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COVID-19 in English and Persian: A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Illness Metaphors across Languages 英语和波斯语中的COVID-19:跨语言疾病隐喻的认知语言学研究
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1994839
R. Kazemian, Somayeh Hatamzadeh
ABSTRACT This article investigates conceptual metaphors for Covid-19 in two languages, American English and Persian, using two approaches, namely Lakoff & Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory and Kövecses’s approach to universal metaphors. The data for the analysis were drawn from a large corpus of Covid-19 metaphors in American English and a smaller corpus extracted from major news websites in Persian. The analysis focuses on examining the source domains for the conceptual metaphors used and describe the most common conceptual metaphors. We discuss systematic similarities and differences between the two languages regarding the way Covid-19 is talked about and conceptualized and highlight some novel conceptual metaphors that only appear in Persian.
摘要本文采用Lakoff&Johnson的概念隐喻理论和Kövecses的普遍隐喻方法,研究了美国英语和波斯语两种语言中新冠肺炎的概念隐喻。分析数据来自美国英语中大量的新冠肺炎隐喻语料库,以及从主要的波斯语新闻网站中提取的较小语料库。分析的重点是检查所使用的概念隐喻的来源领域,并描述最常见的概念隐喻。我们讨论了这两种语言在谈论和概念化新冠肺炎的方式方面的系统相似性和差异,并强调了一些仅出现在波斯语中的新颖概念隐喻。
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引用次数: 8
Framing the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic: Metaphors, Images and Symbols 构建2020冠状病毒大流行:隐喻、图像和符号
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.2004378
M. Döring, B. Nerlich
metaphors, reveals their roots and impacts on management, with a focus on their use by two political leaders, the of the United States, Trump, and the current Prime Minister of Johnson. Hanne furthermore explores a plethora of alternative metaphors from fires to journeys and from floods to rally driving with the devil, including their local resonances and impacts on the framing of the pandemic. he examines modes and metaphors of with an emphasis on inequalities, and ecological emer-gencies, which will still be there once the on the is over. His to use ecologically that highlight empathy, interdependence, equity, and resilience, and not provides a pointer for reconceptualization of metaphorical
隐喻,揭示了它们的根源和对管理的影响,重点是美国两位政治领导人特朗普和现任首相约翰逊对它们的使用。Hanne进一步探索了从火灾到旅程,从洪水到与魔鬼一起开车的众多替代隐喻,包括它们在当地的共鸣和对疫情框架的影响。他研究了的模式和隐喻,重点是不平等和生态紧急情况,一旦战争结束,这些情况仍然存在。他在生态学上强调同理心、相互依存、公平和韧性,而不是为隐喻的重新概念化提供指针
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引用次数: 2
Pull the weeds out or perish: Using pandemic metaphors to strengthen in-group solidarity in Turkish political discourse 拔除杂草或灭亡:在土耳其政治话语中使用流行病隐喻来加强群体内团结
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1994840
Esranur Efeoğlu Özcan
ABSTRACT Political discourse relies heavily on specific discursive strategies to gain, exercise and sustain power. Among those are metaphors which have the power to persuade and the potential to carry certain ideological attachments with them. This study explores and discusses how political power holders in The Grand National Assembly of Turkey make use of conceptual metaphors while framing the COVID-19 outbreak. From 10 March to 10 June 2020, i.e. the time between the date of the first COVID-19 case in Turkey until the time when the government announced that the lockdown would start to ease, a total of 191 tweets were identified as metaphorically framing the pandemic. In accordance with Critical Metaphor Analysis and Discourse-Historical Approach, the results show that Turkish online political discourse uses COVID-19 metaphors in combination with specific argumentation schemes to foster self-presentationand promotes shared representations of Turkish national identity. The results also show that metaphorical framings of the pandemic in Turkish political discourse fit familiar experience patterns with roots in cultural and religious presuppositions. It is argued that the conceptual metaphors manifested in this crisis discourse act as significant tools to influence public opinion.
摘要政治话语在很大程度上依赖于特定的话语策略来获得、行使和维持权力。其中包括隐喻,它们具有说服力,并有可能携带某些意识形态依恋。本研究探讨并讨论了土耳其大国民议会中的政治权力者在界定新冠肺炎疫情时如何利用概念隐喻。2020年3月10日至6月10日,即从土耳其出现第一例新冠肺炎病例之日到政府宣布封锁将开始放松之时,共有191条推文被认为是对疫情的隐喻。根据批判性隐喻分析和话语历史方法,研究结果表明,土耳其网络政治话语使用新冠肺炎隐喻并结合具体的论证方案来促进自我表达,促进土耳其民族认同的共同表达。研究结果还表明,土耳其政治话语中对疫情的隐喻框架符合人们熟悉的经验模式,这些模式植根于文化和宗教预设。有人认为,危机话语中的概念隐喻是影响公众舆论的重要工具。
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引用次数: 1
How We Escape Capture by the “War” Metaphor for Covid-19 新冠肺炎的“战争”隐喻如何逃脱捕获
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1935261
M. Hanne
ABSTRACT We rely on metaphors and the stories they imply as heuristic devices for communication on all important social and political matters. We are easily trapped by dominant metaphors, though fresh metaphors may generate significant paradigm shifts. During the first months of the Covid-19 pandemic, the “war” metaphor, standing for our relationship to Covid-19, established itself, like the virus itself, almost universally. This paper details the reasons for the early dominance of the “war” metaphor and shows how the adoption of the title of “wartime leader” by Donald Trump and Boris Johnson rebounded on them as it highlighted their subsequent abject failure to perform the roles they attributed to themselves. It highlights the objections, many valid, raised early on to the military metaphors and lists some of the alternative overarching metaphors which have been offered. It shows how, as the virus took root in most countries and governments had markedly different success in their responses to it, use of the “war” metaphor declined and people around the world coined a host of mini-metaphors relating to specific, local features, of their experience. It concludes by drawing attention to the potential of metaphors from ecology to generate insights relevant to some of the other major challenges faced by humanity.
在所有重要的社会和政治问题上,我们依靠隐喻和它们所暗示的故事作为启发式的沟通手段。我们很容易被主导隐喻所困,尽管新的隐喻可能会产生重大的范式转变。在Covid-19大流行的头几个月里,代表我们与Covid-19关系的“战争”比喻,就像病毒本身一样,几乎在全球范围内确立了自己的地位。本文详细介绍了“战争”隐喻早期占据主导地位的原因,并展示了唐纳德·特朗普和鲍里斯·约翰逊采用“战时领导人”这一头衔是如何反作用于他们的,因为这突显了他们后来未能履行他们认为属于自己的角色。它强调了早期对军事隐喻提出的反对意见,其中许多是有效的,并列出了一些可供选择的总体隐喻。它表明,随着病毒在大多数国家扎根,各国政府在应对疫情方面取得了显著不同的成功,“战争”隐喻的使用减少了,世界各地的人们创造了一系列与他们的经历的具体、当地特征相关的迷你隐喻。最后,它提请人们注意生态学隐喻的潜力,以产生与人类面临的一些其他主要挑战相关的见解。
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引用次数: 10
Acting like a Hedgehog in Times of Pandemic: Metaphorical Creativity in the #reframecovid Collection 在疫情时期像刺猬一样行事:#reframecovid系列中的隐喻创造力
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1949599
Paula Pérez-Sobrino, E. Semino, I. Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Veronika Koller, I. Olza
ABSTRACT The need to provide novel but meaningful ways to reason and talk about an unprecedented crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in a surge of creative metaphoric expressions in a variety of communicative settings. In order to investigate novel ways of conceptualizing the pandemic, we consider the metaphors included in the #ReframeCovid collection, a crowdsourced dataset of metaphors for the pandemic that rely on non-war frames. Its heterogeneous makeup of multilingual and multimodal examples (to date, over 550 examples – monomodal and multimodal in 30 languages) offers a unique opportunity to explore the ways in which metaphors have been used creatively to describe different aspects of the coronavirus pandemic. The patterns of metaphor creativity discussed in this paper include: creative realizations (verbal and visual) of wide-scope mappings, the use of one-off source domains, shifts in the valence of the source domain evoked, and the exploitation of source domains that are specific to particular discourse communities. The analysis of multimodal examples contributes to our understanding of the role of metaphor in sense-making and communication at a time of an extraordinary global crisis and will also provide new insights into metaphor creativity as a multidimensional phenomenon that integrates conceptual, discursive and cultural factors.
摘要需要提供新颖但有意义的方式来推理和谈论新冠肺炎大流行等前所未有的危机,这导致了在各种交流环境中创造性隐喻表达的激增。为了研究新冠疫情概念化的新方法,我们考虑了#ReframeCovid集合中包含的隐喻,这是一个众包的疫情隐喻数据集,依赖于非战争框架。它由多语言和多模式的例子组成(迄今为止,有超过550个例子——30种语言的单模式和多模式),为探索创造性地使用隐喻来描述冠状病毒大流行的不同方面提供了一个独特的机会。本文讨论的隐喻创造性模式包括:宽范围映射的创造性实现(言语和视觉)、一次性源域的使用、引发的源域的价态变化以及对特定话语群体特定源域的利用。对多模态例子的分析有助于我们理解在一场非同寻常的全球危机之际,隐喻在意义创造和沟通中的作用,也将为隐喻创造力作为一种综合了概念、话语和文化因素的多维现象提供新的见解。
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引用次数: 13
Audience Perceptions of COVID-19 Metaphors: The Role of Source Domain and Country Context 受众对COVID-19隐喻的认知:来源领域和国家背景的作用
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1948332
Britta C. Brugman, Ellen Droog, W. G. Reijnierse, Saskia Leymann, G. Frezza, Kiki Y. Renardel de Lavalette
ABSTRACT Metaphors abound in descriptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: it is described, among other things, as a war, a flood, and a marathon. However, not all metaphors may resonate equally well with members of the public. Given that the pandemic has impacted people’s lives across countries in divergent ways – both in terms of spread and in terms of government-imposed measures, we investigated whether audience perceptions of metaphors for the COVID-19 pandemic depend on source domain and country context. This mixed-design study examined how individuals across three European countries (Germany, Italy, and The Netherlands) perceived different COVID-19 metaphorical frames. Participants (N = 216) were randomly exposed to nine metaphorical frames and one literal-language frame and asked to express their perceptions in terms of liking, aptness, complexity, conventionality, and credibility. Results showed that audience perceptions of metaphorical descriptions of the COVID-19 pandemic differed between source domains and country contexts, but mostly in terms of aptness. These findings suggest that experience with the target domain may indeed be relevant for metaphor perceptions and highlight the importance of studying metaphor appreciation as a multifaceted phenomenon. Findings may also inform metaphor choice by governments, journalists, and other actors to describe this novel situation.
关于COVID-19大流行的描述中充斥着隐喻:人们将其描述为战争、洪水和马拉松。然而,并不是所有的隐喻都能引起公众的共鸣。鉴于大流行以不同的方式影响了各国人民的生活——无论是在传播方面还是在政府实施的措施方面,我们调查了受众对COVID-19大流行隐喻的看法是否取决于来源领域和国家背景。这项混合设计研究调查了三个欧洲国家(德国、意大利和荷兰)的个人如何看待不同的COVID-19隐喻框架。参与者(N = 216)被随机暴露在9个隐喻框架和1个字面语言框架中,并被要求从喜欢、适宜、复杂、常规和可信度方面表达他们的看法。结果表明,受众对COVID-19大流行的隐喻性描述的看法因来源领域和国家背景而异,但主要是在适用性方面。这些发现表明,目标领域的经验可能确实与隐喻感知有关,并强调了将隐喻欣赏作为一种多面现象进行研究的重要性。研究结果还可以为政府、记者和其他行为者选择隐喻来描述这种新情况提供信息。
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引用次数: 5
What Else besides War: Deliberate Metaphors Framing COVID-19 in Chinese Online Newspaper Editorials 除了战争,还有什么:中国网络报纸社论中有意构建COVID-19的隐喻
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1948333
Cun Zhang, Zhengjun Lin, Shengxi Jin
ABSTRACT Through metaphor, we gain distinctive perspectives on reality and communicate in new ways, especially when we use metaphor intentionally. The COVID-19 pandemic broke out in early 2020, causing significant harm to people’s lives worldwide. This article moves the focus from the ubiquitous war metaphor used in the pandemic to other deliberate metaphors identified in five Chinese news media, i.e., China Daily, People’s Daily, Huanqiu, Cankaoxiaoxi, and Xinhuanet. 59 Chinese online newspaper editorials were collected between 22 January 2020 and 22 July 2020. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we investigate season, disease and medicine, and homework metaphors. We contend that (a) originating from common bodily experiences in the physical environment, season metaphors have emotional valences and promoted public confidence when the epidemic was severe and urged caution when it was mitigated, (b) connecting physical and socio-cultural worlds, disease and medicine metaphors could simplify and evaluate social issues besides formulating editorials’ political stances, and (c) based on shared socio-cultural knowledge, homework metaphors call for more democratic and practical governance in disease control. This study reveals how these metaphors accomplish useful pragmatic purposes in the pandemic in particular contexts.
通过隐喻,我们获得了对现实的独特视角,并以新的方式进行交流,尤其是当我们有意使用隐喻时。2019冠状病毒病大流行于2020年初爆发,给全球人民的生命造成重大危害。本文将重点从大流行中普遍使用的战争隐喻转移到五家中国新闻媒体中发现的其他故意隐喻,即《中国日报》、《人民日报》、《环球报》、《财经日报》和新华网。我们在2020年1月22日至2020年7月22日期间收集了59篇中国在线报纸的社论。我们运用定量和定性相结合的方法,对季节、疾病和医学以及家庭作业隐喻进行了调查。我们认为,(a)季节隐喻源于自然环境中的共同身体体验,具有情感价值,在疫情严重时促进了公众信心,在疫情减轻时敦促人们谨慎;(b)将物质世界和社会文化世界联系起来,疾病和医学隐喻可以简化和评估社会问题,同时形成社论的政治立场;(c)基于共享的社会文化知识。家庭作业隐喻要求在疾病控制方面实行更加民主和实用的治理。这项研究揭示了这些隐喻如何在大流行的特定背景下实现有用的实用目的。
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引用次数: 7
Countering Undesirable Implications of Violence Metaphors for Cancer through Metaphor Extension 从隐喻扩展看暴力隐喻对癌症的不良影响
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1948334
D. Y. Wackers, H. Plug
ABSTRACT Violence metaphors for cancer can have undesirable implications. The metaphorical expression “She lost her battle with cancer,” for instance, is deemed inappropriate by some because of the implicit suggestions it would carry about patients’ responsibility to recover from the disease – if someone “lost” it is inferred they could also have “won” if only they had “fought harder.” The current study explores how language users may use a metaphor extension approach to argue against metaphorical implications they feel are harmful, offensive or otherwise inappropriate. More specifically, this paper will combine recent findings in metaphor research on metaphor extension with two case studies on argumentative resistance to violence metaphors for cancer to illustrate two ways in which these metaphors can be (re)interpreted in such a way that they are in line with language users’ (desired) perspective on the disease. Using analytical tools from Pragma-dialectics, the case studies will demonstrate how a close analysis of expressions of resistance to violence metaphors for cancer that extend these metaphors can 1) help pinpoint the precise metaphorical implications that are being contested in a given case of resistance, and 2) provide an insight into which alternative interpretations are deemed acceptable by the protagonists of resistance.
癌症的暴力隐喻可能会产生不良影响。例如,“她在与癌症的斗争中失败了”这个比喻被一些人认为是不恰当的,因为它隐含着患者从疾病中恢复的责任——如果有人“输了”,那么如果他们“更努力地战斗”,他们也可能“赢了”。“目前的研究探讨了语言使用者如何使用隐喻延伸的方法来反驳他们认为有害、冒犯或不恰当的隐喻含义。更具体地说,本文将把隐喻扩展的最新研究结果与癌症的两个辩论性抗暴力隐喻案例研究相结合,以说明这些隐喻可以以符合语言使用者对疾病的(期望的)观点的方式被(重新)解释的两种方式。使用Pragma-dialetics的分析工具,案例研究将展示对癌症暴力抵抗隐喻表达的密切分析如何扩展这些隐喻,1)有助于确定在特定的抵抗案例中有争议的确切隐喻含义,以及2)深入了解哪些替代解释被抵抗的参与者认为是可接受的。
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引用次数: 0
Metaphor in the Academic Mentoring of International Undergraduate Students: The Erasmus Experience 国际大学生学术指导中的隐喻:伊拉斯谟经验
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1941969
Rafael Alejo-González
ABSTRACT Metaphor use in university contexts has received some attention by the literature, which has mostly focussed on the language produced by academics. However, more dialogic forms of academic communications, where students are afforded opportunities for feedback on and discussion of opaque language use, are usually missing in the analyses of applied metaphor researchers. In order to partially redress this imbalance in research into metaphor in academic discourse, this article looks at lecturers’ use of metaphor in one such dialogic type of communication—academic mentoring—and how international students respond to these language uses. I examine the frequency and functions of metaphor in 27 video-recorded conversations between Spanish Erasmus students and their lecturers at five different European universities. My findings reveal that lecturers use metaphor frequently in this context too, but that it does not appear to pose obvious problems for interaction, although misalignments between speakers can be observed.
摘要隐喻在大学语境中的使用受到了文学界的关注,主要集中在学术界产生的语言上。然而,在应用隐喻研究人员的分析中,通常缺少更具对话性的学术交流形式,即学生有机会对不透明的语言使用进行反馈和讨论。为了部分纠正学术话语中隐喻研究的这种不平衡,本文考察了讲师在一种对话式的交流——学术指导——中对隐喻的使用,以及国际学生对这些语言使用的反应。我在五所不同的欧洲大学的西班牙伊拉斯谟大学学生和他们的讲师之间的27段视频对话中研究了隐喻的频率和功能。我的研究结果表明,讲师在这种情况下也经常使用隐喻,但它似乎不会给互动带来明显的问题,尽管可以观察到演讲者之间的不一致。
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引用次数: 3
Evading the Lockdown: Animal Metaphors and Dehumanization in Virtual Space 逃避封锁:虚拟空间中的动物隐喻和非人性化
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1941972
Janet Ho
ABSTRACT COVID-19 has posed a serious threat to more than 200 countries, causing over one million deaths worldwide (as of December 2020) and leading to lockdowns that are unprecedented in modern times. Given the physical restrictions, social media platforms have become crucial for people to maintain contact and share ideas during the pandemic. In this paper, I examine the discursive representations of evaders of the Wuhan lockdown. Specifically, I investigate how social media users employed animal metaphors to portray the identities of people who fled Wuhan during this time. More than 250 posts with over 15,000 comments were collected from the Chinese microblogging site Weibo; data were thematically analyzed, and metaphors were identified. The results demonstrated that various kinds of animal metaphors were used to discredit the evaders and to highlight their objectionable behavior and moral standards. The use of violent expressions associated with animal metaphors also revealed the issue of dehumanization vis-à-vis all the residents in Wuhan, which has various theoretical and ideological implications. The findings suggest that, while dehumanizing the evaders by likening their health status to that of infected animals, the users unconsciously revealed the evaders’ helplessness and inability to control their situation, reflecting ideological ambivalence.
COVID-19已对200多个国家构成严重威胁,导致全球100多万人死亡(截至2020年12月),并导致现代前所未有的封锁。鉴于实际限制,社交媒体平台已成为人们在大流行期间保持联系和分享想法的关键。在本文中,我研究了武汉封锁逃避者的话语表征。具体来说,我调查了社交媒体用户如何使用动物隐喻来描绘这段时间逃离武汉的人的身份。在中国的微博上收集了250多条微博和超过15000条评论;对数据进行主题分析,识别隐喻。结果表明,各种各样的动物隐喻被用来诋毁逃避者,并突出他们令人反感的行为和道德标准。与动物隐喻相关的暴力表达的使用也揭示了对-à-vis所有武汉居民的非人化问题,这具有多种理论和思想意义。研究结果表明,用户在将逃避者的健康状况比作受感染动物的同时,无意识地揭示了逃避者的无助和无法控制自己的处境,反映了意识形态的矛盾心理。
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引用次数: 4
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Metaphor and Symbol
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