Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20220007
Daniel San-Juan, Raúl Nathanael May Mas, Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez, Jorge Morales, Ana Díaz, Gerardo Quiñones, Axel Kevin Galindo, Luis Armando Baigts, Cecilia Ximenez-Camilli, David Anschel
Background: Medical residents must sustain acute sleep deprivation, which can lead to nonfatal and fatal consequences in hospitals due to cognitive decline. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) is a safe noninvasive neuromodulation technique that can induce depolarization of neurons. Previous studies in pilots have shown benefits against fatigue increasing wakefulness and cognitive performance. However, the effects of a-tDCS on cognition in acute sleep deprived healthcare workers remains unknown.
Purpose: To evaluate cognitive changes in sleep deprived medical residents after one session of a-tDCS.
Methods: Open clinical test-re-test study including 13 medical residents with acute sleep deprivation. Subjects received 1 session of bifrontal a-tDCS (2mAx20min), anodal over the left dorsolateral prefrontal region. Pre-and-post treatment subjects were tested with Beck anxiety inventory, Beck depression and HVLT tests, Rey´s and Taylor´s figures, Trail Making A/B, Stroop, Aleatory Digit retention test (WAIS), Digits and symbols and MoCA tests. Post-intervention was added the Executive functions and Frontal Lobes Neuropsychological Battery (BANFE2) test and changing the Taylor figure for Reyfigure.
Results: Twelve medical residents were analyzed; 8 men and 4 women, 29.5 (+/-2.2) years mean age. All had a mean of 21.6 (+/-1.3) hours of sleep deprivation. There were no serious adverse events. We found statistically significant difference in Rey´s/Taylor´s figures (p=0.002), Trail Making Test (p=0.005), WAIS IV symbols (p=0.003), Word Stroop (p=0.021). BANFE-2 showed that the main affected area was the orbito-medial prefrontal region.
Conclusion: a-tDCS appears safe and improves working memory, attention, response time and distractors elimination in acute sleep deprived medical residents.
{"title":"Effect of the anodal transcranial direct current electrical stimulation on cognition of medical residents with acute sleep deprivation.","authors":"Daniel San-Juan, Raúl Nathanael May Mas, Cuauhtémoc Gutiérrez, Jorge Morales, Ana Díaz, Gerardo Quiñones, Axel Kevin Galindo, Luis Armando Baigts, Cecilia Ximenez-Camilli, David Anschel","doi":"10.5935/1984-0063.20220007","DOIUrl":"10.5935/1984-0063.20220007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medical residents must sustain acute sleep deprivation, which can lead to nonfatal and fatal consequences in hospitals due to cognitive decline. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) is a safe noninvasive neuromodulation technique that can induce depolarization of neurons. Previous studies in pilots have shown benefits against fatigue increasing wakefulness and cognitive performance. However, the effects of a-tDCS on cognition in acute sleep deprived healthcare workers remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate cognitive changes in sleep deprived medical residents after one session of a-tDCS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Open clinical test-re-test study including 13 medical residents with acute sleep deprivation. Subjects received 1 session of bifrontal a-tDCS (2mAx20min), anodal over the left dorsolateral prefrontal region. Pre-and-post treatment subjects were tested with Beck anxiety inventory, Beck depression and HVLT tests, Rey´s and Taylor´s figures, Trail Making A/B, Stroop, Aleatory Digit retention test (WAIS), Digits and symbols and MoCA tests. Post-intervention was added the Executive functions and Frontal Lobes Neuropsychological Battery (BANFE2) test and changing the Taylor figure for Reyfigure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve medical residents were analyzed; 8 men and 4 women, 29.5 (+/-2.2) years mean age. All had a mean of 21.6 (+/-1.3) hours of sleep deprivation. There were no serious adverse events. We found statistically significant difference in Rey´s/Taylor´s figures (p=0.002), Trail Making Test (p=0.005), WAIS IV symbols (p=0.003), Word Stroop (p=0.021). BANFE-2 showed that the main affected area was the orbito-medial prefrontal region.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>a-tDCS appears safe and improves working memory, attention, response time and distractors elimination in acute sleep deprived medical residents.</p>","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"38 1","pages":"89-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8889958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86117421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1933489
El Mustapha Lemghari
ABSTRACT Based on the view that “The meanings that we take most for granted are those where the complexity is best hidden”, the paper attempts to describe the complex cognitive operations at work in the process of proverb understanding. The main goal is to build up a model capable of accounting for how proverbs mean and how speakers within a speech community understand them the way they do. Such a model is not a completely new one; rather, it is built out of a number of already existing models, namely Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Great Chain Metaphor Theory, Stereotype Theory and Metaphoric Integration Theory. Each of these theories reduces to an individual ingredient which fulfills a specific task within the broad model as a whole. The broad model is applied to two case studies in order to indicate how it works in the case of proverbs with simple metaphorical structures and in proverbs with complex metaphorical potential.
{"title":"Constructing a Broad Model for Proverb Understanding","authors":"El Mustapha Lemghari","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1933489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1933489","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on the view that “The meanings that we take most for granted are those where the complexity is best hidden”, the paper attempts to describe the complex cognitive operations at work in the process of proverb understanding. The main goal is to build up a model capable of accounting for how proverbs mean and how speakers within a speech community understand them the way they do. Such a model is not a completely new one; rather, it is built out of a number of already existing models, namely Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Great Chain Metaphor Theory, Stereotype Theory and Metaphoric Integration Theory. Each of these theories reduces to an individual ingredient which fulfills a specific task within the broad model as a whole. The broad model is applied to two case studies in order to indicate how it works in the case of proverbs with simple metaphorical structures and in proverbs with complex metaphorical potential.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"265 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48812880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1941971
Miki Ikuta, K. Miwa
ABSTRACT This study investigated metaphor processing in a second language (L2) by considering both analogy and categorization. Previous studies found that forward metaphors (e.g., “Some babies are angels”) were judged as to be more comprehensible than reversed metaphors (e.g., “Some angels are babies”) only when the sentences were presented for a long time. Based on this finding, structure mapping theory (SMT) was proposed, which posits that metaphor processing in a first language (L1) requires both the analogical alignment of nouns and categorization of the second noun. To assess SMT in L2, we tested Japanese learners of English using the following three experiments: an on-line comprehensibility judgment task, an on-line self-paced reading task, and an off-line rating task. We replicated SMT by observing a significant interaction between the viewing duration and sentence type (forward and reversed). We also identified the possibility that bilingual speakers rely on analogical alignment more than native speakers.
{"title":"Structure Mapping in Second-Language Metaphor Processing","authors":"Miki Ikuta, K. Miwa","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1941971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1941971","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigated metaphor processing in a second language (L2) by considering both analogy and categorization. Previous studies found that forward metaphors (e.g., “Some babies are angels”) were judged as to be more comprehensible than reversed metaphors (e.g., “Some angels are babies”) only when the sentences were presented for a long time. Based on this finding, structure mapping theory (SMT) was proposed, which posits that metaphor processing in a first language (L1) requires both the analogical alignment of nouns and categorization of the second noun. To assess SMT in L2, we tested Japanese learners of English using the following three experiments: an on-line comprehensibility judgment task, an on-line self-paced reading task, and an off-line rating task. We replicated SMT by observing a significant interaction between the viewing duration and sentence type (forward and reversed). We also identified the possibility that bilingual speakers rely on analogical alignment more than native speakers.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"288 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43256315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1932506
Heng Li, Yu Cao
ABSTRACT Across many languages and cultures, people tend to explicitly and implicitly associate brightness with God and darkness with the Devil. In the current research, we used an explicit Brightness-Godassociation test(Study 1) and an implicit reaction-time task (Study 2) to investigate religious cognitions in Bai people, an ethnic minority group in southwest China. While Bai people were faster to categorize Devil-related words appearing in a black font versuswhite font, they showed no significant differences in categorizing God-related words when the words presented in a white font versus black font, consistent with their explicit conventions that link“God”with both“brightness”and “darkness”. This pattern of God representations seems to contrast sharply with many other metaphorical associations documented to date. These findings are consistent with the worship of Mahakala (known as “Black Sky god”) in Benzhuism, a local religion in Bai people. Such results cannot be accounted for by valence correspondence such as both concepts of darkness and God having positive meanings. This is because Bai people demonstrate a strong preference for the color white versus black in their culture. We provide the first empirical evidence that light-dark metaphors in religious representations can show variations across cultures.
{"title":"God is Not Always Bright: Explicit and Implicit Associations between Brightness/Darkness and God in Bai People","authors":"Heng Li, Yu Cao","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1932506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1932506","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Across many languages and cultures, people tend to explicitly and implicitly associate brightness with God and darkness with the Devil. In the current research, we used an explicit Brightness-Godassociation test(Study 1) and an implicit reaction-time task (Study 2) to investigate religious cognitions in Bai people, an ethnic minority group in southwest China. While Bai people were faster to categorize Devil-related words appearing in a black font versuswhite font, they showed no significant differences in categorizing God-related words when the words presented in a white font versus black font, consistent with their explicit conventions that link“God”with both“brightness”and “darkness”. This pattern of God representations seems to contrast sharply with many other metaphorical associations documented to date. These findings are consistent with the worship of Mahakala (known as “Black Sky god”) in Benzhuism, a local religion in Bai people. Such results cannot be accounted for by valence correspondence such as both concepts of darkness and God having positive meanings. This is because Bai people demonstrate a strong preference for the color white versus black in their culture. We provide the first empirical evidence that light-dark metaphors in religious representations can show variations across cultures.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"256 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43066333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1921557
Alper Kumcu
ABSTRACT Linguistic synesthesia (or synesthetic/intrafield/crossmodal metaphor) refers to crossmodal instances in which expressions in different sensory modalities are combined as in the case of sweet (taste) melody (hearing). Ullmann was among the first to show that synesthetic transfers seem to follow a potentially universal hierarchy that goes from the so-called “lower” (i.e., touch, taste and smell) to “higher” senses (i.e., hearing and sight). Several studies across languages, cultures, domains and text types seem to support the hierarchy in linguistic synesthesia despite some crosslinguistic differences and varying explanations . To extend results to an underrepresented language and thus, to test the universality of the crossmodal hierarchy, 5,693 token cases of linguistic synesthesia in written and spoken Turkish were investigated using a general-purpose, large corpus. Token, type, and hapax legomena frequencies showed that although three backward and thus, hierarchy-inconsistent transfers (i.e., from taste to touch, from sight to smell and from sight to hearing) were more frequent than their hierarchy-consistent counterparts, forward transfers in the canonical direction were more frequent overall than the backward transfers in Turkish. We conclude that Turkish linguistic synesthesia complies with the hierarchy as a descriptive generalization. Results are discussed in comparison to the crossmodal use of sensory words in other languages.
{"title":"Linguistic Synesthesia in Turkish: A Corpus-based Study of Crossmodal Directionality","authors":"Alper Kumcu","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1921557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1921557","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Linguistic synesthesia (or synesthetic/intrafield/crossmodal metaphor) refers to crossmodal instances in which expressions in different sensory modalities are combined as in the case of sweet (taste) melody (hearing). Ullmann was among the first to show that synesthetic transfers seem to follow a potentially universal hierarchy that goes from the so-called “lower” (i.e., touch, taste and smell) to “higher” senses (i.e., hearing and sight). Several studies across languages, cultures, domains and text types seem to support the hierarchy in linguistic synesthesia despite some crosslinguistic differences and varying explanations . To extend results to an underrepresented language and thus, to test the universality of the crossmodal hierarchy, 5,693 token cases of linguistic synesthesia in written and spoken Turkish were investigated using a general-purpose, large corpus. Token, type, and hapax legomena frequencies showed that although three backward and thus, hierarchy-inconsistent transfers (i.e., from taste to touch, from sight to smell and from sight to hearing) were more frequent than their hierarchy-consistent counterparts, forward transfers in the canonical direction were more frequent overall than the backward transfers in Turkish. We conclude that Turkish linguistic synesthesia complies with the hierarchy as a descriptive generalization. Results are discussed in comparison to the crossmodal use of sensory words in other languages.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"241 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44040471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1913740
Samantha Ford, J. Littlemore, David J. Houghton
ABSTRACT This paper describes a study conducted in collaboration with a marketing agency and a nonprofit organization (NPO) providing regional sexual health services, which included advice on, and testing for, sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The study investigated the relative effectiveness of different formulations of double entendres on appeal, humor, the likelihood of social media engagement, and intention to seek more information about STIs. Advertisements containing double entendres were significantly more appealing and humorous if: (1) the grammatical formulation did not cue the intended meaning; (2) the double entendre involved a creative metaphorical expression; and (3) the double entendre referred to the middle part of the sexual scenario, referring to action rather than intent or result. Participants’ ratings varied very little according to their age, gender, and education. However, a qualitative investigation of the free-text responses revealed that there was some variation in the types of interpretations that were offered by participants depending on their age, gender, and education. The marketing agency incorporated our findings into their live campaign, which resulted in a notable increase in: (a) website traffic and social media engagement; (b) STI home-testing kits ordered; and (c) STI kits returned for testing, compared with previous campaigns.
{"title":"Got a Spark with Brook? Engaging Consumers in a Sexual Health Campaign through the Use of Creative (Metaphorical) Double Entendres","authors":"Samantha Ford, J. Littlemore, David J. Houghton","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1913740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1913740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper describes a study conducted in collaboration with a marketing agency and a nonprofit organization (NPO) providing regional sexual health services, which included advice on, and testing for, sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The study investigated the relative effectiveness of different formulations of double entendres on appeal, humor, the likelihood of social media engagement, and intention to seek more information about STIs. Advertisements containing double entendres were significantly more appealing and humorous if: (1) the grammatical formulation did not cue the intended meaning; (2) the double entendre involved a creative metaphorical expression; and (3) the double entendre referred to the middle part of the sexual scenario, referring to action rather than intent or result. Participants’ ratings varied very little according to their age, gender, and education. However, a qualitative investigation of the free-text responses revealed that there was some variation in the types of interpretations that were offered by participants depending on their age, gender, and education. The marketing agency incorporated our findings into their live campaign, which resulted in a notable increase in: (a) website traffic and social media engagement; (b) STI home-testing kits ordered; and (c) STI kits returned for testing, compared with previous campaigns.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"207 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41659373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.2006046
Dusan Stamenkovic, Katarina S. Milenkovic, Nicholas Ichien, K. Holyoak
ABSTRACT Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.
{"title":"An Individual-Differences Approach to Poetic Metaphor: Impact of Aptness and Familiarity","authors":"Dusan Stamenkovic, Katarina S. Milenkovic, Nicholas Ichien, K. Holyoak","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.2006046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.2006046","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"38 1","pages":"149 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47177041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952
Juanjuan Wang, Yi Sun
ABSTRACT Speakers of different languages perceive time differently depending on various factors such as age, pace of life, religion, time of day, and even pregnancy. In recent years, studies have shown that this is the case even within one same language community. This article presents research showing that doctors in China differ in their perception of time, based on their specific background training, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or Western medicine (WM), even when both categories speak the same mother tongue. An initial questionnaire showed that TCM doctors were significantly more vertically oriented than WM doctors. To test these findings’ generalizability, we designed a spatial priming experiment (using horizontal and vertical pictures as priming stimuli) to obtain reaction time and accuracy of the doctors’ response on horizontal and vertical questions. TCM doctors showed significantly shorter reaction times and higher accuracy rates than WM doctors when answering vertical questions. These results confirmed the findings of our first survey. Overall, this study provides support for the hypothesis that background training affects the perception of time succession.
{"title":"Different Metaphorical Orientations of Time Succession between Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine","authors":"Juanjuan Wang, Yi Sun","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Speakers of different languages perceive time differently depending on various factors such as age, pace of life, religion, time of day, and even pregnancy. In recent years, studies have shown that this is the case even within one same language community. This article presents research showing that doctors in China differ in their perception of time, based on their specific background training, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or Western medicine (WM), even when both categories speak the same mother tongue. An initial questionnaire showed that TCM doctors were significantly more vertically oriented than WM doctors. To test these findings’ generalizability, we designed a spatial priming experiment (using horizontal and vertical pictures as priming stimuli) to obtain reaction time and accuracy of the doctors’ response on horizontal and vertical questions. TCM doctors showed significantly shorter reaction times and higher accuracy rates than WM doctors when answering vertical questions. These results confirmed the findings of our first survey. Overall, this study provides support for the hypothesis that background training affects the perception of time succession.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"36 1","pages":"194 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2021.1910952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41382557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1899751
Lacey Okonski
Cognitive scientists who study poetry and aesthetics often write with great craftmanship (e.g. Gibbs, 2017, p. 14; or Young, 2014). In her recent book, The Poem as Icon (2020), Margaret Freeman does not disappoint in this capacity. She writes: “Just as the far reaches of the visible and the invisible worlds are experienced through scientific knowledge, so are they experienced through artistic feeling. Scientists and poets are not pursuing different realities: they are pursuing them from different perspectives.” In introducing the topic, she rightly puts forward the claim that art is not beyond scientific reach. Indeed, there are increasingly publications coming forth on cognitive poetics (inter alia Brône & Vandaele, 2009; Csabi, 2018; Lakoff & Turner, 1989; Stockwell, 2020; Tsur, 2008; Turner, 2006, 2014; see also the reviewed book’s bibliography). This is also the case for other areas in cognition and aesthetics such as dance (Bläsing, Puttke, & Schack, 2012; Fernandez, Evola, & Ribeiro, in preparation), music (Pearce & Rohrmeier, 2012), and art (Solso, 1994). These studies reveal the human experience of aesthetic objects and also contribute to basic science by confirming that cognitive aesthetics are an integral aspect of our cognitive system. Freeman begins the book by exploring the roles of icon, semblance, metaphor, and schema and concludes with her arguments for the poem as icon and a theory of cognitive aesthetics. Her work appeals to an interdisciplinary audience including philosophy from the classics to the phenomenologists, poets from Emily Dickinson to Sylvia Plath, and those doing the empirical and theoretical work in this area including Raymond Gibbs, Zoltán Kövecses, Reuven Tsur, and Mark Turner to name a few. This book does not intend to provide a comprehensive overview of all of the studies in the area of cognitive poetics; it aims to build a cognitive theory of poetics and it is successful at advancing a theory of poem as icon. In the introductory section, Freeman argues that “taste, beauty, and pleasure are produced by, not constitutive of, the aesthetic faculty” (Freeman, 2020, p. 12). She situates the goal of poetic cognition as providing an explanatory methodology for poetic effects and a theoretical basis for poetic evaluation. The terminology gives her approach a more dynamic tone, such as preferring the term minding rather than mind, proffering a reading that the mind and the associated faculties, including the aesthetic faculty, are an emergent quality. This proposition is compatible with dynamic theories of cognition and with the cognitive view of embodied subjectivity that Freeman alludes to. The idea that our felt subjective bodily experiences inform our cognition on higher level cognitive tasks, such as reading poetry, is a modern theoretical position (Gibbs, 2005) although it may date back to pre-Cartesian times (pp.141–142). Poet Elizabeth Acevedo once described the power of poetry: “I think poetry is amazing becau
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Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1905486
Joanna Łozińska
ABSTRACT The article presents an analysis of metaphorical names for yoga postures (called asanas) as well as other verbal and verbo-gestural means of communication used by yoga teachers to describe these complex bodily postures. The difficulty of describing the intricacies of subjective bodily experience has been noted in the previous studies which, for example, deal with the metaphorical language, who analyze the metaphorical language and metaphorical gestures used by dance teachers to convey information about the subjective experience of bodily balance while dancing tango and ballet. A common feature of all the metaphors discussed in the present paper is mental imagery, which is mapped from source to target. The study shows firstly that metaphor is an important didactic tool used by yoga teachers to instruct practitioners about complicated postures; secondly, that the images permeating verbal and verbo-gestural metaphors used for didactic purposes during a yoga class are a mixture of static, dynamic and image-schematic elements. It is assumed that these are mainly image schemas underlying source and target domains of metaphors used in yoga discourse that allow for the conveyance of information on the intricacies and logic of asanas.
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