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The Norwegian Dugnad in Times of COVID-19 COVID-19 时代的挪威 Dugnad
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2024.2305203
Susan Nacey
On 12 March 2020, the Norwegian government instigated measures to limit the spread of COVID-19, the most drastic policies of any Norwegian government in peacetime. A particularly Norwegian metaphor...
2020 年 3 月 12 日,挪威政府颁布了限制 COVID-19 传播的措施,这是挪威政府在和平时期采取的最严厉的政策。一个特别的挪威隐喻...
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引用次数: 0
Drawing as a Tool in Metaphor-Led Discourse Analysis 将绘画作为隐喻引导的话语分析工具
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2024.2307333
Charles Denroche
The use of words to label concepts is a weak point in CMT but one which is little discussed. This article considers the relative merits of image and writing as semiotic modes for identifying concep...
使用文字来标注概念是 CMT 的一个薄弱环节,但却鲜有讨论。本文探讨了图像和文字作为识别概念的符号学模式的相对优势。
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引用次数: 0
Super Figures: Poetry, Picture Poetry, and Art in the Service of Human Connection 超级人物:诗歌、图画诗和艺术为人与人之间的联系服务
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2024.2295636
Herbert L. Colston, Carina Rasse
Published in Metaphor and Symbol (Vol. 39, No. 1, 2024)
发表于《隐喻与象征》(第 39 卷第 1 期,2024 年)
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引用次数: 0
Visual Metaphors and Aesthetics: A Formalist Theory of Metaphor 视觉隐喻与美学:隐喻的形式主义理论
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2291351
Geoffrey Ventalon
Published in Metaphor and Symbol (Vol. 39, No. 1, 2024)
发表于《隐喻与象征》(第 39 卷第 1 期,2024 年)
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Metaphorical Framing on Emotions and Reasoning About the COVID-19 Pandemic 隐喻框架对有关 COVID-19 大流行病的情绪和推理的影响
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2273301
India M. S. Roberts, Marianna M. Bolognesi
Metaphors can provide a conceptual framework for understanding complex topics and as such, they have frequently been used in COVID-19 discourse. As previous research indicates that conceptual metap...
隐喻可以为理解复杂的主题提供一个概念框架,因此在 COVID-19 的讨论中经常被使用。以往的研究表明,概念隐喻...
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引用次数: 0
Translating Motion Events Across Physical and Metaphorical Spaces in Structurally Similar Versus Structurally Different Languages 在结构相似与结构不同的语言中跨物理空间和隐喻空间翻译运动事件
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2268685
Wojciech Lewandowski, Şeyda Özçalışkan
The expression of physical motion (the spider crawls across the net) and metaphorical motion (the fear crawls across her heart) shows strong inter-typological differences between language types (Ge...
物理运动(蜘蛛爬过网)和隐喻运动(恐惧爬过她的心)的表达显示出语言类型之间强烈的类型间差异(Ge...
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引用次数: 0
Identifying and Interpreting Visual and Multimodal Metaphor in Commercials and Feature Films 识别和解读商业广告和故事片中的视觉隐喻和多模式隐喻
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2271544
Charles Forceville
Research on metaphor has over the past decades increasingly been extended to its visual and multimodal varieties. While analysts of verbal metaphors are helped by the fact that languages have gramm...
过去几十年来,隐喻研究日益扩展到视觉隐喻和多模态隐喻。虽然语言隐喻的分析者可以从语言的语法结构中获得帮助,但语言隐喻的分析者也可以从隐喻的语法结构中获得帮助。
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引用次数: 0
Early Birds Can Fly: Awakening the Literal Meaning of Conventional Metaphors Further Downstream 早起的鸟儿能飞:唤醒传统隐喻的字面意义
3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2225561
Laura Pissani, Roberto G. de Almeida
ABSTRACTConventional metaphors such as early bird are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is so because they might be stored as lexicalized, non-compositional expressions. In a previous study, employing a maze task, we showed that, after reading metaphors (John is an early bird so he can …), participants took longer and were less accurate in selecting the appropriate word (attend) when it was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of conventional metaphors is awakened or made available immediately after their metaphorical interpretation. But does the literal meaning remain available further downstream during sentence comprehension? In two experiments also employing a maze task, we examined whether the awakening effect can be obtained when there is a medium (6 to 8 words) and a large (11 to 13 words) distance between the metaphor and lexical choice. Results indicated that the metaphor awakening effect persists but decreases as word distance increases. An analysis of our data based on a GPT model showed that our maze effects could not be attributed to target predictability. Overall, our results suggest that the literal meaning of a metaphor is accessed and remains available for about three seconds, fading as the sentence unfolds over time. The results support a model of metaphor comprehension that postulates the availability of both literal and metaphoric content in the course of sentence processing. AcknowledgmentsWe are indebted to Tobias Ungerer for his comments on section 5 and the calculation of the surprisal scores using the GPT-2 model, and to Cedric Le-Bouar for helping code the data. We thank Caitlyn Antal for her guidance on the statistical analyses for section 5. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments on an earlier version of the present article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We note, however, that the present study was not designed to investigate the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff, Citation1993; Lakoff & Johnson, Citation1980), nor were our materials suited for such a task. Although some of the cues we employed may be taken as novel extensions of conventional metaphors, we cannot assert that (a) all of our cues are metaphorical extensions, as some may be literal cues. For instance, we anticipate that the literal meaning of cold feet can be triggered by the cue warm regardless of whether the latter is used metaphorically (e.g., warm welcome) or literally (e.g., warm weather). Nor can we assert that (b) all extensions belong to the same metaphor family, for we may not have the theoretical grounds to establish all cases in which a metaphor belongs to one or another metaphor family. For instance, it is not obvious whether warm blood, warm gesture, hot take, hot minute, cold glance, cold turkey, cool cat, and cool head belong to the same metaphor family
摘要“早起的鸟”等传统隐喻的解释相当快速和有效。这是因为它们可能被存储为词汇化的非组合表达式。在之前的一项研究中,我们使用了一个迷宫任务,我们发现,在阅读了隐喻(约翰是一只早起的鸟,所以他可以……)之后,当与字面上相关的干扰物(苍蝇)搭配在一起时,参与者在选择合适的单词(出席)时花费的时间更长,而且准确度更低(哭泣)。这表明,传统隐喻的字面意义在其隐喻解释之后立即被唤醒或可用。但是,在句子理解过程中,字面意义是否仍然存在?在两个同样采用迷宫任务的实验中,我们考察了隐喻和词汇选择之间存在中等(6至8个词)和较大(11至13个词)距离时是否会产生唤醒效应。结果表明,隐喻唤醒效应持续存在,但随着词距的增加而减弱。基于GPT模型的数据分析表明,我们的迷宫效应不能归因于目标的可预测性。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明,隐喻的字面意义是可以理解的,并且在大约三秒钟内保持可用,随着句子的展开而逐渐消失。研究结果支持隐喻理解模型,该模型假设在句子加工过程中字面和隐喻内容都是可用的。我们感谢Tobias Ungerer对第5节的评论以及使用GPT-2模型计算意外分数,并感谢Cedric Le-Bouar帮助编写数据代码。我们感谢Caitlyn Antal为第5节的统计分析提供的指导。我们也感谢两位匿名审稿人对本文早期版本的宝贵意见。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1然而,我们注意到,本研究并不是为了研究概念隐喻理论而设计的(Lakoff, Citation1993;Lakoff & Johnson, Citation1980),我们的材料也不适合这样的任务。虽然我们使用的一些线索可以被视为传统隐喻的新延伸,但我们不能断言(a)我们所有的线索都是隐喻的延伸,因为有些线索可能是字面线索。例如,我们预计冷脚的字面意思可以由提示温暖触发,而不管后者是隐喻性的(例如,热烈的欢迎)还是字面上的(例如,温暖的天气)。我们也不能断言(b)所有的延伸都属于同一个隐喻族,因为我们可能没有理论依据来确定一个隐喻属于一个或另一个隐喻族的所有情况。例如,warm blood、warm gesture、hot take、hot minute、cold glance、cold turkey、cool cat和cool head是否属于同一个隐喻家族就不明显了我们采用了遵循Forster, Guerrera和Elliot (Citation2009)程序的更保守的方法(即,删除超过1500毫秒的RTs,并用高于平均值2个SD替换每个参与者的剩余异常值)3GPT−2等语言模型可以完成阅读理解、总结、翻译、问答等语言任务。此外,GPT - 2模型产生了对完形概率的可靠估计,因为它已经在大约800万个网页上进行了训练,以预测给定前一个单词的下一个单词(Radford et al., Citation2019)。为了获得我们的惊喜分数,我们使用了大版本的GPT−2模型,该模型包含762 M个参数和36层(Radford et al., Citation2019)我们注意到,单个单词的识别时间以毫秒为单位,一些经典的RSVP研究表明,大约60毫秒的暴露时间,单词就可以被识别并整合到句子的持续命题表示中(参见,例如,Forster, Citation1970;波特,引文2018,回顾)。本研究得到了美国国家科学与工程研究委员会(NSERC)和社会科学与人文研究委员会(SSHRC)对RGdA的资助,以及quacei - sociacei Culture基金会(FRQSC)对LP的博士奖学金的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing Attitudes Indirectly Through Conceptual Metaphors of Size and Distance in an Interactive Software 交互式软件中大小和距离概念隐喻对态度的间接评价
3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2215847
Josef Kundrát, Karel Rečka, Karel Paulík, František Baumgartner, Marek Malůš, Lenka Skanderová, Tomáš Fabián, Jan Platoš, Martina Litschmannová, Adéla Vrtková, Tereza Benešová
Traditional methods of measuring attitudes usually consist of expressing the degree of agreement with a series of statements. In this paper, we test a new method to express attitudes through interactive metaphors. Primary school students set the distance and physical size of objects (visual representations of school subjects) using a digital application. During this task, they communicated their understanding of the distance and physical size of the object. Distance was most often interpreted by respondents as a metaphorical expression of liking, with objects closer perceived as more likeable. Size was most often interpreted as a metaphor expressing importance and usefulness, with positively rated objects being expressed as larger. Additionally, we investigated whether increasing the size and decreasing the distance are related to a more positive verbal evaluation of the object. The results supported our predictions, and they are also consistent with previous research findings on metaphor mapping, primary metaphors, and the relationship between physical size and importance.
衡量态度的传统方法通常包括表达与一系列陈述的一致程度。在本文中,我们测试了一种通过互动隐喻来表达态度的新方法。小学生使用数字应用程序设置物体的距离和物理大小(学校科目的视觉表现)。在这个任务中,他们交流了对物体距离和物理尺寸的理解。受访者通常将距离解释为喜欢的隐喻表达,更近的物体被认为更讨人喜欢。尺寸通常被解释为表达重要性和有用性的隐喻,被正面评价的物体被表示为更大。此外,我们还研究了增加尺寸和减少距离是否与对物体的更积极的口头评价有关。这一结果支持了我们的预测,并且与先前关于隐喻映射、主要隐喻以及身体尺寸与重要性关系的研究结果一致。
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引用次数: 0
Types of Resistance to Metaphor 抵制隐喻的类型
3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2213737
Lotte van Poppel, Roosmaryn Pilgram
The appropriateness and persuasiveness of using metaphors has become subject of debate in both the academic and the public arena. Recent studies have shown that particular metaphors give rise to resistance, yet the nature of metaphor resistance is still hardly explored. This paper therefore examines the ways in which metaphors can be explicitly resisted, focusing on metaphors that are used in argumentative discourse. We propose an analytical tool, a typology of resistance to metaphor, to distinguish grounds for language users to reject unacceptable metaphors, based on the parameter of focus of the resistance and norms appealed to in the resistance. We applied the typology in a small corpus-analytical study using Twitter replies. Our results show that most resistance was based on discussion rules and focused on the proposition of metaphor, yet resistance focused on the situation, person or locution also occurred.
使用隐喻的适当性和说服力已经成为学术和公共领域争论的主题。近年来的研究表明,特定的隐喻会产生抗拒,但对隐喻抗拒的本质却知之甚少。因此,本文探讨了隐喻可以被明确抵制的方式,重点是在辩论语篇中使用的隐喻。我们提出了一种分析工具——隐喻抵抗类型学,以抵抗的焦点和抵抗所诉诸的规范为参数,来区分语言使用者拒绝不可接受的隐喻的理由。我们在一个使用Twitter回复的小型语料库分析研究中应用了这种类型学。研究结果表明,大多数抵制行为以讨论规则为基础,集中在隐喻的命题上,但也有针对情境、人物或言语的抵制行为。
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Metaphor and Symbol
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