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Spectral and temporal properties of Estonian palatalization 爱沙尼亚语舌化的频谱和时间特性
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100321000360
Anton Malmi, P. Lippus, E. Meister
The aim of this paper is to describe and compare the spectral and temporal properties of Estonian palatalized and non-palatalized consonants /l n s t/ and the vowels that precede them. Acoustic recordings of 43 native Estonian subjects producing word pairs where palatalization differentiated meaning were analyzed in this study. We offer a new perspective on how palatalization is realized by employing a dynamic analysis of the formant trajectories in order to objectively quantify how far the scope of palatalization reaches in the preceding vowel. Results showed that, as in other languages, the most persisting correlate of Estonian palatalization is the rise in F2 in the preceding vowel, where the values are almost always higher already from the beginning. F2 values are higher for /l/ and lower for /n/. The COG (center of gravity) of /s/ is lower in the beginning but rises in the middle. The COG of the burst of /t/ is lower in the onset. As expected, the duration of the vowels preceding consonants is longer, presumably because of the palatalization gesture, but the duration of the consonants does not show a systematic pattern with palatalization.
本文的目的是描述和比较爱沙尼亚腭化和非腭化辅音/l n s t/及其前元音的频谱和时间特性。本研究分析了43名爱沙尼亚本土受试者的声学记录,这些受试者产生了腭化区分意义的单词对。我们通过对共振峰轨迹的动态分析,为腭化的实现提供了一个新的视角,以便客观地量化腭化的范围在前元音中达到的程度。结果表明,与其他语言一样,爱沙尼亚腭化最持久的相关性是前元音F2的增加,从一开始,F2的值几乎总是更高。对于/l/,F2值较高,而对于/n/,则F2值较低。/s/的COG(重心)在开始时较低,但在在中间上升。/t/爆发的COG在发作时较低。正如预期的那样,辅音之前元音的持续时间更长,可能是因为腭化手势,但辅音的持续时间并没有显示出腭化的系统模式。
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引用次数: 3
Articulation of vowel length contrasts in Australian English 澳洲英语中元音长度的发音差异
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000068
Louise Ratko, Michael Proctor, Felicity Cox

Acoustic studies have shown that in Australian English (AusE), vowel length contrasts are realised through temporal, spectral and dynamic characteristics. However, relatively little is known about the articulatory differences between long and short vowels in this variety. This study investigates the articulatory properties of three long–short vowel pairs in AusE: /iː–ɪ/ beatbit, /ɐː–ɐ/ cartcut and /oː–ɔ/ portpot, using electromagnetic articulography. Our findings show that short vowel gestures had shorter durations and more centralised articulatory targets than their long equivalents. Short vowel gestures also had proportionately shorter periods of articulatory stability and proportionately longer articulatory transitions to following consonants than long vowels. Long–short vowel pairs varied in the relationship between their acoustic duration and the similarity of their articulatory targets: /iː–ɪ/ had more similar acoustic durations and less similar articulatory targets, while /ɐː–ɐ/ were distinguished by greater differences in acoustic duration and more similar articulatory targets. These data suggest that the articulation of vowel length contrasts in AusE may be realised through a complex interaction of temporal, spatial and dynamic kinematic cues.

声学研究表明,在澳大利亚英语(AusE)中,元音长度的差异是通过时间、频谱和动态特征来实现的。然而,相对而言,人们对这种变体中长元音和短元音的发音差异知之甚少。本研究利用电磁发音学研究了AusE中三个长-短元音对的发音特性:/i [i] - / / beat - bit, / [i] - / / cart - cut和/o [i] - / / port - pot。我们的研究结果表明,短元音手势比长元音手势持续时间更短,发音目标更集中。短元音手势的发音稳定时间也比长元音短,到后面辅音的发音过渡时间也比长元音长。长-短元音对的声学持续时间和发音目标相似度之间的关系各不相同:/i / - / /的声学持续时间更相似,发音目标相似度更低,而/i / - / /的声学持续时间差异更大,发音目标更相似。这些数据表明,元音长度差异的发音可能是通过时间、空间和动态运动学线索的复杂相互作用来实现的。
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引用次数: 0
Fifty years of change to prevocalic definite article allomorphy in Australian English 澳洲英语前语定冠词异型的五十年变迁
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1017/s002510032200007x
Felicity Cox, Joshua Penney, S. Palethorpe
The English definite article has two major allomorphs: prevocalic /ðiː/ and preconsonantal /ðə/. Recent studies have shown changes to definite article allomorphy in some English varieties. Younger speakers, particularly from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, often use /ðə/ prevocalically rather than /ðiː/. The prevocalic definite article (PVDA) /ðiː/ facilitates management of vowel hiatus because it supports the emergence of [j] in preventing vowel adjacency (e.g. the ash [ðiːjœʃ]). An alternative strategy for separating adjacent vowels is glottalisation or glottal stop ([ðiːʔœʃ]). Few studies have explored the relationship between the vowel in the PVDA and hiatus management during the process of change. We report a diachronic analysis of Australian English (AusE) PVDA and associated hiatus management across a 50-year period (∼1960s to ∼2010s) and a synchronic analysis of present-day speakers from mainstream (MS) and non-mainstream (non-MS) (diverse) backgrounds using two read-sentence contexts. The aim is to provide insight into the process of change and factors that may influence its progression. Speech data from adolescents recorded in 1959/1960 were compared with recordings from Mainstream AusE-speaking (MS) young people recorded in the 2010s. Results showed significantly greater incidence of schwa in the PVDA and hiatus-breaking glottalisation in the modern data, particularly amongst females. The synchronic analysis comparing present-day MS and non-MS speakers showed increased use of glottalisation in females and non-MS speakers. Additionally, acoustic analysis showed more schwa-like productions in the PVDA by non-MS speakers. Of key importance in both analyses is that glottalisation was more prevalent than schwa, possibly indicating glottalisation triggered the change.
英语定冠词有两个主要的异形:前音/ / i / /和前音/ /ð /。近年来的研究表明,在一些英语变体中,定冠词的异形发生了变化。年轻的发言者,特别是来自文化和语言不同背景的人,经常使用/ð æ /前置音,而不是/ði /。前音定冠词(PVDA) / / i / /有助于元音间断的管理,因为它支持[j]的出现,以防止元音邻接(例如灰[i / j / h])。另一种分离相邻元音的策略是声门发音或声门塞音([[i] h . h .])。很少有研究探讨元音变化过程中元音与语隙管理之间的关系。我们报告了澳大利亚英语(AusE) PVDA和相关的中断管理的历时分析,跨越50年(20世纪60年代至2010年代),并使用两种读句上下文对来自主流(MS)和非主流(非MS)(不同)背景的当今说话者进行了共时分析。其目的是深入了解变化的过程和可能影响其进展的因素。将1959/1960年记录的青少年语音数据与2010年代记录的主流母语(MS)年轻人的语音数据进行比较。结果显示,在现代数据中,特别是在女性中,PVDA中弱读音和裂孔破裂声门化的发生率明显更高。对现今多发性硬化症使用者和非多发性硬化症使用者的共时性分析显示,女性和非多发性硬化症使用者的全球化使用有所增加。此外,声学分析显示,非ms说话者在PVDA中产生更多的弱读音。在这两项分析中,至关重要的一点是,全球化比弱读音更为普遍,这可能表明全球化引发了这种变化。
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引用次数: 0
Markina Basque 马尔基纳巴斯克
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000032
Izaro Bedialauneta Txurruka, J. Hualde
This Illustration of the IPA describes the sound system of the local dialect of Basque (euskara, euskera, IS0-639-3 eus) spoken in the town of Markina-Xemein, in the province of Bizkaia (Biscay), within the Basque Autonomous Community of Spain (see maps in Figures 1 and 2. Speakers of this local variety of Basque refer to it as markiñarra or Markiñeko euskerie.
IPA的插图描述了在西班牙巴斯克自治区比兹凯亚省(比斯开岛)的马尔基纳·谢梅因镇所说的巴斯克当地方言(euskara,euskera,IS0-639-3 eus)的发音系统(见图1和图2中的地图)。巴斯克当地人把它称为markiñarra或markiñeko euskerie。
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引用次数: 0
Phonetic Documentation in Three Collections: Topics and Evolution. 三集语音文献:主题与演变
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100320000079
D H Whalen, Christian DiCanio, Rikker Dockum

Phonetic aspects of many languages have been documented, though the breadth and focus of such documentation varies substantially. In this survey, phonetic aspects (here called "categories") that are typically reported were assessed in three English-language collections-the Illustrations of the IPA, articles from the Journal of Phonetics, and papers from the Ladefoged/Maddieson Sounds of the World's Languages (SOWL) documentation project. Categories were defined for consonants (e.g., Voice Onset Time (VOT) and frication spectrum; 10 in total), vowels (e.g., formants and duration; 7 total) and suprasegmentals (e.g., stress and distinctive vowel length, 6 total). The Illustrations, due to their brevity, had, on average, limited coverage of the selected categories (12% of the 23 categories). Journal of Phonetics articles were typically theoretically motivated, but 64 had sufficient measurements to count as phonetic documentation; these also covered 12% of the categories. The SOWL studies, designed to cover as much of the phonetic structure as feasible in an article-length treatment, achieved 41% coverage on average. Four book-length studies were also examined, with an average of 49% coverage. Phonetic properties of many language families have been studied, though Indo-European is still disproportionately represented. Physiological measures were excluded as being less common, and perceptual measures were excluded as being typically more theoretical. This preliminary study indicates that certain acoustic properties of languages are typically measured and may be considered as an impetus for later, fuller coverage, but broader consensus on the categories is needed. Current documentation efforts could be more useful if these considerations were addressed.

许多语言的语音方面都有文献记载,尽管这些文献的广度和重点差异很大。在这项调查中,通常报告的语音方面(这里称为“类别”)在三个英文集中进行了评估——《国际音标协会杂志》的IPA插图、《语音学杂志》的文章以及Ladefoged/Maddieson世界语言之声(SOWL)文件项目的论文。为辅音定义了类别(例如,语音起始时间(VOT)和摩擦谱;共10个)、元音(如共振峰和持续时间;共7个)和超分段(如重音和独特元音长度,共6个)。由于插图简洁,平均而言,所选类别的覆盖范围有限(23个类别中的12%)。《语音学杂志》的文章通常是有理论动机的,但64篇文章有足够的测量值可以算作语音文档;这也涵盖了12%的类别。SOWL研究旨在涵盖文章长度处理中尽可能多的语音结构,平均覆盖率达到41%。四本书长度的研究也被检查,平均覆盖率为49%。尽管印欧语系的语音特征仍然不成比例,但许多语族的语音特征已经得到了研究。生理测量因不太常见而被排除在外,感知测量因通常更具理论性而被排除。这项初步研究表明,语言的某些声学特性通常是经过测量的,可能被认为是以后更全面覆盖的动力,但需要在类别上达成更广泛的共识。目前和今后的文件工作将有利于处理这些考虑因素。
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引用次数: 0
Selected Abstracts for the July 2022 issue. 2022 年 7 月刊精选摘要。
IF 3.9 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000002472
Samuel Eisenstein, Amit Merchea, Kurt Davis
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引用次数: 0
Qaqet 成功
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100321000359
M. Tabain, B. Hellwig
Qaqet (Glottocode qaqe1238; ISO 639-3: byx) is a Papuan (i.e. non-Austronesian) Baining language that is spoken by an estimated 15,000 people in Papua New Guinea’s East New Britain Province. Figure 1 shows a map of where Qaqet and the four other known Baining languages (Mali, Kairak (also spelt Qairaq – see map), Simbali and Ura) are spoken (see Stebbins, Evans & Terrill 2017 for an overview of Baining; for phonological descriptions, see Stanton 2007 on Ura, and Stebbins 2011 on Mali). The wider affiliations of the Baining languages are unknown. They share typological features with other East Papuan languages (i.e. the non-Austronesian languages of Island Melanesia), but there is no historical-comparative evidence to establish genealogical relationships.1 In terms of phonology, there are no structures shared across all of East Papuan, but Baining languages have similarities to the East Papuan language Kuot spoken on neighbouring New Ireland (i.e. the intervocalic lenition of voiceless plosives; pitch movements at the right edge of intonation units).2 Furthermore, language contact is known to have taken place across the entire region, and Baining languages share typological features with Oceanic languages. This includes phonemic contrasts between voiceless and voiced plosives and between /r/ and /l/; as well as a number of morphosyntactic structures (e.g. a large inventory of definite and indefinite articles, AVO/SV constituent order, prepositions).
Qaqet(Glottocode qaqe1238;ISO 639-3:byx)是一种巴布亚语(即非南岛语)贝宁语,巴布亚新几内亚东新不列颠省估计有15000人使用。图1显示了Qaqet和其他四种已知的贝宁语(马里语、Kairak语(也拼写为Qairak,见地图)、Simbali语和Ura语)的使用地图(贝宁语概述见Stebbins,Evans&Terrill 2017;语音描述见Stanton 2007关于Ura语和Stebbins 2011关于马里语)。贝宁语言的更广泛的隶属关系尚不清楚。它们与其他东巴布亚语言(即美拉尼西亚岛的非南岛语族语言)有着共同的类型学特征,但没有历史比较证据来建立系谱关系。1就音韵学而言,整个东巴布亚都没有共同的结构,但贝宁语与邻国新爱尔兰的东巴布亚语Kuot有相似之处(即无声塞音的发音间;语调单位右边缘的音高移动)。2此外,众所周知,整个地区都发生了语言接触,贝宁语和大洋洲语有着共同的类型学特征。这包括无声和有声塞音之间以及/r/和/l/之间的音位对比;以及许多形态句法结构(例如大量的定冠词和不定冠词、AVO/SV成分顺序、介词)。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewers: Journal of the International Phonetic Association 审稿人:《国际音标协会杂志》
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000056
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引用次数: 2
IPA volume 52 issue 1 Cover and Back matter 国际摄影学会第52卷第1期封面和封底
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000020
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引用次数: 0
IPA volume 52 issue 1 Cover and Front matter IPA第52卷第1期封面和封面
IF 0.8 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0025100322000019
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
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