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Are netizens social Darwinists?: Recontextualization of Chinese survival discourse in online discussions about the US-China trade war 网民是社会达尔文主义者吗?中美贸易战网络讨论中中国生存话语的重新语境化
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0039
Qing Liu
Abstract Survival discourse has emerged as a prominent theme in online discussions about the US–China trade war on the Chinese social media platform Zhihu. This study undertakes a critical discourse analysis of this emergent discourse by examining 80 answers (totaling 95,753 words) from Zhihu users within the broader context of the invocation of survival discourses in modern Chinese history. An intertextual method was adopted in this study, which helps us to better understand netizens’ arguments in favor of the Chinese government’s tough stance on the trade war with the US and the probable success of this strategy. The analysis reveals the historicity and intertextuality of these discourses, identifies strategies which are employed to support a tough stance on the trade war, and reflects on their implications.
在中国社交媒体平台知乎上,关于中美贸易战的在线讨论中,生存话语已经成为一个突出的主题。本研究在中国近代史生存话语的大背景下,对知乎用户的80个回答(共95,753个单词)进行了批判性话语分析。本研究采用互文方法,这有助于我们更好地理解网民支持中国政府在与美国的贸易战中采取强硬立场的观点,以及这一战略可能取得成功的原因。分析揭示了这些话语的历史性和互文性,确定了用来支持对贸易战采取强硬立场的策略,并反思了它们的含义。
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引用次数: 0
Epistemological stance and passive reporting verbs in judicial opinions: the case of BE expected to and BE supposed to 认识论立场与司法意见中的被动报告动词——以BE期望与BE假定为例
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0064
Magdalena Szczyrbak
Abstract This study examines the discourse functions of BE expected to and BE supposed to in the genre of judicial opinion, providing insights into discipline-specific practices of epistemological positioning. Drawing on the 130 million words Corpus of US Supreme Court Opinions, it looks at how the two mindsay constructions were deployed in judicial writing over a period of more than 200 years, and identifies divergent frequency patterns associated with their use. As the findings reveal, in the opinions, on the one hand, BE expected to tends to co-occur with reasonably (can/could (not) reasonably be expected to) and is used to create a semblance of objectivity. BE supposed to, on the other hand, favors the present tense and third-person reference (which/it is supposed to) and serves as a distancing device. The paper also compares the frequency patterns involving BE expected to and BE supposed to found in the opinions with those attested in the Corpus of Historical American English, and it demonstrates that judicial writing exhibits trends which clearly differ from trends noted in non-judicial registers.
摘要本研究考察了BE在司法意见类型中的话语功能,为认识论定位的学科实践提供了见解。它借鉴了1.3亿字的《美国最高法院意见汇编》,研究了200多年来这两种心语结构在司法写作中的运用,并确定了与它们的使用相关的不同频率模式。正如调查结果所揭示的那样,在意见中,一方面,BE预期倾向于与合理地(可以/可以(不能)合理地预期)同时发生,并被用来创造客观性的表象。另一方面,BE should to倾向于现在时和第三人称指称(它应该),并起到疏远的作用。本文还将意见中涉及BE的预期和假定频率模式与《美国历史英语语料库》中证实的频率模式进行了比较,表明司法写作呈现出明显不同于非司法登记册中记录的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Politeness, performance, and pointing: gesture in Chinese reality television 礼貌、表演和指指点点:中国真人秀中的手势
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0031
Lysander Schleh
Abstract This study examines the use of gesture by participants of the reality television show Sisters Who Make Waves. Based on 23.5 h of footage involving 30 participants, the analysis focuses on gestural communication by the female participants, who must straddle a formal/informal communicative environment dictated by the medium of reality television. More specifically, I examine two features of pointing gestures by the participants: social parameters and context constraints. The main interest is how a combination of general cultural norms as well as considerations of the interlocutor’s social status contribute to gesture use. Context constraints and pragmatic concerns are also analyzed regarding the choice of manual or non-manual pointing gestures. These factors are seen to play a strong role in gesture choice. The findings show that the participants are sensitive to these social and contextual variables, especially regarding concepts like saving face, politeness, and friendly intimacy.
摘要:本研究考察了真人秀节目《掀起波澜的姐妹》中参与者的手势使用情况。基于涉及30名参与者的23.5小时的镜头,分析重点放在女性参与者的手势交流上,她们必须跨越电视真人秀媒介所决定的正式/非正式交流环境。更具体地说,我研究了参与者指向手势的两个特征:社会参数和环境约束。主要的兴趣是一般文化规范的结合以及对话者社会地位的考虑如何影响手势的使用。还分析了关于手动或非手动指向手势的选择的上下文约束和实用问题。这些因素被认为在手势选择中起着重要作用。研究结果表明,参与者对这些社会和环境变量很敏感,尤其是在面子、礼貌和友好亲密等概念方面。
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引用次数: 0
Conversation analysis and Wittgenstein 会话分析与维特根斯坦
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0017
Ariel Vázquez Carranza
Abstract In the present paper I discuss the affinities between conversation analysis and Wittgenstein’s later ordinary language philosophy. Although both paradigms differ in purpose, they share some similarities: they both conceive language as an instrument for action, understanding as a manifestation of behaviour, and meaning as something generated in situ. I suggest that the concepts of adjacency pair, positionally sensitive grammar, and action ascription particularise, in some ways, Wittgenstein’s notion of context. Both paradigms share similarities and differences in terms of method and in terms of their conception of rules; for example, both are inductive approaches but for Wittgenstein rules are normative in principle whereas for conversation analysts like Sacks they are primarily practical.
本文探讨了对话分析与维特根斯坦后期日常语言哲学之间的联系。尽管这两种范式在目的上有所不同,但它们有一些相似之处:它们都认为语言是行动的工具,理解是行为的表现,意义是原地产生的东西。我认为邻接对、位置敏感语法和动作归因的概念在某种程度上特别体现了维特根斯坦的语境概念。两种范式在方法和规则概念上既有相似之处,也有不同之处;例如,两者都是归纳方法,但对于维特根斯坦来说,规则原则上是规范性的,而对于像萨克斯这样的对话分析者来说,规则主要是实用的。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary jury instructing: a dilemmatic communication practice 初步陪审团指示:一个两难的沟通实践
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0115
K. Tracy
Abstract This study analyzes judges’ preliminary jury instruction in nine US federal civil trials. Following an overview of past and current jury instructing practices, including the role of pattern instructions, I describe the trial materials and introduce genre analysis and grounded practical theory, the two theoretical-methodological frames I use to analyze judges’ instructing. Judges’ preliminary instructions are shown to include the basic units identified in written pattern instructions. How they are performed reveals significant judge variation, and the variations make apparent difficulties built into the law that are backgrounded when solely written texts are studied. Some of these difficulties surface in judges’ description of the case and law, in orientation to note-taking, and in discussion of what is evidence and how to assess it. In concluding I argue that conceiving of high-quality jury deliberation as centrally dependent on getting instructions more comprehensible fails to recognize the fundamental judgment task that juries have. Being a good juror involves navigating communication dilemmas. Attending to the judge’s preliminary jury instructing, the paper argues, requires jurors honoring multiple principles that may be in tension.
摘要本研究分析了美国9起联邦民事审判中法官的陪审预备指导。在概述过去和现在的陪审团指导实践(包括模式指导的作用)之后,我描述了审判材料,并介绍了类型分析和扎根实践理论,这是我用来分析法官指导的两种理论方法框架。法官的初步指示显示包括在书面模式指示中确定的基本单位。它们的执行方式揭示了法官的重大差异,而这些差异使得法律中存在明显的困难,而这些困难是单独研究书面文本时的背景。其中一些困难出现在法官对案件和法律的描述中,在记录笔记的方向上,以及在讨论什么是证据和如何评估证据时。最后,我认为,将高质量的陪审团审议设想为主要依赖于使指示更易于理解,这未能认识到陪审团所承担的基本判断任务。要成为一名优秀的陪审员,就必须应对沟通上的困境。该报认为,听取法官对陪审团的初步指示,要求陪审员尊重可能存在矛盾的多重原则。
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引用次数: 0
Metadiscourse: the evolution of an approach to texts 元话语:一种文本方法的演变
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0156
Ken Hyland, F. Jiang
Abstract Metadiscourse is the commentary on a text made by its producer in the course of speaking or writing, revealing something of how communication involves the personalities, attitudes and assumptions of those who are communicating. It offers a framework for understanding communication as social engagement and helps reveal how writers and speakers consider their audience in creating texts. This paper uses a bibliometric analysis to trace the growing interest in metadiscourse since its early incarnations in the 1980s. To do so we analysed all 431 papers relating to metadiscourse in the core collection of the Web of Science between 1983 and 2020, dividing the corpus into two periods following the massive increase in interest after 2006. We identify which topics have been most prevalent, which authors and publications most influential and which disciplines and journals most active in citing the metadiscourse literature. The findings show the importance of academic and business writing, cross-disciplinary, language and genre studies, and the increasing predominance of an interpersonal model. These findings may be of interest to those working in discourse analysis and the study of social interaction.
摘要元话语是生产者在说话或写作过程中对文本的评论,揭示了交流如何涉及交流者的个性、态度和假设。它提供了一个将沟通理解为社会参与的框架,并有助于揭示作家和演讲者在创作文本时如何考虑受众。本文采用文献计量学分析的方法来追踪元话语自20世纪80年代早期出现以来日益增长的兴趣。为此,我们分析了1983年至2020年间科学网核心收藏中所有431篇与元话语有关的论文,将语料库分为两个时期,2006年之后人们的兴趣大幅增加。我们确定了哪些主题最流行,哪些作者和出版物最具影响力,哪些学科和期刊在引用元话语文学方面最活跃。研究结果表明了学术和商业写作、跨学科、语言和体裁研究的重要性,以及人际关系模式日益占主导地位。这些发现可能会引起那些从事话语分析和社会互动研究的人的兴趣。
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引用次数: 6
The effects of manipulative rhetoric in Kevin Spacey’s “Let Me Be Frank” YouTube video 凯文·斯派西(Kevin Spacey)的YouTube视频《让我坦率》(Let Me Be Frank)中操纵性言论的影响
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0022
Sandrine Sorlin
Abstract This article focuses on Kevin Spacey’s manipulative rhetoric in the YouTube video he posted on Christmas Eve in 2018 when he was facing a felony sexual assault charge in Nantucket District Court in USA. Drawing upon the notion of “double deixis” used for the second-person pronoun, this article questions the extent to which Spacey’s use of the first-person pronoun could be called “doubly deictic”. The findings show that Spacey’s strategic use of deixis allows him to blur identities and conflate fictional and real worlds. Not only is he using deixis in a way that hampers easy interpretation and complicates cognitive projection but he assigns his audience an awkward double positioning (as fans and citizens). The article also tries to elucidate the complex effects of Spacey’s manipulation on viewers. It suggests an addition to the notion of “double consciousness” that malfunctions here, as a “third consciousness” seems to be imposed onto the audience. This may explain why certain viewers are likely to experience some “cognitive dissonance” while watching this video that the media has defined as “creepy”.
摘要本文聚焦于凯文·斯派西在2018年圣诞节前夕发布的YouTube视频中的操纵性言论,当时他在美国楠塔基特地区法院面临性侵重罪指控,本文质疑史派西对第一人称代词的使用在多大程度上可以被称为“双重指示”。研究结果表明,史派西对指示语的战略性使用使他能够模糊身份,将虚构世界和现实世界混为一谈。他使用指示语的方式不仅阻碍了简单的解释,使认知投射复杂化,而且他给观众分配了一个尴尬的双重定位(作为粉丝和公民)。文章还试图阐明史派西操纵观众的复杂影响。这表明,“双重意识”的概念在这里失灵了,因为“第三意识”似乎被强加给了观众。这也许可以解释为什么某些观众在观看这段被媒体定义为“令人毛骨悚然”的视频时可能会经历一些“认知失调”。
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引用次数: 0
Fighting terrorism, fighting the West: Them versus Us appraisal in Chinese media’s discursive war on terror 打击恐怖主义,打击西方:中国媒体话语反恐战争中的中美之争
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-08-26 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0013
Hailing Yu, Jinhua Yue, Ye Yan
Abstract While discourses on terror by the United States and its allies have been the focus of most previous studies, this article investigates discourses produced in the Chinese context. 247 news articles from China Daily and People’s Daily were analyzed according to a revised system of attitude within the appraisal framework in systemic functional linguistics (SFL). The findings reveal a correlation between polarity, types of attitude, and social actors being evaluated. Two Them groups, terrorism/terrorists in Xinjiang and Western media and governments, are overwhelmingly evaluated in terms of negative propriety of their behaviors and negative valuation of their things. Two Us groups, China and its people and non-Western countries supporting China, tend to be evaluated through positive valuation of their things, their positive capability, and positive and negative feelings (affect). The West is put in the same category as terrorism, quite contrary to what is commonly seen in the discourses produced by Western media. The attitudinal construction of Them and Us reflects not only the ideological square of negative other-presentation and positive self-presentation, but also the motivations of maintaining domestic stability and proper international relations behind China’s war on terror.
虽然美国及其盟国的恐怖话语一直是以往大多数研究的焦点,但本文研究的是在中国语境下产生的话语。本文采用系统功能语言学评价框架下的态度体系对《中国日报》和《人民日报》的247篇新闻文章进行了分析。研究结果揭示了极性、态度类型和被评估的社会行为者之间的相关性。两个“他们”群体,新疆的恐怖分子和西方媒体和政府,在他们的行为和对他们的事物的负面评价方面,被压倒性地评价为消极得体。两个美国群体,中国及其人民和支持中国的非西方国家,倾向于通过对他们的事物,他们的积极能力,以及积极和消极的感受(影响)的积极评价来评价他们。西方与恐怖主义被归为一类,这与西方媒体的言论截然相反。“他们”和“我们”的态度建构不仅反映了消极的他者呈现和积极的自我呈现的思想方阵,也反映了中国反恐战争背后维护国内稳定和国际关系的动机。
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引用次数: 0
Indexicality and ideology in narratives about intimate partner violence 亲密伴侣暴力叙事中的指数性与意识形态
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-08-26 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0011
Jennifer Andrus
Abstract Theories of indexicality explain the ways in which linguistic forms are linked to social forms. As such, indexicality deals in part with ideology and cultural discourses. This article demonstrates the ways in which intimate partner violence (IPV), seen as an indexical, discursive formation, facilitates the material and social manifestations and ramifications of IPV. I argue for an expansion of the concept “indexical field” to account not only for phonemic variables, but also lexicosemantic variables. Such lexicosemantic variables are legible in narratives, in particular stories, that are circulated in and around IPV discourse. The indexical field forms a web of potential meanings for IPV. In the indexical field, variables have multiple potential and sometimes conflicting meanings, which can be and indeed are activated and made meaningful differently by different groups of speakers. My data are made up of 57 interviews, 34 with victims/survivors of IPV and 23 with police officers. The differences in indexical meaning surrounding IPV are analyzed from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. In this article, I show how victims/survivors of IPV animate variables in the IPV indexical field with meanings that conflict with the meanings attributed to the same words, phrases, and events by police officers. Because police officers have more institutional power, their indexical meanings often receive preference and coordinate with those of the society at large.
指数性理论解释了语言形式与社会形式的联系方式。因此,指数性部分涉及意识形态和文化话语。这篇文章展示了亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)作为一种索引的、话语的形式,促进了IPV的物质和社会表现和后果的方式。我主张扩展“索引域”的概念,不仅考虑音素变量,而且考虑词汇语义变量。这种词汇语义变量在叙述中,特别是故事中是易读的,这些故事在IPV话语中及其周围流传。索引字段形成了IPV潜在含义的网络。在索引领域,变量具有多种潜在的,有时是相互冲突的含义,这些含义可以并且确实被不同的说话者群体激活并赋予不同的意义。我的数据是由57个采访组成的,34个采访了IPV的受害者/幸存者,23个采访了警察。本文从批评语篇分析的角度分析了围绕IPV的指标性意义的差异。在本文中,我将展示IPV的受害者/幸存者如何使IPV索引字段中的变量具有与警察赋予相同单词、短语和事件的含义相冲突的含义。由于警察具有更大的制度性权力,其指标意义往往受到偏好,并与社会整体的指标意义相协调。
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引用次数: 0
Arabic songs: an affective forum for combating COVID-19 and other insecurities 阿拉伯歌曲:抗击新冠肺炎和其他不安全感的情感论坛
IF 0.6 3区 文学 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2022-08-26 DOI: 10.1515/text-2021-0042
R. Habib
Abstract Like other literary genres, songs can be a successful outlet for achieving certain goals. Using a qualitative and descriptive approach utilizing the stancetaking framework, this study examines the development and use of more than 50 Arabic songs as a vehicle to not only inform the public about COVID-19, but also take affective stances that connect the current distressing situation of the Arab people due to COVID-19 with past hardships and crises. These stances invoke salient sociocultural values that are understood and evaluated similarly by Arab people. Evaluating and positioning the insecurity of the pandemic against insecurities of the past activates the affects and messages of the stance, which align with the evaluations and affects of the listeners. That Arab people from different countries share similar evaluations of their insecurities and invoke similar sociocultural values in response to their dreadful situations is indicative of the co-construction of a shared Arab identity through the sociocognitive intersubjectivity of the stances that are indexed to shared repertoires, sociocultural values, and affects.
摘要像其他文学流派一样,歌曲可以成为实现某些目标的成功出口。本研究采用定性和描述性的方法,利用立场框架,研究了50多首阿拉伯歌曲的开发和使用,这些歌曲不仅向公众宣传新冠肺炎,而且还采取了情感立场,将阿拉伯人民因新冠肺炎而遭受的痛苦与过去的苦难和危机联系起来。这些立场唤起了阿拉伯人民同样理解和评价的突出社会文化价值观。根据过去的不安全感来评估和定位新冠疫情的不安全性,会激活立场的影响和信息,这与听众的评估和影响相一致。来自不同国家的阿拉伯人民对他们的不安全感有着相似的评价,并在应对他们的可怕处境时援引了相似的社会文化价值观,这表明通过与共同剧目、社会文化价值和影响相关的立场的社会认知主体间性,共同构建了共同的阿拉伯身份。
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引用次数: 0
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