors to approach the problem of social reconstructions and to assume that the individuals buried in the mounds near Starolaspa and Kalynivka villages were unlikely to enjoy some kind of special authority among other tribesmen or to have some appreciable privileges in the society when they were alive. However, the burials in the mounds placed near Yalta and Vysoke villages demonstrate certain features of ingenuity. The man buried in the barrow near Yalta village was most likely to have something to do with the religious or the hieratic sphere of life.
{"title":"New Burials of the Pre-Scythian Time From the North-Eastern Azov Area","authors":"V. Zabavin, Serhii Nebrat","doi":"10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.072","url":null,"abstract":"In the article there are presented excavation materials from the Mariupol archaeological expedition and the results of new research of the archaeological expedition conducted by the Mariupol State University in the North-Eastern Azov area and in Donets Ridge refilling a comparatively small series of burials of the pre-Scythian time in the basin of the Azov Sea rivers. As far as the set of features, all the burial sites presented by the authors are dated by the early Iron Age and precede the sites of the Scythian time. The burials discovered near Kalynivka and Starolaspa villages are interpreted by the authors as Cimmerian sites of Novocherkassk type or as burials of the late stage of Chernogorivka culture. The burials from Vysoke and Yalta are determined as complexes of Chernogorivka type / Chernogorivka group of Cimmerian culture or as late Chernogorivka complexes. The authors consider peculiarities of the rite and inventory complex as well as some aspects of cultural and chronological character, spiritual and material culture of the tribes which, in the researchers’ view, are conflated with the historical Cimmerians. Analysis of the materials has made it possible for the authors to approach the problem of social reconstructions and to assume that the individuals buried in the mounds near Starolaspa and Kalynivka villages were unlikely to enjoy some kind of special authority among other tribesmen or to have some appreciable privileges in the society when they were alive. However, the burials in the mounds placed near Yalta and Vysoke villages demonstrate certain features of ingenuity. The man buried in the barrow near Yalta village was most likely to have something to do with the religious or the hieratic sphere of life.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"72-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47911674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.118
N. Gavrylyuk
Almost all models of the palaeoeconomical researches used by representatives of the world economic science are suitable for studying the economic systems of antiquity. Interdisciplinary research, which combines the techniques and methods of research in economics and archaeology, seems to be very productive. This trend in the English language literature has been recorded only since 1990-ies. In Ukrainian archaeology it originated much earlier. On the example of the scientific biography of Borys Andriiovych Shramko, Doctor of Historical Sciences, the founder of the Kharkiv Archaeological school, who would have turned 100 in January 2021, the formation of the palaeoeconomic direction can be traced. The main problems that were posed and solved by the researcher are shown. It is noted that all the activities of the scientist were «targeted» in nature, i.e. before the start of excavations of the complex of the archaeological monuments in the vicinity of the Bilsk hill-fort, the largest settlement structure in Eastern Europe, B. A. Shramko set himself the task of studying the economic system of the region. The achievements of the scientist in the study of agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts, domestic crafts, construction are shown. To study these branches of the economy, the methods of natural sciences were widely used, i.e. research by B. A. Shramko, since 1960-ies have had an interdisciplinary character. It is concluded that B. A. Shramko was the first in Ukraine who conducted a study of the palaeoeconomics using the method of economic research. Moreover, it can be noted that B. A. Shramko proved the participation of the region he studied in the world-system structures that developed in the early Iron Age.
{"title":"The Beginning of the Palaeoeconomics Study in Ukrainian Archaeology (to the 100th Anniversary of B. A. Shramko’s Birth)","authors":"N. Gavrylyuk","doi":"10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.118","url":null,"abstract":"Almost all models of the palaeoeconomical researches used by representatives of the world economic science are suitable for studying the economic systems of antiquity. Interdisciplinary research, which combines the techniques and methods of research in economics and archaeology, seems to be very productive. This trend in the English language literature has been recorded only since 1990-ies. In Ukrainian archaeology it originated much earlier. On the example of the scientific biography of Borys Andriiovych Shramko, Doctor of Historical Sciences, the founder of the Kharkiv Archaeological school, who would have turned 100 in January 2021, the formation of the palaeoeconomic direction can be traced. The main problems that were posed and solved by the researcher are shown. It is noted that all the activities of the scientist were «targeted» in nature, i.e. before the start of excavations of the complex of the archaeological monuments in the vicinity of the Bilsk hill-fort, the largest settlement structure in Eastern Europe, B. A. Shramko set himself the task of studying the economic system of the region. The achievements of the scientist in the study of agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts, domestic crafts, construction are shown. To study these branches of the economy, the methods of natural sciences were widely used, i.e. research by B. A. Shramko, since 1960-ies have had an interdisciplinary character. It is concluded that B. A. Shramko was the first in Ukraine who conducted a study of the palaeoeconomics using the method of economic research. Moreover, it can be noted that B. A. Shramko proved the participation of the region he studied in the world-system structures that developed in the early Iron Age.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"118-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45285206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.054
M. Osypenko
To bridge a riding war horse and subordinate it to the will of the rider is possible through the usage of harness and other special equipment, which were fixed on an animal or operated by a person. In addition, a whip was used to execute the orders of the rider more effectively. The whip occured in the complex of weapons of the Ancient Rus warrior from a nomadic environment, where it simultaneously acted as a cult attribute and a kind of amulet. The structure of the whip provided the following components: a whip woven made of leather straps, a whip-handle, which ended with a knob at the pommel. Nowadays, there are different whip pommels according to their shape, material of manufacture and construction. The parts of the handle are divided into groups due to the material of manufacture (bone/horn, metal), into types according to the body shape, and into ornamental schemes if possible. All of them are connected by the presence of a typical protrusion, which prevented the whip from falling out of the rider’s hand and, in some cases, acquired a certain visual similarity to the head of a bird, or had specific zoomorphic (ornithological) features. Four types are distinguished for bone knobs (group I): spherical flattened; barrel-shaped rounded and with elongated proportions; with zoomorphic features; attached to the heads of the natural curves of the horny outgrowth. Metal knobs are of five types (group II): spherical; barrel-shaped elongated; zoomorphic; with cut corners; star-shaped. In the Eastern European region, finds of whip pommels with somewhat flattened forms and small beak-like outgrowths begin to be recorded from the X c. and all items are exclusively made of bone. The round, spherical and barrel-shaped knobs with elongated projections appear in the second half of the XI c. and continue to exist in the next two centuries. Zoomorphic knobs in the shape of a bird’s head of small proportions existed for a relatively short time — XI — first half of the XII c., and items on an elongated socket – from the XII — first half of the XIII c. The knobs with cut corners are dated more widely, within the XII—XIII/XIV c. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine contains eight items representing the corresponding pommels or their parts. Two finds are of unknown origin, and six are identified and come from Ancient Rus settlement structures of the XI—XIII c. from the territory of the Ros River region: Nabutiv, Kononcha, Sharky, Kniazha Hora.
{"title":"Horse Whip Pommels With a Special Protrusion of the XI—XIII Centuries (Based on the Materials of the National Museum of History of Ukraine)","authors":"M. Osypenko","doi":"10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.054","url":null,"abstract":"To bridge a riding war horse and subordinate it to the will of the rider is possible through the usage of harness and other special equipment, which were fixed on an animal or operated by a person. In addition, a whip was used to execute the orders of the rider more effectively. The whip occured in the complex of weapons of the Ancient Rus warrior from a nomadic environment, where it simultaneously acted as a cult attribute and a kind of amulet. The structure of the whip provided the following components: a whip woven made of leather straps, a whip-handle, which ended with a knob at the pommel. Nowadays, there are different whip pommels according to their shape, material of manufacture and construction. The parts of the handle are divided into groups due to the material of manufacture (bone/horn, metal), into types according to the body shape, and into ornamental schemes if possible. All of them are connected by the presence of a typical protrusion, which prevented the whip from falling out of the rider’s hand and, in some cases, acquired a certain visual similarity to the head of a bird, or had specific zoomorphic (ornithological) features. Four types are distinguished for bone knobs (group I): spherical flattened; barrel-shaped rounded and with elongated proportions; with zoomorphic features; attached to the heads of the natural curves of the horny outgrowth. Metal knobs are of five types (group II): spherical; barrel-shaped elongated; zoomorphic; with cut corners; star-shaped. In the Eastern European region, finds of whip pommels with somewhat flattened forms and small beak-like outgrowths begin to be recorded from the X c. and all items are exclusively made of bone. The round, spherical and barrel-shaped knobs with elongated projections appear in the second half of the XI c. and continue to exist in the next two centuries. Zoomorphic knobs in the shape of a bird’s head of small proportions existed for a relatively short time — XI — first half of the XII c., and items on an elongated socket – from the XII — first half of the XIII c. The knobs with cut corners are dated more widely, within the XII—XIII/XIV c. The National Museum of the History of Ukraine contains eight items representing the corresponding pommels or their parts. Two finds are of unknown origin, and six are identified and come from Ancient Rus settlement structures of the XI—XIII c. from the territory of the Ros River region: Nabutiv, Kononcha, Sharky, Kniazha Hora.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"54-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47005200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.096
A. Buiskykh, Nataliia Harkusha, Maryna Chepkasova
The article is devoted to the introduction into scientific circulation of a collection of terracotta architectural details from the excavations of the Upper City of Olbia in the second half of the 1920-ies. Archaeological research was conducted by the Scientific Council of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences according to the plan proposed by B. V. Farmakovskyi after the resumption of excavations in Olbia in 1924. Two of the details, fragments of polychrome simas of the Late Archaic period, most likely were related to the cult monumental structures of the Western Temenos and were found in the layer of its destruction. The remaining details were found during excavations of residential houses in the central (excavation sites A, H, D) and north-eastern part of the city (excavation site I). These are fragments of eaves tiles, the facades of which are decorated with embossed ornaments of two variants — Ionian cyma with pearls and meander, in the metopes of which are placed letters or four- and eight-petalled palmettes. The tile category includes a pentagonal antefix with a relief image of an Athena mask in a helmet and half lotus flowers on the sides. Fragments of gutters (simas) — a facade with a Satire mask and a water-supply decorated in the shape of a lion’s head with an open mouth were also found. Ceramic architectural details, which served as decoration and were an integral part of the roof of residential buildings, became widespread in Olbia in the second half of the IV—III c. BC. Such details are also known in almost all ancient centers of the Western Black Sea coast. Modern ceramic studies of similar architectural terracotta from Messambria and Apollonia Pontica have determined its local production. The obtained data allowed correcting not only the information on handicraft production in Olbia, as such a tile is traditionally, after the opinion of I. B. Brashynskyi, belonged to the local ceramic production, but also to offer a new direction of the Black Sea trade in ceramic building materials. Another important area for Olbia was the tiles import from Sinop.
{"title":"Architectural Terracotta From Olbia According to Excavations of the 1920-ies","authors":"A. Buiskykh, Nataliia Harkusha, Maryna Chepkasova","doi":"10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.096","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the introduction into scientific circulation of a collection of terracotta architectural details from the excavations of the Upper City of Olbia in the second half of the 1920-ies. Archaeological research was conducted by the Scientific Council of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences according to the plan proposed by B. V. Farmakovskyi after the resumption of excavations in Olbia in 1924. Two of the details, fragments of polychrome simas of the Late Archaic period, most likely were related to the cult monumental structures of the Western Temenos and were found in the layer of its destruction. The remaining details were found during excavations of residential houses in the central (excavation sites A, H, D) and north-eastern part of the city (excavation site I). These are fragments of eaves tiles, the facades of which are decorated with embossed ornaments of two variants — Ionian cyma with pearls and meander, in the metopes of which are placed letters or four- and eight-petalled palmettes. The tile category includes a pentagonal antefix with a relief image of an Athena mask in a helmet and half lotus flowers on the sides. Fragments of gutters (simas) — a facade with a Satire mask and a water-supply decorated in the shape of a lion’s head with an open mouth were also found. Ceramic architectural details, which served as decoration and were an integral part of the roof of residential buildings, became widespread in Olbia in the second half of the IV—III c. BC. Such details are also known in almost all ancient centers of the Western Black Sea coast. Modern ceramic studies of similar architectural terracotta from Messambria and Apollonia Pontica have determined its local production. The obtained data allowed correcting not only the information on handicraft production in Olbia, as such a tile is traditionally, after the opinion of I. B. Brashynskyi, belonged to the local ceramic production, but also to offer a new direction of the Black Sea trade in ceramic building materials. Another important area for Olbia was the tiles import from Sinop.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"96-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47005587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.108
R. Kozlenko, O. Puklina
The article introduces clay figurines of eagles and terracotta of a Roman soldier, which were found during excavations at the Lower City of Olbia in the 1930—1940-ies, and are kept in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine. The iconography of the eagles is similar to the terracotta statuette of an eagle found in the praetorium building in the Upper City of Olbia. The series of rooms, in which the eagle figurines were found, belong to the Roman garrison structures, which were located in the port area of the city. Terracotta eagle figurines could be used in military sanctuaries, and imitate Roman military standards, or be associated with the worship of Jupiter. Analogies to these products are known from the Roman fortresses on the Danube and in Dacia province. The fragment of terracotta with a shield was a part of a Roman soldier figurine with hanging limbs. The warrior was depicted wearing a Roman military cloak (sagum). This indicates his higher rank, in contrast to the soldiers dressed in tunics. In his left hand he holds a shield (clipeus), which depicts a deity in armor, with rays above his head. The terracotta depicts warriors armed with gladius, and belted with a Roman military belt (cingulum militare). They depict the servicemen of the auxiliary troops of the Roman army — auxilia, or, given the non-standard shape of their shields, the sailors of the Moesian fleet (milites classiarii), whose units were stationed in Olbia, as is known from the epigraphic finds. The places of their finds mark the points of deployment of the Roman troops in the Northern Black Sea region. These terracottas could serve as votives in ritual rites associated with the cult of Mithras, which appears in Olbia as a result of the Roman garrison deployment in the city during the second half of the 2nd — first half of the 3rd c. AD.
{"title":"Roman Terracottas From the Lower City of Olbia from the collection of the National Museum of the History of Ukraine","authors":"R. Kozlenko, O. Puklina","doi":"10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ARCHAEOLOGYUA2021.01.108","url":null,"abstract":"The article introduces clay figurines of eagles and terracotta of a Roman soldier, which were found during excavations at the Lower City of Olbia in the 1930—1940-ies, and are kept in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine. The iconography of the eagles is similar to the terracotta statuette of an eagle found in the praetorium building in the Upper City of Olbia. The series of rooms, in which the eagle figurines were found, belong to the Roman garrison structures, which were located in the port area of the city. Terracotta eagle figurines could be used in military sanctuaries, and imitate Roman military standards, or be associated with the worship of Jupiter. Analogies to these products are known from the Roman fortresses on the Danube and in Dacia province. The fragment of terracotta with a shield was a part of a Roman soldier figurine with hanging limbs. The warrior was depicted wearing a Roman military cloak (sagum). This indicates his higher rank, in contrast to the soldiers dressed in tunics. In his left hand he holds a shield (clipeus), which depicts a deity in armor, with rays above his head. The terracotta depicts warriors armed with gladius, and belted with a Roman military belt (cingulum militare). They depict the servicemen of the auxiliary troops of the Roman army — auxilia, or, given the non-standard shape of their shields, the sailors of the Moesian fleet (milites classiarii), whose units were stationed in Olbia, as is known from the epigraphic finds. The places of their finds mark the points of deployment of the Roman troops in the Northern Black Sea region. These terracottas could serve as votives in ritual rites associated with the cult of Mithras, which appears in Olbia as a result of the Roman garrison deployment in the city during the second half of the 2nd — first half of the 3rd c. AD.","PeriodicalId":46362,"journal":{"name":"ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"108-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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