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Criminalizing Sex: A Unified Liberal Theory. By Stuart P. Green. [Oxford University Press, 2020. xxvi + 382 pp. Hardback £22.99. ISBN 978-0-197-50748-3.] 性犯罪化:统一的自由主义理论。斯图尔特·p·格林著。牛津大学出版社,2020。xxvi + 382页,精装本22.99英镑。ISBN 978-0-197-50748-3。)
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000538
M. Gibson
scious copying or in determining whether substantial part is taken, is unclear. Goold goes on to discuss the various stages at which the negligence liability should be introduced, such as licensing, infringement, defences, and remedies (pp. 97–105). The difference between introducing negligence liability into the infringement doctrine and the defences is one of burden of proof, and Goold seems to falter on this point. If IP infringement is to remain truly a negligence-based liability, the primary burden of proof to establish negligence must rest on the person claiming negligence, i.e. the IP owner (usually the claimant). On the other hand, if exercising due care (i.e. the lack of negligence) were to be available as a defence, then the burden of proof would rest on the person claiming that due care was exercised, which is the user (normally the defendant). Goold recognises that in ordinary negligence, the reasonable care and therefore, negligence analysis features within the prima facie case being established (p. 99). This appears to suggest that the burden of proof is on the IP owner to prove a prima facie case by showing that the user’s lack of care led to an IP right being infringed. However, he goes on to argue that if the IP owner establishes a prima facie case of infringement (i.e. that the user copied the work or used the patented invention), then a rebuttable presumption in favour of liability would operate, and only if the user introduces evidence that she exercised all reasonable care should the court not hold her liable (p. 100). This appears to suggest that in infringement cases the burden of proof rests entirely on the user to prove that she took all reasonable care, as if it were a defence rather than a component of the tort of infringement itself. A more coherent exposition of the burden of proof would have helped. It appears to make sense to place the burden on the IP owner from an efficiency viewpoint. If the IP owner is the one bearing the burden of proving that reasonable care was not exercised, then the IP owner will be more cautious in ensuring that their valuable creations are registered where possible, and bear the appropriate markings, making their rights discoverable. In summary, however, Goold’s work is a bold effort in addressing an extremely complex area of law, presented in an historical context, enriched by arguments of economic efficiency. Situated at the intersection of IP and private law, Goold’s work is remarkable in demonstrating the role of core doctrines of private law in addressing some of the most pressing issues in IP.
有意识的复制或确定是否有实质性的部分被拿走,目前尚不清楚。戈尔德接着讨论了过失责任应该引入的各个阶段,如许可、侵权、抗辩和补救(第97-105页)。在侵权原则和抗辩中引入过失责任的区别在于举证责任的不同,古德似乎在这一点上犹豫不决。如果知识产权侵权仍然是一种真正基于过失的责任,那么确立过失的主要举证责任必须落在主张过失的人身上,即知识产权所有人(通常是索赔人)。另一方面,如果行使应有的注意(即没有疏忽)可以作为辩护,那么举证责任将落在声称行使应有注意的人身上,即使用者(通常是被告)。gold承认,在普通过失中,合理谨慎以及过失分析在正在建立的初步证据案件中具有特征(第99页)。这似乎表明,知识产权所有人有举证责任,通过证明用户缺乏注意导致知识产权受到侵犯来证明初步证据确凿的案件。然而,他接着争辩说,如果知识产权所有者建立了一个初步的侵权案件(即用户复制了作品或使用了获得专利的发明),那么有利于责任的可反驳的推定将起作用,并且只有当用户提出证据表明她已尽了一切合理注意时,法院才会不追究她的责任(第100页)。这似乎表明,在侵权案件中,举证责任完全落在使用者身上,证明她采取了所有合理的注意,就好像这是一种辩护,而不是侵权行为本身的一个组成部分。对举证责任进行更连贯的阐述会有所帮助。从效率的角度来看,将负担放在知识产权所有者身上似乎是有道理的。如果知识产权所有人有责任证明没有采取合理的谨慎措施,那么知识产权所有人将更加谨慎地确保他们有价值的创作在可能的情况下得到注册,并带有适当的标记,使他们的权利能够被发现。但总而言之,古德的著作在解决一个极其复杂的法律领域方面做出了大胆的努力,在历史背景下呈现,并以经济效率的论点充实。地处知识产权和私法的交汇处,古德的著作在展示私法核心原则在解决知识产权中一些最紧迫问题方面的作用方面表现出色。
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引用次数: 0
TORTIOUS LIABILITY OF GOVERNMENT MINISTERS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE: ARISTOTELIAN POTENTIAL AND THE LIMITS OF NEGLIGENCE 政府部长对气候变化的侵权责任:亚里士多德的潜力和过失的限制
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000733
Stevie Martin
uncertainty. Reform, however, does not mean starting from scratch. Even the adoption of the first (more expansive) option would not land English law in uncharted territory; instead, it would return it to the position espoused by Lord Bridge in McLoughlin. What is more, previous decisions can be rationalised within the adopted framework (or discarded as incompatible with it) to offer guidance on how it applies in particular situations. And while certainty is important, it is not the only desideratum; the aim in developing the law of negligence is to balance the need to maintain certainty with the need to achieve justice (Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [2018] UKSC 4, at [27] (Lord Reed)). In this connection, were the first approach to be adopted, it is paramount that it does not result in a mechanical application of the factors guiding reasonable foreseeability, otherwise they would simply transform from overt to covert control mechanisms, robbing the approach of its flexibility. Finally, should such reform not be left to Parliament? There are good reasons why courts might generally take that course. Judges have no relevant expertise or easy access to the sort of material that informs legislative policy making. Nonetheless, the case for deferring to Parliament in this area is less strong. The law with its policy restrictions has been exclusively developed by the courts. Much preparatory work has been done by the Law Commission. Parliament has not only repeatedly failed to act, but the Government has taken the view that the development of the law is best left to the courts (Department for Constitutional Affairs, The Law of Damages (CP 9/07), 2007). Pleas from judges, the Law Commission and individual Members of Parliament have fallen on deaf legislative ears. In these circumstances, expecting Parliament to act is a pious hope. The ball is now firmly in the Supreme Court’s court. It is hoped that it will pick it up and bring the law into line with contemporary societal and medical perceptions. It will no doubt be tempting to conclude again that legislation is the best, perhaps the only, option for reform. Tempting, but wrong.
不确定性。然而,改革并不意味着从零开始。即使采用第一种(更广泛的)选择,也不会使英国法律陷入未知的境地;相反,它会回到麦克劳克林的布里奇勋爵所支持的立场。更重要的是,以前的决定可以在采用的框架内合理化(或因与之不兼容而放弃),以提供如何在特定情况下应用的指导。虽然确定性很重要,但它并不是唯一的愿望;发展过失法的目的是平衡维持确定性的需要与实现正义的需要(Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [2018] UKSC 4, at [27] (Lord Reed))。在这方面,如果采用第一种方法,最重要的是,它不会导致机械地应用指导合理可预见性的因素,否则它们只会从公开的控制机制转变为隐蔽的控制机制,从而剥夺了方法的灵活性。最后,这样的改革不应该留给议会吗?法院通常采取这种做法是有充分理由的。法官没有相关的专业知识,也不容易获得立法政策制定所需的材料。尽管如此,在这个问题上听从议会的意见的理由不那么充分。带有政策限制的法律完全由法院制定。法律委员会已经做了大量的准备工作。议会不仅一再未能采取行动,而且政府还认为法律的发展最好留给法院(宪法事务部,《损害赔偿法》(CP 9/07), 2007年)。法官、法律委员会和个别议员的请求都被立法机构置若罔闻。在这种情况下,期待议会采取行动是一种虔诚的希望。现在决定权完全掌握在最高法院手中。人们希望它能把它捡起来,使法律与当代社会和医学观念保持一致。毫无疑问,人们很容易再次得出这样的结论:立法是改革的最佳选择,也许是唯一的选择。很诱人,但却是错误的。
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引用次数: 0
CUSTODIAL DUTIES IN THE COURT OF APPEAL 上诉法院的羁押职责
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000782
J. Russell
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引用次数: 0
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION IN PATENT ENTITLEMENT AND OWNERSHIP DISPUTES UNDER THE RECAST BRUSSELS I REGULATION 根据修订后的布鲁塞尔法规,专利权利和所有权纠纷的专属管辖权
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000800
Maxence Rivoire
difficult to identify. The complexity in this area has been furthered in recent years through the introduction of various public policy exceptions to Rule 3, which Sir Julian Flaux C. in Solo Capital Partners suggested should be extended to major international fraud (at [146]). As a result of these exceptions, the rule does not apply in some instances where any plausible rationale for it would suggest it should. All this complexity suggests that, if there is some simpler mechanism by which the same outcomes can be achieved, there may be good reasons to abandon Rule 3. The doctrine of forum non conveniens might be that simpler mechanism. Where a claim is brought before an English court, the court can decline to exercise its jurisdiction where a different forum is clearly and distinctly more appropriate for the trial of the dispute. The objection to the availability of the English forum in most cases in which reliance on Rule 3 has been successful is that such claims should properly be brought in the courts of the countries the law of which the claimant is trying to enforce. Channelling this reasoning through forum non conveniens would help rationalise the haphazard applicability of Rule 3.
难以识别。近年来,由于对规则3引入了各种公共政策例外,这一领域的复杂性进一步加深,Solo Capital Partners的Julian Flaux C.爵士建议将其扩展到重大国际欺诈(见[146])。由于这些例外情况,该规则在某些情况下不适用,尽管任何合理的理由都表明该规则应该适用。所有这些复杂性表明,如果存在某种更简单的机制,可以实现同样的结果,那么就有很好的理由放弃规则3。不方便法庭原则可能是一种更简单的机制。如果一项索赔是在英国法院提出的,法院可以拒绝行使其管辖权,而另一个法院显然更适合审理该争议。反对在大多数依靠规则3获得成功的案件中使用英文法庭的理由是,这种索赔应适当地在索赔人试图执行其法律的国家的法院提出。通过不方便地进行推理将有助于使规则3的随意适用性合理化。
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引用次数: 0
CLJ volume 81 issue 3 Cover and Back matter CLJ第81卷第3期封面和封底
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0008197322000617
Johan David Michels
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引用次数: 0
AN EXCEPTION TO DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY FOR CLAIMS INVOLVING MODERN SLAVERY 涉及现代奴隶制的外交豁免的例外
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000836
B. Plant
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引用次数: 0
INSANITY AND COMMAND DELUSIONS 精神错乱和命令妄想
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000769
M. Grainger
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引用次数: 0
LIGHTS, CAMERA, NO ACTION: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN CONTRACT LAW AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT 灯光、摄影机、无行动:合同法与不当得利的接口
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000824
Aarushi Sahore
for itself the question of proportionality and necessity in care proceedings cases (Re B, at [116]–[127] (Lord Kerr J.S.C.), [204]–[205] (Lady Hale J.S.C.)) should be preferred. In line with this, it would have been better if the Supreme Court had undertaken its own proportionality assessment on the facts of Re H-W and made supervision orders instead of remitting the case for rehearing before a different judge (at [64]). Doing so would avoid delays in settling arrangements for the family involved and uphold the “central principle of the Children Act 1989” that delays are not in the children’s interests (J. Doughty, “Remote Justice – Family Court Hearings during the Pandemic” (2020) 42(3) Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 377, 377). At the end of the day, there is no doubt that Re H-W was “a difficult case” (at [28]). Indeed, decisions made for the removal of children into public care have profound effects and should be carefully scrutinised (at [32]). However, the appellate court’s approach should, as far as possible, strike a balance with the avoidance of delays in the interests of the children’s welfare. Whilst the Supreme Court acknowledged that the perspectives of both the majority and the minority of the Court of Appeal were “understandable in family law terms” (at [32]), it ultimately concluded that the proportionality assessment at first instance was flawed (at [62]) but nonetheless declined to undertake its own assessment (at [63]). With the case being remitted for rehearing before a different judge, one can only hope that it will not be “a lengthy process” before arrangements are finally settled for the family involved (at [64]).
就其本身而言,护理诉讼案件中的相称性和必要性问题(Re B,见[116]-[127](Lord Kerr J.S.C.),[204]-[205](Lady Hale J.S.C。根据这一点,如果最高法院对Re H-W的事实进行自己的相称性评估,并下达监督令,而不是将案件移交给另一名法官重审,情况会更好(见[64])。这样做可以避免延迟为相关家庭安排,并维护“1989年《儿童法》的核心原则”,即延迟不符合儿童的利益(J.Doughty,“疫情期间的远程司法-家庭法院听证会”(2020)42(3)《社会福利和家庭法杂志》377377)。最后,毫无疑问,Re H-W是“一个困难的案例”(见[28])。事实上,将儿童转移到公共护理机构的决定具有深远的影响,应该仔细审查(见[32])。然而,上诉法院的做法应尽可能在避免延误儿童福利方面取得平衡。虽然最高法院承认上诉法院多数人和少数人的观点“从家庭法的角度来看是可以理解的”(见[32]),但它最终得出结论,一审的比例评估存在缺陷(见[62]),尽管如此,它还是拒绝进行自己的评估(见[63])。随着案件被移交给另一位法官重审,人们只能希望,在最终解决相关家庭的安排之前,这不会是一个“漫长的过程”(见[64])。
{"title":"LIGHTS, CAMERA, NO ACTION: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN CONTRACT LAW AND UNJUST ENRICHMENT","authors":"Aarushi Sahore","doi":"10.1017/S0008197322000824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008197322000824","url":null,"abstract":"for itself the question of proportionality and necessity in care proceedings cases (Re B, at [116]–[127] (Lord Kerr J.S.C.), [204]–[205] (Lady Hale J.S.C.)) should be preferred. In line with this, it would have been better if the Supreme Court had undertaken its own proportionality assessment on the facts of Re H-W and made supervision orders instead of remitting the case for rehearing before a different judge (at [64]). Doing so would avoid delays in settling arrangements for the family involved and uphold the “central principle of the Children Act 1989” that delays are not in the children’s interests (J. Doughty, “Remote Justice – Family Court Hearings during the Pandemic” (2020) 42(3) Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 377, 377). At the end of the day, there is no doubt that Re H-W was “a difficult case” (at [28]). Indeed, decisions made for the removal of children into public care have profound effects and should be carefully scrutinised (at [32]). However, the appellate court’s approach should, as far as possible, strike a balance with the avoidance of delays in the interests of the children’s welfare. Whilst the Supreme Court acknowledged that the perspectives of both the majority and the minority of the Court of Appeal were “understandable in family law terms” (at [32]), it ultimately concluded that the proportionality assessment at first instance was flawed (at [62]) but nonetheless declined to undertake its own assessment (at [63]). With the case being remitted for rehearing before a different judge, one can only hope that it will not be “a lengthy process” before arrangements are finally settled for the family involved (at [64]).","PeriodicalId":46389,"journal":{"name":"Cambridge Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42754667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Law of Tracing. By Mohammud Jaamae Hafeez-Baig and Jordan English. [Alexandria, NSW: The Federation Press, 2021. xxi + 276 pp. Hardback $180.00. ISBN 978-1-76002-306-5.] 追踪定律。穆罕默德·贾迈·哈菲兹·拜格和约旦英语。[新南威尔士州亚历山大:联邦出版社,2021年。xxi+276页,精装180.00美元。ISBN 978-1-76002-306-5。]
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0008197322000587
Derek Whayman
1990s) is one where comparativists like Legrand have broken free of the authority paradigm. And so, what Fekete claims to be doing is applying a “light” version of Kuhn’s theory, thus avoiding the problem of incommensurability between competing paradigms. What Kuhn offers, says Fekete, is “a conceptual vocabulary to tame the complexity of scholarly development” (p. 164). Yet it is not evident that he really needs this vocabulary. His five “paradigm” periods would be just as understandable if he were to use the vocabulary of social science – programmes, schemes of intelligibility, poles and orientations – and it (they) would surely suffice as a framework for his excellent discussion of the comparatists he regards as key in the history of comparative law. To employ Kuhn suggests that law is a science in the natural science meaning of the term; this is something that a good many comparatists would not just contest but see as very dangerous.
20世纪90年代)是像罗格朗这样的比较主义者打破权威范式的时代。因此,费科特声称正在做的是应用库恩理论的“轻”版本,从而避免了竞争范式之间的不可通约问题。费科特说,库恩提供的是“一个概念词汇,用来驯服学术发展的复杂性”(第164页)。然而,他是否真的需要这些词汇还不明显。如果他使用社会科学的词汇——程序、可理解性方案、极点和方向——他的五个“范式”时期也同样可以理解,这(它们)肯定足以作为他对他认为是比较法史上关键的比较主义者进行出色讨论的框架。用库恩的说法表明,法律是自然科学意义上的一门科学;许多比较主义者不仅会对此提出质疑,而且认为这是非常危险的。
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引用次数: 0
A RIDDLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: ASSUMPTION OF RESPONSIBILITY, AGAIN 一个裹着谜团的谜:再次承担责任
IF 1.5 2区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S000819732200071X
Jonathan H. Morgan
THE most troublesome question in negligence today remains omissions liability. The central “exception” is when a defendant assumes responsibility to take positive, protective action – notwithstanding assumption of responsibility’s cursory (even dismissive) treatment in the seminal Michael v Chief Constable [2015] UKSC 2, [2015] A.C. 1732. It was a safe prediction that more disputes about its meaning and application would engage the appellate courts. And now, following closely on Tindall v Chief Constable [2022] EWCA Civ 25 (noted Morgan [2022] C.L.J. 245), comes HXA v Surrey County Council [2022] EWCA Civ 1196. HXA comprised two separate claims by children against local authorities that had failed to take the claimants into protective care when they were being abused by members of their families. The case therefore broadly resembles the leading decision in GN v Poole B.C. [2019] UKSC 25, [2020] A.C. 720. In the High Court, Stacey J. struck out the claims in HXA: [2021] EWHC 2974 (Q.B.). She reminded herself at [64] of the emphasis on precedent and coherence in Robinson v Chief Constable [2018] UKSC 4, [2018] A.C. 736. In this spirit, she held the pleaded claims in HXA to be indistinguishable from GN v Poole, where the Supreme Court clearly laid down that a local authority did not assume responsibility by investigating and monitoring a vulnerable child’s situation. The Court of Appeal, however, thought that as allegations of assumption of responsibility “always depend on the specific facts of the case” it would be “plainly wrong” to strike the case out, when the law remained at a “relatively early stage [of] development” since the Poole case: [2022] EWCA Civ 1196 (at [105]–[106]). What emerges? First, this was an omissions case. Before Stacey J., the claimants made “valiant efforts” to identify negligent acts by the defendant authorities; Cambridge Law Journal, 81(3), November 2022, pp. 449–494 © The Authors, 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge
当今过失中最麻烦的问题仍然是疏忽责任。核心的“例外”是当被告承担起采取积极保护行动的责任时——尽管在具有开创性意义的Michael v Chief Constable[2015]UKSC 2,[2015]a.C.1732案中,承担责任的处理方式草率(甚至不屑一顾)。可以肯定的是,关于其含义和应用的更多争议将涉及上诉法院。现在,继Tindall v Chief Constable[2022]EWCA Civ 25(注意到Morgan[2022]C.L.J.245)之后,HXA v Surrey County Council[2022]EWCA Civ 1196。HXA包括儿童对地方当局的两项单独索赔,地方当局在索赔人受到家人虐待时未能将其纳入保护性照顾。因此,本案与GN诉Poole B.C.案的主要判决大致相似。【2019】UKSC 25,【2020】A.C.720。在高等法院,Stacey J.驳回了HXA:[2021]EWHC 2974(Q.B.)中的诉讼请求。她在[64]中提醒自己,Robinson v Chief Constable[2018]UKSC 4,[2018]A.C.736中强调了先例和连贯性。本着这一精神,她认为,在HXA案中,辩护的索赔与GN诉Poole案没有区别,最高法院在该案中明确规定,地方当局不承担调查和监测弱势儿童情况的责任。然而,上诉法院认为,由于承担责任的指控“总是取决于案件的具体事实”,在普尔案以来法律仍处于“相对早期的发展阶段”时,将案件删除是“明显错误的”:【2022】EWCA Civ 1196(见【105】–【106】)。出现了什么?首先,这是一起遗漏案件。在Stacey J.之前,索赔人做出了“勇敢的努力”,以确定被告当局的疏忽行为;《剑桥法律杂志》,81(3),2022年11月,第449–494页©作者,2022。剑桥大学出版社代表剑桥大学法学院出版
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引用次数: 0
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