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What’s in the r? A review of the usage of the r symbol in the Illustrations of the IPA r里有什么?IPA图解中r符号的使用综述
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000238
Rémi Anselme, F. Pellegrino, D. Dediu
What does the symbol r mean when it is used in a transcription? Here we analyze the use of the symbols for the alveolar trills (r) and taps ( ) among the Illustrations of the IPA since 1971. We begin by sketching the history of the various symbols and conventions used to represent the trill and the tap in two transcription traditions: the Americanist Transcription System and the International Phonetic Alphabet. From the 213 languages covered until 2021, we carefully analyze the 162 that have trills and/or taps, using the information provided in Illustrations. Our results show that r tends to be used to represent a generic ‘r-like’ sound in both transcription traditions. More precisely, by comparing the use of r in the consonant tables and in the transcriptions of their accompanying narrative texts, we show that r is not systematically associated with an alveolar trill. Furthermore, we show that phonetic trills are less frequent than phonetic taps, while phonemic trills are more frequent than phonemic taps. As a consequence, inferring the presence of trilling in a sound system from the presence of r in its transcription is not as straightforward as one might expect. These findings highlight the critical importance of being absolutely explicit about the meaning of the various symbols found in grammars and secondary databases, and of r in particular, as a preliminary step in a broad range of studies, including cross-linguistic comparisons, inferences about the past or generalizations about language acquisition and articulatory effort.
在转录中使用符号r是什么意思?在这里,我们分析了自1971年以来IPA插图中肺泡颤音(r)和敲击音()符号的使用情况。我们首先概述了两种转录传统中用来表示颤音和敲击音的各种符号和惯例的历史:美国的转录系统和国际音标。从2021年之前涵盖的213种语言中,我们使用插图中提供的信息仔细分析了162种有颤音和/或敲击音的语言。我们的研究结果表明,在两种转录传统中,r往往被用来表示一种通用的“r-like”音。更准确地说,通过比较辅音表中r的使用及其所附叙事文本的转录,我们发现r与肺泡颤音没有系统的联系。此外,我们还发现,语音颤音的频率低于语音抽头,而音位颤音比音位抽头更频繁。因此,从转录中r的存在来推断声音系统中颤音的存在并不像人们想象的那样简单。这些发现强调了绝对明确语法和二级数据库中各种符号的含义的重要性,尤其是r,作为广泛研究的初步步骤,包括跨语言比较、对过去的推断或对语言习得和发音努力的概括。
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引用次数: 0
Laryngeal realism and the voicing contrast in Khuzestani Arabic stops Khuzestani阿拉伯语的喉部写实与发声对比
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1017/s002510032300004x
Nawal Bahrani, Vladimir Kulikov
In laryngeal realism (LR), laryngeal specification of stops is explained by direct maps of cues (e.g. VOT) onto privative phonological laryngeal features [voice] or [spread glottis]. Phonetic realization of the segments and speakers’ ‘control’ (e.g. the degree of intervocalic voicing and speech rate manipulation effects on VOT duration) are used as diagnostics of phonological specification. Similar to some Arabic vernacular dialects (e.g. Qatari Arabic), Khuzestani Arabic in Iran presents a case where three voiced stops /b d ɡ/ are in contrast with voiceless stops /p t k/, but two voiceless guttural plosives /tˁ q/ have no voiced homorganic counterparts. In this paper we examine the phonetic realization of voicing in these stops at word-initial and intervocalic position, as well as the effects of speech rate manipulation on VOT and closure voicing. The data came from 12 native speakers recorded in Khorramshahr, Iran. Our findings suggest an over-specified voicing system in this Arabic variety. We found that voiced /b d ɡ/ were produced with voicing lead in initial position and complete closure voicing word medially, voiceless /p t k/ had long lag VOT, while guttural /tˁ q/ had short lag VOT. Speech rate manipulation revealed that only duration of (pre)voicing and duration of aspiration increased in slower speech. Also, f0, F1, and F2 were measured at vowel onset to evaluate the glottal state in production of stops. The results support the predictions of LR that voiced stops are specified by [voice], voiceless stops are [sg], while gutturals lack underlying specification for voice.
在喉音真实性(LR)中,喉音的停顿是通过线索(如VOT)直接映射到喉的失配音系特征[voice]或[扩张性声门]来解释的。音段的语音实现和说话人的“控制”(例如,中间发声的程度和语音速率操纵对VOT持续时间的影响)被用作语音规范的诊断。类似于一些阿拉伯方言(如卡塔尔阿拉伯语),伊朗的Khuzestani阿拉伯语出现了三个浊音顿音/b d q/与不浊音顿音/p t k/形成对比的情况,但是两个不浊音的喉音爆破音/t q/没有浊音同质对应物。在本文中,我们研究了在词头和中间位置的这些停顿发声的语音实现,以及语音速率操纵对VOT和闭合发声的影响。数据来自伊朗霍拉姆沙赫尔的12名母语人士。我们的研究结果表明,这种阿拉伯语变体中存在一种过度指定的发声系统。我们发现,浊音/b / d /是在初始位置产生发声引线,中间完全闭合发声词,不浊音/p t k/具有长滞后VOT,而喉音/t q/具有短滞后VOT。语速操纵显示,在语速较慢的情况下,只有(预)发声的持续时间和吸气的持续时间增加。此外,f0, F1和F2在元音开始时被测量,以评估在产生停顿时的声门状态。结果支持LR的预测,即浊音顿音由[voice]指定,不浊音顿音由[sg]指定,而喉音缺乏对语音的潜在规范。
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引用次数: 0
Sonority sequencing and its relationship to articulatory timing in Georgian 格鲁吉亚语的声效排序及其与发音时间的关系
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100323000026
C. Crouch, A. Katsika, I. Chitoran
This work asks how the syllable as a unit is delimited in space and time. To do this we bring together two theoretical approaches to the syllable: a sonority-based approach which emphasizes spatial organization, and the coupled oscillator model (Nam, Goldstein & Saltzman 2009) which emphasizes temporal organization. Many languages present challenges to these theories, and here we focus on Georgian, which is problematic for both approaches, as Georgian permits onset clusters of up to seven consonants and of any sonority shape. Specifically, this study examines the relationship between gestural overlap and sonority shape in Georgian via electromagnetic articulography. Drawing on data from three speakers, we examine gestural overlap in two-consonant onsets that vary in sonority shape and order of place of articulation. Using two measures of gestural overlap, we find (i) long lag between consonant gestures, which we suggest is language-specific and (ii) that lag is largest in sonority rises and smallest in sonority falls. These results suggest that neither phonemic recoverability nor a hierarchical effect of increasingly open constrictions is the primary motivator behind inter-consonantal timing. Instead, the high degree of overlap in sonority falls ensures their tautosyllabic parse, which would otherwise be threatened by intrusive vocoids. Thus, we argue that recoverability of the syllable as a unit is the major motivating factor behind the timing patterns observed, and that syllables emerge not solely from either spatial or temporal properties, but from the interplay of the two.
这项工作询问了音节作为一个单位是如何在空间和时间上划界的。为此,我们将音节的两种理论方法结合在一起:一种是基于响度的方法,强调空间组织,另一种是耦合振子模型(Nam,Goldstein和Saltzman,2009),强调时间组织。许多语言对这些理论提出了挑战,在这里我们将重点放在格鲁吉亚语上,这对两种方法都是有问题的,因为格鲁吉亚语允许最多七个辅音和任何发音形状的起始簇。具体而言,本研究通过电磁发音法考察了格鲁吉亚语手势重叠和发音形状之间的关系。根据来自三个说话者的数据,我们研究了两个辅音声母的手势重叠,这两个声母在发音形状和发音顺序上都有所不同。使用手势重叠的两种测量方法,我们发现(i)辅音手势之间的长滞后,我们认为这是特定于语言的;(ii)滞后在响度上升时最大,在响度下降时最小。这些结果表明,无论是音位的可恢复性,还是越来越开放的紧缩的等级效应,都不是辅音间计时背后的主要动机。相反,发音下降的高度重叠确保了它们的重音节解析,否则会受到侵入性声素的威胁。因此,我们认为,音节作为一个单元的可恢复性是所观察到的时间模式背后的主要动机,音节不仅来自空间或时间特性,而且来自两者的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
An acoustic analysis of Oromo vowels of the northern dialect 北部方言中奥罗莫语元音的声学分析
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100323000014
Feda Negesse
This study presents the results of an acoustic analysis of Oromo vowels of the northern dialect. The data for the study were collected from 19 speakers (nine female, 10 male) who produced the vowels in the same phonetic environment. Such acoustic measures as duration, fundamental frequency and the first three formant frequencies were extracted for the analysis. In a linear mixed-effects model, each acoustic parameter was modelled as a function of the fixed effects such as gender and vowel quality, and of participants’ random effects. The model shows a main effect of gender on all the acoustic measures, with the female speakers producing the vowels with significantly greater duration and formant frequencies. The model also indicates the main effect of vowel quality on all the acoustic measures with the exception of duration. The proportion of variances explained by gender and vowel quality is found to be large for fundamental frequency and the first formant frequency respectively. As regards the classification of the vowels, Support Vector Machine reveals that the time-varying frequency does not have an advantage over a steady state in separating vowels of both genders. However, it is generally fairly effective in classifying vowels of the dialect of the language.
本研究提出了对北部方言奥罗莫元音的声学分析结果。这项研究的数据来自19位说话者(9位女性,10位男性),他们在相同的语音环境中发出元音。提取持续时间、基频和前三个形成峰频率等声学测量值进行分析。在线性混合效应模型中,每个声学参数都被建模为固定效应(如性别和元音质量)和参与者随机效应的函数。该模型显示了性别对所有声学测量的主要影响,女性说话者产生的元音持续时间和共振频率明显更大。该模型还指出了元音音质对除持续时间外的所有声学测量的主要影响。由性别和元音质量解释的差异比例分别在基频和第一形成峰频率上很大。关于元音的分类,支持向量机揭示了时变频率在分离男女元音方面并不比稳定状态有优势。然而,它在对语言方言的元音进行分类时通常是相当有效的。
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引用次数: 0
The acoustic characteristics of implosive and plosive bilabials in Shimaore 石莫尔内爆和爆音双元音的声学特征
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-30 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000184
Miki Mori
Implosive consonants have drawn the attention of researchers over time, partially due to their relative rarity in the world’s languages, and partially due to their unique ingressive air flow. This sound category has varying complex features from an articulatory and acoustic perspective. This study explores the sound category by analyzing the acoustic features of a language whose implosives have yet to be acoustically considered: Shimaore, a Bantu-Sabaki language spoken in Mayotte. Specifically, it compares the bilabial plosive /b/ and the bilabial implosive /ɓ/ in terms of Voice Onset Time (VOT), fundamental frequency, amplitude, and voice quality via H1*–H2*, harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP). Analyses show that VOT is shorter for implosives than for plosives. At oral closure and vowel onset, amplitude and f0 are higher than plosives. H1*–H2* values read alongside HNR and CPP values suggest that implosives in Shimaore have glottal constriction. Some individual differences are explored for question of variation in implosives. Implications regarding sociophonetic studies in Mayotte as well as general implications for implosives are discussed.
随着时间的推移,内爆辅音引起了研究人员的注意,部分原因是它们在世界语言中相对罕见,部分原因是它们独特的侵入气流。从发音和声学的角度来看,这个声音类别具有不同的复杂特征。本研究通过分析一种尚未被声学研究的内爆语言的声学特征来探索声音类别:马约特岛的班图-萨巴基语Shimaore。具体而言,本文通过H1* -H2 *、谐波噪声比(HNR)和倒谱峰突出(CPP),比较了双侧爆破音/b/和双侧爆破音/ h /在起音时间(VOT)、基频、幅度和语音质量方面的差异。分析表明,内爆药的VOT比爆炸药短。在口腔闭合和元音起始时,振幅和f0高于爆破音。H1* -H2 *值与HNR和CPP值一起读数提示Shimaore内爆声门收缩。对于内爆的变异问题,探讨了一些个体差异。关于马约特社会语音研究的含义以及对内爆的一般含义进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
San Sebastián del Monte Mixtec 圣塞巴斯蒂安·德尔·蒙特米斯特克
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000226
F. Cortés, Iara Mantenuto, Jeremy Steffman
San Sebastián del Monte Mixtec (SSM) (ISO:mks), also known as Tò’on Ndà’vi, is a language of the Mixtecan family, Otomanguean stock (Rensch 1976). The Mixtecan language family consists of Mixtec, Cuicatec and Trique, though Mixtec and Cuicatec are part of the same subgroup, also called Mixtecan (Josserand 1983: 99–101). SSM is part of the Mixteca Baja region of Oaxaca (Josserand 1983: 107). San Sebastián del Monte is a town in the Santo Domingo Tonalá municipality of Oaxaca State, Mexico, in the district of Huajuapan de León, 45 km southwest of Huajuapan de León (see Figure 1), with a population of approximately 2000 people (latitude: 17.677778, longitude: −98.021944).
San Sebastián del Monte Mixtec(SSM)(ISO:mks),也称为Tå'on Ndà'vi,是Mixtecan家族的一种语言,Otomanguean stock(Rensch 1976)。Mixtecan语系由Mixtec、Cuicatec和Trique组成,尽管Mixtec和Cuicatec是同一亚群的一部分,也称为Mixtecan(Josserand 1983:99–101)。SSM是瓦哈卡州Mixteca Baja地区的一部分(Josserand 1983:107)。圣塞巴斯蒂安·德尔蒙特(San Sebastián del Monte)是墨西哥瓦哈卡州圣多明各-托纳拉市的一个城镇,位于华华华潘-德莱昂区,距离华华华潘·德莱昂西南45公里(见图1),人口约2000人(纬度:17.677778,经度:−98.021944)。
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引用次数: 0
On the nature of apical vowel in Jixi-Hui Chinese: Acoustic and articulatory data 鸡西回语鼻尖元音的性质:声学和发音资料
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000196
Bowei Shao, Rachid Ridouane
Chinese languages have a set of segments known as apical vowels, which have been analysed in previous studies as either genuine vowels, fricative vowels, fricative consonants, or approximants. This study is concerned with the apical vowel attested in Jixi-Hui Chinese. We examine this segment from acoustic and articulatory perspectives and argue that it is best defined as a fricative /z/. Phonologically, Jixi-Hui Chinese /z/ is a distinct phoneme that is exclusively attested in syllable nucleus position where it constitutes a tone-bearing unit and which can undergo tonal sandhi processes. It can appear not only after coronal sibilants /s ts tsʰ/, but also after bilabials /p pʰ/ and nasals /m n/. Acoustically, we show that this segment contains frication noise in its initial phase in the majority of cases, with a formant structure towards its end. The analysis of the zero-crossing rate confirms this significant presence of noise, clearly distinguishing this segment from genuine vowels. Furthermore, articulatory analyses of ultrasound data show that /z/ has a near-identical tongue shape to fricative /s/ on both mid-sagittal and coronal planes, in both sibilant and non-sibilant contexts. These findings are viewed in light of the variability in the way /z/ is phonetically implemented in Jixi-Hui Chinese.
汉语有一组被称为顶端元音的片段,在以前的研究中,这些片段被分析为真元音、摩擦元音、摩擦辅音或近似元音。本研究以绩溪回族汉语的元音为研究对象。我们从声学和发音的角度来研究这个片段,并认为它最好被定义为摩擦音/z/。从语音上讲,绩溪回汉语/z/是一个独特的音位,它只在音节核位置上被证明是一个带声调的单位,并且可以经历变调过程。它不仅可以出现在冠状嘶嘶声/s-ts-tsʰ/之后,也可以出现在双侧/pʰ/和鼻侧/m n/之后。在声学上,我们表明,在大多数情况下,该段在其初始阶段包含摩擦噪声,其末端具有共振峰结构。过零率的分析证实了噪声的显著存在,清楚地将该片段与真正的元音区分开来。此外,对超声数据的发音分析表明,在中矢状面和冠状面上,无论是在发声还是非发声的情况下,/z/都与摩擦音/s/具有几乎相同的舌形。这些发现是根据绩溪回族汉语中/z/的语音实现方式的可变性来看待的。
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引用次数: 0
Distinct acoustic properties pattern differently in a sound change in progress in Hong Kong Cantonese 香港广东话在声音变化过程中的不同声学特性模式
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-12-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000172
John M. Culnan, S. Yiu
Previous work on Hong Kong Cantonese has reported evidence of an incomplete neutralization between the labialized velar /kʷ/ and plain velar /k/, where both may be produced as a plain velar [k] before /ɔ/, although non-neutralized forms are also produced to some extent for some speakers (Bauer 1982, Zee 1999, To, Mcleod & Cheung 2015). The present study examines this phenomenon acoustically, and evaluates to what extent the properties of labialization are present in the neutralizing environment. Fourteen native speakers of Hong Kong Cantonese were recorded in a production experiment; these recordings were analyzed by examining formant values, duration, and rise time of intensity for vowels following target segments. Results reveal that while many acoustic differences between /kʷ/ and /k/ are maintained in the neutralizing environment, these speakers neutralize F3 and duration measures. Patterns of variation furthermore suggest that speakers utilize these acoustic properties differently, indicating greater degrees of (incomplete) neutralization for some speakers than others.
先前关于香港广东话的研究报告了唇状velar/kʷ/和普通velar/k/之间不完全中和的证据,其中两者都可能在/Ş/之前产生为普通velar[k],尽管在某种程度上也为一些说话者产生了非中性形式(Bauer 1982,Zee 1999,to,Mcleod&Cheung 2015)。本研究从声学角度考察了这一现象,并评估了在中和环境中嘴唇化的特性在多大程度上存在。在生产实验中记录了14位以香港广东话为母语的人;通过检查目标段后元音的共振峰值、持续时间和强度上升时间来分析这些记录。结果表明,尽管/kʷ/和/k/之间的许多声学差异在中和环境中保持不变,但这些扬声器中和了F3和持续时间测量。变化模式进一步表明,扬声器以不同的方式利用这些声学特性,这表明某些扬声器比其他扬声器具有更大程度的(不完全)中和。
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引用次数: 0
IPA volume 52 issue 3 Cover and Back matter IPA第52卷第3期封面和封底
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000214
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引用次数: 0
In Memoriam Anne Cutler (1945–2022) 纪念安妮·卡特勒(1945-2022)
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000160
Bob Ladd, J. Fletcher
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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