Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1766610
F. Palazzolo, Cathy Bettman
Abstract Internet Pornography (IP) is a phenomenon that has been the focus of much research and debate recently, yet there is still a lack of consensus regarding when the use of IP becomes problematic. There is also a lack of qualitative research on the effects of IP on those who self-identify as experiencing problematic use. This phenomenological, qualitative study surveyed 53 self-identified users of IP. Thematic analysis of the results found that users experienced a number of psychosocial impacts attributed to their use of IP, such as diminished positive mental health and wellbeing, detrimental effects on relationships and intimacy, and symptoms of dependency. Suggestions for further research are made.
{"title":"Exploring the Lived Experience of Problematic Users of Internet Pornography: A Qualitative Study","authors":"F. Palazzolo, Cathy Bettman","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1766610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1766610","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Internet Pornography (IP) is a phenomenon that has been the focus of much research and debate recently, yet there is still a lack of consensus regarding when the use of IP becomes problematic. There is also a lack of qualitative research on the effects of IP on those who self-identify as experiencing problematic use. This phenomenological, qualitative study surveyed 53 self-identified users of IP. Thematic analysis of the results found that users experienced a number of psychosocial impacts attributed to their use of IP, such as diminished positive mental health and wellbeing, detrimental effects on relationships and intimacy, and symptoms of dependency. Suggestions for further research are made.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"45 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1766610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41344250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1751364
P. Hall, J. Dix, C. Cartin
Abstract This paper evaluates the efficacy of treatment of 119 clients who sought help for CSBD (Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder). Using CORE OM and a tailor made supplement for CSBD, clients were evaluated at the beginning of a psycho-educational groupwork program and then again at three-month follow-up. 36 clients were evaluated a second time six-months later. The study identified, through CORE OM, that 85% of the sample were experiencing ‘clinical distress’ and 67% were at risk on intake. At three-month follow-up, there was ‘significant’ or ‘reliable’ improvement for 58% on clinical distress and 30% on risk. Compulsive sexual behaviors reduced for 97% of the sample group and 87% experienced a reduction in intrusive thoughts and feelings. However, for approximately 30% of clients, this reduction in problem symptoms was accompanied by negligible change in clinical distress and a worsening for some. A discussion is provided on why this may be and the implications of this research for treatment providers.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Psycho-Educational Group Work in Treating Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD): Clinical Outcomes Using CORE OM and Supplement at Three-Month and Six-Month Follow up","authors":"P. Hall, J. Dix, C. Cartin","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1751364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751364","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper evaluates the efficacy of treatment of 119 clients who sought help for CSBD (Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder). Using CORE OM and a tailor made supplement for CSBD, clients were evaluated at the beginning of a psycho-educational groupwork program and then again at three-month follow-up. 36 clients were evaluated a second time six-months later. The study identified, through CORE OM, that 85% of the sample were experiencing ‘clinical distress’ and 67% were at risk on intake. At three-month follow-up, there was ‘significant’ or ‘reliable’ improvement for 58% on clinical distress and 30% on risk. Compulsive sexual behaviors reduced for 97% of the sample group and 87% experienced a reduction in intrusive thoughts and feelings. However, for approximately 30% of clients, this reduction in problem symptoms was accompanied by negligible change in clinical distress and a worsening for some. A discussion is provided on why this may be and the implications of this research for treatment providers.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"12 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41570303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1751361
Nicholas C. Borgogna, Anthony Isacco, Ryon C Mcdermott
Abstract Problematic pornography viewing is a considerable issue for religious men. We tested a conceptual model positing scrupulosity and self-compassion as simultaneous mediators of the relationship between religiosity and problematic pornography viewing. We additionally examined the combined contributions of traditional masculinity ideology, pornography viewing frequency, spiritualty, and religious behaviors within the model. Results from 244 heterosexual men indicated scrupulosity as the only significant predictor and mediator of problematic pornography in the full model. Further, pornography viewing frequency was inversely related to scrupulosity. Our results compliment recent findings highlighting the importance of addressing religious scrupulosity in the treatment of problematic pornography viewing.
{"title":"A Closer Examination of the Relationship between Religiosity and Problematic Pornography Viewing in Heterosexual Men","authors":"Nicholas C. Borgogna, Anthony Isacco, Ryon C Mcdermott","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1751361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751361","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Problematic pornography viewing is a considerable issue for religious men. We tested a conceptual model positing scrupulosity and self-compassion as simultaneous mediators of the relationship between religiosity and problematic pornography viewing. We additionally examined the combined contributions of traditional masculinity ideology, pornography viewing frequency, spiritualty, and religious behaviors within the model. Results from 244 heterosexual men indicated scrupulosity as the only significant predictor and mediator of problematic pornography in the full model. Further, pornography viewing frequency was inversely related to scrupulosity. Our results compliment recent findings highlighting the importance of addressing religious scrupulosity in the treatment of problematic pornography viewing.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"23 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45434438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1751360
P. Hall, J. Larkin
Abstract A sample group of 19 recovering sex and porn addicts who had attended both one-to-one and group therapy at the Laurel Centre sex addiction clinic in the UK undertook an hour-long semi-structured interview relating to the usefulness of group work to their recovery. Interview data was analysed for themes and cross-referenced with Yalom’s 11 therapeutic factors of group therapy (Yalom and Leszcz, 2005). Some additional themes were also found that related specifically to the Hall Recovery Course psycho-educational programme that they each attended. Group work was found to be more important to participants’ recovery than one-to-one therapy but this was not consistent, and drawbacks to group work were also identified.
{"title":"A Thematic Analysis of Clients’ Reflections on the Qualities of Group Work for Sex and Pornography Addiction","authors":"P. Hall, J. Larkin","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1751360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751360","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A sample group of 19 recovering sex and porn addicts who had attended both one-to-one and group therapy at the Laurel Centre sex addiction clinic in the UK undertook an hour-long semi-structured interview relating to the usefulness of group work to their recovery. Interview data was analysed for themes and cross-referenced with Yalom’s 11 therapeutic factors of group therapy (Yalom and Leszcz, 2005). Some additional themes were also found that related specifically to the Hall Recovery Course psycho-educational programme that they each attended. Group work was found to be more important to participants’ recovery than one-to-one therapy but this was not consistent, and drawbacks to group work were also identified.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46339887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1772156
M. A. Kavur, A. J. R. Finlayson, R. Cowan
Abstract Sex is an integral part of human behavior but what constitutes healthy versus pathological sexual behavior can vastly differ between individuals and remains a topic of wide debate. What is not debatable is that for some individuals, sexual behavior becomes highly problematic leading to clinically significant impairment and distress, and follows a pattern similar to many well-established addictive disorders. Because sexual addiction is not classified as a mental disorder in the DSM-5, recognition and treatment of this condition is often overlooked by clinicians and can lead to poor outcomes. This case describes the progression of a patient with an undiagnosed sexual addiction and illustrates the transformative effect of recognizing and treating individuals who suffer from this condition. A brief discussion provides a practical review of the diagnostic dilemmas and treatment options for sexual addiction.
{"title":"Sexual Addiction: A Missed Diagnosis","authors":"M. A. Kavur, A. J. R. Finlayson, R. Cowan","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1772156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1772156","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sex is an integral part of human behavior but what constitutes healthy versus pathological sexual behavior can vastly differ between individuals and remains a topic of wide debate. What is not debatable is that for some individuals, sexual behavior becomes highly problematic leading to clinically significant impairment and distress, and follows a pattern similar to many well-established addictive disorders. Because sexual addiction is not classified as a mental disorder in the DSM-5, recognition and treatment of this condition is often overlooked by clinicians and can lead to poor outcomes. This case describes the progression of a patient with an undiagnosed sexual addiction and illustrates the transformative effect of recognizing and treating individuals who suffer from this condition. A brief discussion provides a practical review of the diagnostic dilemmas and treatment options for sexual addiction.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"112 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1772156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45795834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1772155
Jeremy Thomas, M. Katsikitis, Andrew Allen, L. Kannis-Dymand
Abstract Dysregulated sexuality refers to sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are perceived as out of control and distressing. This study aimed to explore the relationships between desire thinking and metacognition about desire thinking in relation to dysregulated sexuality and craving. Approximately 1,042 participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. The results suggest that increased desire thinking and metacognition around desire thinking are significantly associated with dysregulated sexuality. Furthermore, the verbal perseveration aspect of desire thinking significantly predicted dysregulated sexuality after controlling for trait sexual desire. These findings support both the model of desire thinking and craving and the tri-phasic metacognitive model of addictive behavior. Despite study limitations, there is a need for further research in this area.
{"title":"Desire Thinking and Metacognition Associated with Dysregulated Sexuality","authors":"Jeremy Thomas, M. Katsikitis, Andrew Allen, L. Kannis-Dymand","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1772155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1772155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dysregulated sexuality refers to sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are perceived as out of control and distressing. This study aimed to explore the relationships between desire thinking and metacognition about desire thinking in relation to dysregulated sexuality and craving. Approximately 1,042 participants completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. The results suggest that increased desire thinking and metacognition around desire thinking are significantly associated with dysregulated sexuality. Furthermore, the verbal perseveration aspect of desire thinking significantly predicted dysregulated sexuality after controlling for trait sexual desire. These findings support both the model of desire thinking and craving and the tri-phasic metacognitive model of addictive behavior. Despite study limitations, there is a need for further research in this area.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"119 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1772155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46996393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1751363
Alisa R. Garner, R. Shorey, S. Anderson, G. Stuart
Abstract Compulsive sexual behaviors (CSB; i.e., a pattern of excessive and difficult to control sexual behaviors and fantasies) and risky sexual behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex, increased number of sexual partners, exchange of sex for drugs or money) are prevalent among those in treatment for substance misuse. CSB positively associated with risky sexual behaviors among high-risk populations such as men who have sex with men and persons living with sexually transmitted infections; however, this relationship has yet to be examined among men in treatment for substance misuse. Given the high prevalence of risky sexual behaviors among substance misusing populations, we examined if CSB were positively related to risky sexual behaviors among adult men in residential substance misuse treatment (N = 266), while statistically controlling for research supported correlates of risky sexual behavior including impulsivity, sensation seeking, affective instability, substance use, and age. CSB was positively associated with risky sexual behavior and accounted for a significant amount of the variance in the model predicting risky sexual behaviors. Our findings suggest that, among substance misuse patients, CSB may be a risk factor for risky sexual behaviors.
{"title":"Risky Sexual Behaviors among Men in Residential Treatment for Substance Misuse: The Role of Compulsive Sexual Behavior","authors":"Alisa R. Garner, R. Shorey, S. Anderson, G. Stuart","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1751363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751363","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Compulsive sexual behaviors (CSB; i.e., a pattern of excessive and difficult to control sexual behaviors and fantasies) and risky sexual behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex, increased number of sexual partners, exchange of sex for drugs or money) are prevalent among those in treatment for substance misuse. CSB positively associated with risky sexual behaviors among high-risk populations such as men who have sex with men and persons living with sexually transmitted infections; however, this relationship has yet to be examined among men in treatment for substance misuse. Given the high prevalence of risky sexual behaviors among substance misusing populations, we examined if CSB were positively related to risky sexual behaviors among adult men in residential substance misuse treatment (N = 266), while statistically controlling for research supported correlates of risky sexual behavior including impulsivity, sensation seeking, affective instability, substance use, and age. CSB was positively associated with risky sexual behavior and accounted for a significant amount of the variance in the model predicting risky sexual behaviors. Our findings suggest that, among substance misuse patients, CSB may be a risk factor for risky sexual behaviors.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"135 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44204435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1751358
S. Stroebel, S. O'keefe, Karen Griffee, Karen V. Harper-Dorton, Keith W. Beard, D. Young, S. Swindell, Kerri Steele, Walter E. Stroupe, Shih-ya Kuo, Cassandra M. Hershman
Abstract Risk factors for men becoming sexual perpetrators against underage victims were identified using data provided by 1,556 respondents who had been guaranteed unbreakable anonymity. Early behaviors occurring while the respondents and their partners were both under the age of 18 increased the risk that the respondents would begin masturbating using images of the same sex as their early partners. Masturbating using images of underage children and early experiences with children and adolescents increased the likelihood that the respondents would become adults who preyed on partners who were of an age and sex similar to those early underage partners and images.
{"title":"Etiological Risk Factors for Men Becoming Sexual Perpetrators Who Prey on Underage Victims","authors":"S. Stroebel, S. O'keefe, Karen Griffee, Karen V. Harper-Dorton, Keith W. Beard, D. Young, S. Swindell, Kerri Steele, Walter E. Stroupe, Shih-ya Kuo, Cassandra M. Hershman","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1751358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Risk factors for men becoming sexual perpetrators against underage victims were identified using data provided by 1,556 respondents who had been guaranteed unbreakable anonymity. Early behaviors occurring while the respondents and their partners were both under the age of 18 increased the risk that the respondents would begin masturbating using images of the same sex as their early partners. Masturbating using images of underage children and early experiences with children and adolescents increased the likelihood that the respondents would become adults who preyed on partners who were of an age and sex similar to those early underage partners and images.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"164 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1751358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42998790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2020.1772158
Heidi A Vogeler, Lane Fischer, Jennie L. Bingham, Kristina S. W. Hansen, M. Heath, A. Jackson, K. Skinner
Abstract The purpose of this study was to both provide additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA), and add empirical evidence for the application of betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex and/or historical trauma. It was hypothesized that reliability coefficients for TIPSA would exceed 0.70; TIPSA and PTSD Checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) scores would be significantly positively correlated; TIPSA and Composite Codependency Scale (CCS) scores would not be significantly correlated; and neither Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) nor Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCE) scores would be significantly correlated with, or have a significant effect on, TIPSA or PCL-5 scores. All reliability estimates were above 0.70, and correlation between TIPSA and PCL-5 produced a Pearson’s r of 0.851 (p = 5.541 E-55), which indicated a large effect size. Correlations with additional measures produced statistically significant, yet small to weak, effect sizes (CCS: r = 0.292; ACE: r = −0.173; BCE: r = 0.244). This evidence established convergent validity of TIPSA as a measure of trauma symptoms, divergent validity of TIPSA as a measure of codependency, and added empirical evidence for utilizing betrayal trauma theory in this context.
摘要本研究的目的是为性成瘾者伴侣创伤量表(TIPSA)的心理测量特性提供额外的证据，并为背叛创伤理论在复杂和/或历史创伤背景之外的应用提供经验证据。假设TIPSA的信度系数大于0.70;TIPSA与PTSD检查表DSM -5 (PCL-5)得分呈显著正相关;TIPSA与复合相互依赖量表(CCS)得分无显著相关;不良童年经历(ACE)和善意童年经历(BCE)得分与TIPSA或PCL-5得分均无显著相关或显著影响。所有的信度估计都在0.70以上，TIPSA与PCL-5之间的相关性产生了0.851的Pearson’s r (p = 5.541 E-55)，表明存在较大的效应量。与其他测量方法的相关性产生了统计学上显著的效应量(CCS: r = 0.292;ACE: r =−0.173;BCE: r = 0.244)。这一证据建立了TIPSA的收敛效度作为创伤症状的衡量标准，TIPSA的发散效度作为相互依赖的衡量标准，并为在这一背景下利用背叛创伤理论增加了经验证据。
{"title":"Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA)","authors":"Heidi A Vogeler, Lane Fischer, Jennie L. Bingham, Kristina S. W. Hansen, M. Heath, A. Jackson, K. Skinner","doi":"10.1080/10720162.2020.1772158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2020.1772158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to both provide additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA), and add empirical evidence for the application of betrayal trauma theory outside the context of complex and/or historical trauma. It was hypothesized that reliability coefficients for TIPSA would exceed 0.70; TIPSA and PTSD Checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) scores would be significantly positively correlated; TIPSA and Composite Codependency Scale (CCS) scores would not be significantly correlated; and neither Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) nor Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCE) scores would be significantly correlated with, or have a significant effect on, TIPSA or PCL-5 scores. All reliability estimates were above 0.70, and correlation between TIPSA and PCL-5 produced a Pearson’s r of 0.851 (p = 5.541 E-55), which indicated a large effect size. Correlations with additional measures produced statistically significant, yet small to weak, effect sizes (CCS: r = 0.292; ACE: r = −0.173; BCE: r = 0.244). This evidence established convergent validity of TIPSA as a measure of trauma symptoms, divergent validity of TIPSA as a measure of codependency, and added empirical evidence for utilizing betrayal trauma theory in this context.","PeriodicalId":46423,"journal":{"name":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity-The Journal of Treatment and Prevention","volume":"27 1","pages":"111 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10720162.2020.1772158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43397606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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