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Change in Patterns of Tobacco Use during Lockdown due to COVID-19 COVID-19封锁期间烟草使用模式的变化
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13188/2330-2178.1000051
B. Yukti
Introduction: Tobacco consumption is among the biggest public health concerns globally, causing disease, disability, premature deaths with additional economic, social and environmental burden. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a nationwide lockdown in India which affected tobacco consumption due to various reasons. Objectives: This community-based-cross-sectional study aimed to assess the change in patterns of tobacco use during and after the lockdown. It also attempted to assess access to tobacco, withdrawal symptoms experienced, and perceptions about association of tobacco use with COVID-19. Methods: The study was conducted in Aliganj, an urbanized village, in South Delhi. 140 adults(aged >15 years) who used tobacco before the lockdown, residing in Aliganj were included in the study. Data was analysed using SPSS-21. Results: The prevalence of change in pattern of tobacco use during lockdown was 71.4% (66.7% smokers, 77.4% smokeless tobacco(SLT) users, 73.3% dual users). Quitting tobacco reported by 27.8% smokers, 30.2% SLT users, 13.3% dual users. A change in pattern after lockdown reported by 49.3% (45.8% smokers, 45.3% SLT users, 80% dual users). 46.2% reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Difficult availability of tobacco during lockdown reported by 60.0% and unavailability by 15.2%. Increased risk of COVID-19 infection among smokers and higher risk of developing severe disease perceived by 51.4% and 64.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Clear impact of lockdown on tobacco use is indicated by the difference between change in tobacco use pattern during and after lockdown. Lockdown restrictions led to decreased income, increased prices and decreased availability of tobacco, which were major reasons for changed pattern during lockdown. Lifting of restrictions (post lockdown period) resulting in return to regular pricing, availability of tobacco products and lack of support for those who experienced withdrawal symptoms, caused return to old patterns of usage after lockdown. The factors identified in this study, if translated to policy change, might be effective in reducing tobacco usage during the pandemic and beyond.. low-income families with the diversion of family income used to meetessential household expenses. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a nationwide lockdown from 25th March’20 in India. The gradual relaxation of lockdown began from 1st June’20 with continued restrictions in containment zones (areas with high prevalence of COVID-19). During the lockdown, people also experienced financial hardships due to decreased income.Shops selling and providing nonessential goods or services including tobacco products were closed. Contaminated hands and cigarettes/bidis may increase the risk of contracting COVID-19 while smoking. Hukkah is commonly used in communal settings, increasing the chances of contracting COVID-19through sharing of mouth-piece among users. During the lockdown, most of the population remained indoors, which could have increased the ex
烟草消费是全球最大的公共卫生问题之一,造成疾病、残疾和过早死亡,并带来额外的经济、社会和环境负担。新冠肺炎疫情导致印度全国范围内的封锁,由于各种原因影响了烟草消费。目的:这项以社区为基础的横断面研究旨在评估封锁期间和之后烟草使用模式的变化。它还试图评估获得烟草的途径、经历的戒断症状以及对烟草使用与COVID-19之间关系的看法。方法:本研究在德里南部的一个城市化村庄Aliganj进行,将居住在Aliganj的140名在封锁前吸烟的成年人(年龄>15岁)纳入研究。数据采用SPSS-21进行分析。结果:封锁期间烟草使用模式改变的患病率为71.4%(吸烟者66.7%,无烟烟草(SLT)使用者77.4%,双重使用者73.3%)。戒烟者占27.8%,SLT使用者占30.2%,双重使用者占13.3%。有49.3%的人报告在封锁后模式发生变化(45.8%的吸烟者,45.3%的SLT使用者,80%的双重使用者)。46.2%的人报告有戒断症状。60.0%的人报告在封锁期间难以获得烟草,15.2%的人报告无法获得烟草。吸烟者感染COVID-19的风险增加,患严重疾病的风险增加,分别为51.4%和64.3%。结论:封城期间和封城后烟草使用模式变化的差异表明封城对烟草使用的明显影响。封锁限制导致收入下降、价格上涨和烟草供应减少,这是封锁期间模式发生变化的主要原因。取消限制(封城期后),导致烟草产品恢复正常定价、可获得性以及对出现戒断症状的人缺乏支持,导致封城后烟草使用方式恢复到以前的模式。本研究确定的因素,如果转化为政策变化,可能有效地减少大流行期间和以后的烟草使用。低收入家庭,家庭收入用于满足基本家庭开支。2019冠状病毒病大流行导致印度从3月25日起实行全国封锁。从20年6月1日开始逐步放松封锁,在隔离区(COVID-19高流行地区)继续实行限制。在封锁期间,由于收入减少,人们也经历了经济困难。出售和提供包括烟草制品在内的非必需品或服务的商店被关闭。被污染的手和香烟/比迪烟可能会增加吸烟时感染COVID-19的风险。Hukkah通常用于公共场所,通过在用户之间共用嘴部,增加了感染covid -19的机会。在封锁期间,大多数人呆在室内,这可能增加了吸烟者家庭成员接触二手烟的机会。咀嚼烟草也会导致随地吐痰。SARS-CoV-2感染者在公共场所随地吐痰会增加病毒在社区传播的风险。关于吸烟对covid-19的影响已经进行了几项研究。他们已经确定了烟草使用与感染covid-19的风险增加以及结果较差的严重疾病(如需要ICU护理、机械通气或死亡)之间的关联[3,6,7,8,9]。关于封锁期间烟草使用模式变化的研究很少[4,5]。本研究计划评估居住在新德里一个社区的成年人在2019冠状病毒病封锁期间烟草使用模式的改变,并研究与烟草使用模式改变相关的因素。
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引用次数: 1
A Case Study on the Impact of COVID -19 and Social Capital on the Delivery of Medication - Assisted Peer Support COVID -19和社会资本对提供药物辅助同伴支持影响的案例研究
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13188/2330-2178.1000054
ZJ Kravetz
Introduction: The COVID - 19 pandemic has interfered with innumerable services in different sectors of the healthcare industry, including the opioid use disorder recovery community. This community-based empirical study explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the mutually reinforcing variable of low social capital on the distribution of medication - assisted peer support. Methods: Six interviews with leaders of a combined medication - assisted and peer support group were conducted to identify the impact of COVID - 19 and low social capital on the substance use disorder recovery community. Specifically, the recovery community is incarcerated individuals receiving buprenorphine treatments and individuals who have been released into the community. Using a comparative analysis of these interview transcriptswe identified key areas for
导语:COVID - 19大流行已经干扰了医疗保健行业不同部门的无数服务,包括阿片类药物使用障碍康复社区。基于社区的实证研究探讨了COVID-19大流行和低社会资本相互强化的变量对药物辅助同伴支持分布的影响。方法:对药物辅助和同伴支持联合小组的6名负责人进行访谈,以确定COVID - 19和低社会资本对物质使用障碍康复社区的影响。具体来说,康复社区是接受丁丙诺啡治疗的被监禁的个人和已经释放到社区的个人。通过对这些采访记录的对比分析,我们确定了关键领域
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引用次数: 0
Magnesium Supplementation with Special Reference to the Treatment of Alcoholism 镁的补充与酒精中毒的治疗
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13188/2330-2178.1000052
Sergei V. Jargin
Supplementation of various substances is sometimes recommended without sufficient indications. To decide whether a supplementation is needed, the question should be answered whether there is a deficiency, and if there is, whether it can be compensated by diet. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, stroke, certain neuropsychiatric and metabolic conditions. Hypomagnesemia is above-average in alcoholism; however, alcoholics should not be a priori assumed to have Mg deficiency. Mild depletion does not necessarily require specific therapy. Wherever possible, the oral route of supplementation is preferable. The parenteral route is mandatory in severe Mg deficiency. Hypermagnesemia may result from excessive supplementation. Intravenous infusions of Mg-containing solutions and some other invasive procedures have been used in the former Soviet Union without sufficient indications. The infusion therapy has been recommended also in moderately severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In conditions of suboptimal procedural quality assurance, endovascular and other invasive manipulations can lead to the transmission of viral hepatitis, which occurred to treated alcoholic patients. A combination of viral and alcoholic liver injury is unfavorable. It has been suggested to include Mg in routine blood ionograms. Mg contents in different foodstuffs
有时在没有充分适应症的情况下推荐补充各种物质。要决定是否需要补充,应该回答的问题是是否存在缺陷,如果存在,是否可以通过饮食来弥补。镁(Mg)缺乏与心血管疾病、高血压、中风、某些神经精神和代谢疾病有关。酗酒者低镁血症高于平均水平;然而,酗酒者不应该被先验地假定为缺镁。轻度耗竭不一定需要特殊治疗。在可能的情况下,口服补充途径是可取的。在严重缺镁的情况下,静脉注射是必须的。过量补充可能导致高镁血症。在前苏联,在没有充分迹象的情况下,静脉输注含镁溶液和一些其他侵入性程序已被使用。输液疗法也被推荐用于中度重度酒精戒断综合征。在手术质量保证不理想的情况下,血管内和其他侵入性操作可导致病毒性肝炎的传播,这种情况发生在接受治疗的酒精患者身上。病毒性和酒精性肝损伤的合并是不利的。有人建议在常规血离子图中包括Mg。不同食品中Mg的含量
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引用次数: 0
Inpatient Addiction Medicine Consultation on Readmission Rates and Length of Stay 关于再入院率和住院时间的住院成瘾药物咨询
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.13188/2330-2178.1000053
Amer Raheemullah
Background: Patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) make up nearly one-third (29.1%) of hospitalized patients in the United States. They also have double the 30-day readmission and emergency department visit rates compared to those without SUDs. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has penalized hospitals $3 billion for higher 30-day readmission rates. Addiction medicine consultation has been shown to reduce 30-day readmission. However, their impact on Hospital length of stay remains largely unknown. Methods: We compared admissions of repeat utilizer patients at Stanford Hospital with an ICD-10 diagnosis of a SUD and compared the 30-day readmission rate and length of stay in patients with and without an addiction medicine consult. Results: The 30-day readmission rate and average LOS was 10.4% and 6.11 days for those that received a consult compared to 25.3% and 6.16 days in those that did not. Medicaid and Medicare patients made up 70.3% and 19.0% of the population, and addiction medicine consultation was found to be associated with a
背景:物质使用障碍(sud)患者占美国住院患者的近三分之一(29.1%)。与没有sud的人相比,他们30天的再入院率和急诊室就诊率也增加了一倍。医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心已经对医院处以30亿美元的罚款,原因是30天的再入院率更高。成瘾药物咨询已被证明可以减少30天的再入院。然而,它们对住院时间的影响在很大程度上仍然未知。方法:我们比较了斯坦福医院ICD-10诊断为SUD的重复使用患者的入院情况,并比较了有和没有成瘾药物咨询的患者的30天再入院率和住院时间。结果:会诊组30天再入院率和平均LOS分别为10.4%和6.11天,未会诊组30天再入院率和平均LOS分别为25.3%和6.16天。医疗补助和医疗保险患者分别占人口的70.3%和19.0%,成瘾药物咨询被发现与a
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引用次数: 0
“Quit Masturbation, Change Failure”: The Process, Essence, and Reflection of the Identity Construction in the Abstinence Internet Organization “戒手淫,变失败”:禁欲网络组织身份建构的过程、本质与反思
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1856739
Song Apei
Abstract In response to the problem of the social integration of masturbation groups, existing studies have simplified it into a one-way, passive correction process, which has mixed heterogeneous organizational groups and ignored the interactive meanings displayed by several in this process. Through the participatory observation and in-depth interviews with the masturbation abstainers in the network group organization, this article presents the abstinence process of the masturbation group in the internet platform. The qualitative study found that the use of symbols by Internet organizations with the experience of “evil sex” and “moral irrationality” has strengthened the stigma of the masturbation group, but at the same time provided a religious compensatory role for quit masturbation. Religious compensation within a certain period of time formed a moral order and strengthened self-identification. In essence, the order established by the network organization is supported by the “sex addiction-Buddhism” interpretation system proposed by the administrator. With the change of power within the network organization, the original firm interpretation system quickly formed a new discourse. This change of management has not triggered conflicts between masturbation guards and the maintenance of the old system but has been accepted because the moral constraints and health regulations in the new interpretation system are still orderly. This acceptance process clearly demonstrates the constant desire of the masturbator for security and certainty and the desire for the order to accommodate his own qualities.
针对手淫群体的社会整合问题,现有研究将其简化为一个单向的、被动的纠正过程,其中混杂了异质组织群体,忽略了这一过程中若干组织群体所表现出的互动意义。本文通过参与式观察和对网络小组组织中自慰戒断者的深度访谈,呈现了互联网平台中自慰小组的戒断过程。质性研究发现,具有“恶性”和“道德非理性”经验的网络组织对符号的使用,强化了手淫群体的污名化,但同时也为戒手淫提供了宗教补偿作用。宗教补偿在一定时期内形成了一种道德秩序,强化了自我认同。从本质上讲,网络组织建立的秩序是由管理员提出的“性瘾-佛教”解释体系支撑的。随着网络组织内部权力的更迭,原有的企业解释体系迅速形成了新的话语。这种管理上的改变并没有引发手淫看守与旧制度维护之间的冲突,而是被接受了,因为新的解释制度中的道德约束和卫生规定仍然是有序的。这个接受过程清楚地表明了自慰者对安全和确定性的持续渴望,以及对适应他自己品质的秩序的渴望。
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引用次数: 3
An Exploration on the Public Stigma of Sexual Addiction 性成瘾的公共污名探析
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2021.1904471
B. Lindsay, Emily P. Bernier, Andrew C. H. Szeto
Abstract This study explored the stigma toward individuals with sexual addiction and how it compared to gambling addiction, alcohol addiction, and depression in both males and females. Undergraduate students (N = 241) were assigned to read one of eight vignettes (mental illness x gender) and completed quantitative stigma measures (e.g., social distance). Results showed that alcohol addiction was the most stigmatized, followed closely by gambling addiction. Sexual addiction and depression had similar levels of stigma. Participants were less stigmatizing toward females with sexual addiction, and no other gender differences emerged. Additional variables and measures (e.g., perceived causes) were also explored.
摘要:本研究探讨了性成瘾者的耻辱感,并将其与男性和女性的赌博成瘾、酒精成瘾和抑郁症进行了比较。本科生(N = 241)被要求阅读8个小短文(精神疾病x性别)中的一个,并完成量化的污名测量(如社会距离)。结果显示,酒精成瘾是最容易被污名化的,其次是赌博成瘾。性成瘾和抑郁症有着相似的耻辱感。参与者对性成瘾女性的污名化程度较低,并且没有出现其他性别差异。还探讨了其他变量和措施(例如,感知原因)。
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引用次数: 3
Differential Associations between Paraphilic Interests and Sexual Satisfaction 两性兴趣与性满足的差异关联
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1867939
L. Vander Molen, S. Ronis, A. Benoit, Sofia Walmark
Abstract Although paraphilias encompass a broad range of sexual interests, they often are regarded broadly as maladaptive. Doing so, however, may conceal relatively well-adjusted and satisfying forms of sexuality. Participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed online questionnaires assessing paraphilic interests, sexual satisfaction, resilience, and attachment. Participants were 614 adults, aged 19 to 30 years (M = 26.08, SD = 3.18). Regression analyses demonstrated that atypical paraphilias, paraphilias related to nonconsensual sexual activities, and paraphilias related to BDSM explained a significant proportion of variance in sexual satisfaction. Findings suggest directions on the conceptualization and treatment of paraphilias.
摘要尽管副性行为涵盖了广泛的性兴趣,但它们通常被广泛认为是不适应的。然而,这样做可能会掩盖相对适应良好和令人满意的性行为形式。参与者通过Amazon Mechanical Turk招募,并完成在线问卷调查,评估性行为兴趣、性满意度、弹性和依恋。参与者为614名成年人,年龄在19至30岁之间 年(M = 2008年8月26日,标准差 = 3.18).回归分析表明,非典型性行为副、与非感官性活动相关的行为副和与BDSM相关的行为对性满意度的差异有很大的解释作用。研究结果提示了对副生殖器的概念化和治疗的方向。
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引用次数: 2
On Not-Acting-out and What to Do Afterwards: A Two-Step Guide for Clinicians 关于不采取行动和事后怎么办:临床医生的两步指南
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2021.1899089
Andrew L. Erdman
Abstract Helping someone consider what it might be like to desist from an ingrained, highly-prized, sexually-compulsive behavior is challenging. To help a client move toward such a goal, it may be helpful to break down the process of refraining into two parts or subsequences: first, the moment of choosing not to engage in the pleasure-seeking behavior(s); and second, the moments after one has chosen not to engage. This “second moment” is not often addressed granularly in intervention models because in a sense, it seems like a negative space, a void. It presumes the hard work and mental energy of desisting has already occurred. But we may conceptualize the “moment(s) after” as forming a temporal, affective, and psychological space in which the client needs specific help, support, and tools. This article uses theoretical and casework material to demonstrate how such a “two-step” model can help clients envision and prepare for the challenges of ceasing sexually addictive behaviors by also getting them in touch with what may follow an episode marked by inhibition.
帮助某人思考如何才能摆脱根深蒂固的、备受推崇的、强迫性的性行为是一项挑战。为了帮助客户实现这样的目标,将克制的过程分解为两个部分或随后的过程可能会有所帮助:首先,选择不从事寻欢作乐行为的时刻;第二,选择不参与的时刻。这种“第二时刻”在干预模型中通常不会被细致地处理,因为从某种意义上说,它似乎是一个消极的空间,一个空白。它假定停止的艰苦工作和精神能量已经发生。但是,我们可以将“之后的时刻”概念化为形成一个时间的、情感的和心理的空间,在这个空间中,客户需要特定的帮助、支持和工具。这篇文章使用理论和案例材料来展示这种“两步”模式如何帮助客户预见和准备停止性成瘾行为的挑战,同时也让他们接触到以抑制为标志的插曲之后可能发生的事情。
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引用次数: 0
Recovery from Hypersexual Disorder (HD): An Examination of the Effectiveness of Combination Treatment 从性欲亢进症(HD)恢复:联合治疗的有效性检验
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1815267
Mari Yamamoto
Abstract To examine the effectiveness of a combination treatment for hypersexual disorder (HD), using regular involvement with a 12-step program related to sexual behavior and weekly individual psychotherapy, this qualitative study recruited volunteers with minimum three-year concurrent experience of the two interventions and minimum two-year abstinence from unwanted sexual behavior. Transcript analysis of interviews with four participants revealed the strength of 12-step meeting attendance and active involvement with a sponsor. The analysis further revealed the complementary benefit of individual psychotherapy, including inherent tension between the two interventions. The discussion section addresses, among other things, the clinical importance to treat clients’ dysregulation.
摘要为了检验联合治疗性欲亢进症(HD)的有效性,通过定期参与与性行为相关的12步计划和每周的个人心理治疗,这项定性研究招募了至少三年同时经历过这两种干预措施并至少两年禁欲的志愿者。对四名参与者的访谈记录分析显示,参加12步会议和积极参与赞助商的力度很大。分析进一步揭示了个体心理治疗的互补益处,包括两种干预措施之间固有的紧张关系。讨论部分讨论了治疗客户调节障碍的临床重要性。
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引用次数: 5
Treatment for Non-Contact Sexual Offenders: What We Know and What We Need 非接触性罪犯的待遇:我们知道什么和需要什么
IF 1.4 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2020-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1751359
Alessandra Gallo
Abstract Much of the research on treatment of sexual offenders is focused on contact sexual offenses, which include physical contact with a victim. Conversely, there is a dearth of literature on effective psychological interventions for individuals who commit non-contact sexual offenses. This paper briefly reviews the research on the characteristics and risk of some of the main types of non-contact sexual offenders (i.e., online, voyeuristic, exhibitionistic) before critically examining the psychological treatment literature in this area. Suggestions for future research are provided.
摘要许多关于性犯罪者待遇的研究都集中在接触性犯罪上,包括与受害者的身体接触。相反,缺乏关于对非接触性性犯罪者进行有效心理干预的文献。本文简要回顾了对一些主要类型的非接触性性犯罪者(即网络型、偷窥型、暴露型)的特征和风险的研究,然后对该领域的心理治疗文献进行了批判性的审查。并对今后的研究提出了建议。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention
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