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On Poetry and the Science(s) of Meaning 论诗歌与意义科学
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2172821
A. Katz, Carina Rasse, Herbert L. Colston
The genesis for this special issue arose in a rethinking of the presence of poetry in the cognitive and language sciences that arose as a consequence of two seminal moments in the 1990s. Gibbs (1994) book, “The poetics of mind” presented a comprehensive review of metaphor and other tropes in which they argued, and presented empirical evidence, in support of the thesis that the human mind was profoundly poetic and figurative in nature. At about the same time, George Lakoff (1993) updated his earlier work with Mark Johnson (1980) in his chapter the “Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.” There he argues that metaphoric expression is conceptual (and not merely a matter of language) and that this conceptual structure underlies both literal and poetic language. In both of these seminal works, the focus was on understanding the structure and functions of the mind through the analysis of language, including poetic language. We decided to frame this special issue around the obverse question: In the 30 years since the initial writings of Gibbs and of Lakoff, what have we learned from the cognitive and language sciences about poetry? We have gone off and explored metaphor and other meaning-making processes in practically everything that is human, but what has gone on in the world of poetry, where many people used to believe metaphor originated? We were cognizant of the fact that poetry is a ubiquitous feature of human beings (Rasse, 2022), found in pre-literate societies and in the earliest examples of written literature. As such, we wanted to throw the net widely and put out a call for papers that said in part: “We are seeking works that go beyond the mere documentation of metaphor in poetry.” We wanted papers that spoke to general themes about poetry qua poetry. We wanted to have a set of papers that, taken together, looked at poetry in different linguistic, cultural, and historical contexts. We wanted some papers that were largely empirical. We wanted some papers that were largely theoretical. Knowing that there were scholars who, in addition to their academic work, were poets in their own right (as, in fact, is the case with the three editors of this special issue) we hoped that some of these scholars would submit papers that integrated ideas drawn from their academic work along with their embodied experiences in producing poems. We are delighted that the set of papers bound in this special issue met our hopes. There are papers that examine aspects of poetry in Arabic, English, Serbian, and Vietnamese. There are papers that compare poetry across different languages, or from a historical perspective, or that examine the role played by specific psychological characteristics. There are papers that emphasize metaphoric expression in poetry and others that consider conceptual metaphor and figurative construction types such as zeugma. And, there are papers written by scholars who have published books on poetry and bring to bear that experience in thinking more ge
这一特刊的创刊源于对诗歌在认知和语言科学中存在的重新思考,这是20世纪90年代两个开创性时刻的结果。吉布斯(1994)的《心灵的诗学》一书对隐喻和他们所争论的其他比喻进行了全面的回顾,并提供了经验证据,以支持人类心灵本质上具有深刻的诗意和象征性。大约在同一时间,乔治·拉科夫(1993)在他的“当代隐喻理论”一章中更新了他与马克·约翰逊(1980)的早期作品。他认为隐喻表达是概念性的(而不仅仅是语言问题),这种概念结构是文字和诗歌语言的基础。在这两部开创性的作品中,重点都是通过对语言(包括诗歌语言)的分析来理解心灵的结构和功能。我们决定围绕正面问题来构建这个特刊:在吉布斯和拉科夫最初写作以来的30年里,我们从诗歌的认知和语言科学中学到了什么?我们已经开始探索隐喻和其他意义形成过程,实际上在人类的一切中,但在诗歌世界里发生了什么,许多人过去认为隐喻起源于诗歌世界?我们意识到,诗歌是人类普遍存在的特征(Rasse,2022),存在于识字前的社会和最早的书面文学中。因此,我们想广撒网,并呼吁撰写部分内容如下的论文:“我们正在寻找超越诗歌隐喻文献的作品。”我们想要的论文涉及诗歌的一般主题。我们希望有一套论文,把它们放在一起,研究不同语言、文化和历史背景下的诗歌。我们想要一些主要是实证的论文。我们想要一些理论性的论文。我们知道,除了学术工作之外,还有一些学者本身就是诗人(事实上,本期特刊的三位编辑就是这样),我们希望这些学者中的一些人能够提交论文,将他们学术工作中的思想与他们创作诗歌的具体经验相结合。我们感到高兴的是,这期特刊装订的一套文件满足了我们的希望。有些论文研究阿拉伯语、英语、塞尔维亚语和越南语诗歌的各个方面。有些论文比较了不同语言的诗歌,或者从历史的角度,或者研究了特定心理特征所起的作用。有一些论文强调诗歌中的隐喻表达,也有一些论文考虑概念隐喻和比喻结构类型,如zeugma。此外,还有一些学者撰写的论文,他们出版了关于诗歌的书籍,并在更普遍地思考诗歌的本质时带来了这种经验(例如,Holyoak,2019a;2019b;Young,2018)。从概念上讲,这些论文可以非常粗略地分为四类。两个书柜,然后里面放着两组文件。
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引用次数: 1
Cognitive Factors Related to Metaphor Goodness in Poetic and Non-literary Metaphor 诗歌与非文学隐喻中与隐喻善性相关的认知因素
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.2011285
J. Nick Reid, Hamad Al-Azary, A. Katz
ABSTRACT In this paper we examine the effect of two cognitive variables, Semantic Neighborhood Density and Interpretive Diversity, in first, distinguishing between literary (poetic) and nonliterary metaphor, and second, in determining what makes for a good metaphor. Analyses of items taken from a widely used set ofmetaphor norms indicated that while literary and nonliterary metaphor did not differ in many ways, the poetic items tended to 1) contain concepts that came from a more dense semantic space, 2) contain topic and vehicles that came from equally dense semantic space, 3) suggest a greater number of possible interpretations as the topic and vehicle became more semantically dissimilar, and 4) evoke more emergent interpretations (i.e., less likely to be a characteristic of the topic or vehicle when considered separately). In addition, we found one way that the two variables were related to metaphor goodness: better metaphors were those with vehicles that came from increasingly less dense semantic space. This correlation was only reliable for literary, poetic items, presumably because these items were taken from a richer semantic environment suggesting many more alternative possibilities.
在本文中,我们研究了两个认知变量,语义邻域密度和解释多样性的影响,首先,区分文学(诗歌)和非文学隐喻,其次,决定什么是一个好的隐喻。从一组广泛使用的隐喻规范中提取的项目分析表明,虽然文学和非文学隐喻在许多方面没有区别,但诗歌项目倾向于1)包含来自更密集的语义空间的概念,2)包含来自同样密集的语义空间的主题和媒介,3)随着主题和媒介在语义上变得更加不同,暗示了更多可能的解释,4)唤起更多的紧急解释(即,单独考虑时,不太可能成为主题或载体的特征)。此外,我们还发现了这两个变量与隐喻好坏相关的一种方式:更好的隐喻是那些来自越来越不密集的语义空间的载体。这种相关性只在文学和诗歌的条目中是可靠的,大概是因为这些条目来自一个更丰富的语义环境,暗示了更多的可能性。
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引用次数: 1
Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS): The Case of Spatial and Abstract Relations 识别隐喻场景的程序:以空间和抽象关系为例
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2062243
Marlene Johansson Falck, Lacey Okonski
ABSTRACT This article tackles the tricky problem of identifying metaphors in language that includes prepositions. We demonstrate how the Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse, Johansson Falck & Okonski, accepted) can be used to identify metaphorical relations reflected in language. The scenes evoked correspond to conceptualizations that are directly attested by the specific linguistic constructions in the sentences under analysis. We present two studies that test the reliability of the procedure and the sensitivity of the tool for prepositions. Results show that PIMS provides a simple procedure that increases both reliability and sensitivity for prepositional constructions. By focusing on the scenes evoked by linguistic constructions, the procedure highlights the contextual meanings of the constructions and the specific experiences that they code.
本文探讨了在包含介词的语言中识别隐喻的棘手问题。我们论证了语言表达在话语中反映和唤起的隐喻场景识别程序(PIMS) (Johansson Falck & Okonski,已被接受)如何用于识别语言中反映的隐喻关系。被唤起的场景对应于被分析句子中的特定语言结构直接证实的概念化。我们提出了两个研究,测试程序的可靠性和敏感性的工具的介词。结果表明,PIMS提供了一个简单的程序,提高了介词结构的可靠性和灵敏度。通过关注语言结构所唤起的场景,该程序突出了结构的语境意义和它们所编码的具体经验。
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引用次数: 0
Metaphors and Related Expressions in Older Adults in the Field of Trauma and Stress-related Disorders: A Scoping Review 隐喻和相关表达在老年人创伤和压力相关障碍领域:一个范围审查
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2091446
S. Rossi, A. Maercker, E. Heim
ABSTRACT A scoping review was conducted to explore the metaphors and related expressions older adults use to describe extremely stressful events that may lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Complex PTSD (CPTSD), Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), or Adjustment Disorder (AjD). Relevant databases from psychology, gerontology, and related fields were searched. In addition, relevant references found in included papers were considered. Inclusion criteria were: qualitative study, sample of older adults (age 65+), and focus on maladaptive rather than adaptive psychological aspects. Eleven studies focusing on PTSD, 5 on CPTSD, 13 on PGD, and 10 on AjD were included. Metaphors and other expressions related to extremely stressful events were then extracted and analyzed. Multiple linguistic expressions to describe extremely stressful events and stress-related symptoms were identified. Metaphors and related expressions often referred to the body and the theme of moving on with one’s life.
摘要本研究旨在探讨老年人用于描述可能导致创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、复杂创伤后应激障碍(CPTSD)、长期悲伤障碍(PGD)或适应障碍(AjD)的极端应激事件的隐喻和相关表达。检索了心理学、老年学及相关领域的相关数据库。此外,还考虑了纳入论文中的相关参考文献。纳入标准为:定性研究、老年人(65岁以上)样本、关注适应不良而非适应心理方面。包括11项PTSD研究,5项CPTSD研究,13项PGD研究,10项AjD研究。然后提取和分析与极端压力事件相关的隐喻和其他表达。发现了多种语言表达来描述极度紧张的事件和与压力相关的症状。隐喻和相关的表达通常指的是身体和继续生活的主题。
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引用次数: 0
‘The Genome Is the Brain of the Cell!’ How Japanese English Learners Mediate Understanding of Academic Content through Metaphor “基因组是细胞的大脑!”日本英语学习者如何通过隐喻介导对学术内容的理解
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2091444
Dennis Lindenberg
ABSTRACT This study investigates metaphor in its role to mediate concepts in academic textbooks and promote content understanding in the English-medium instruction (EMI) context. Of particular interest is how the language of the discourse affected and possibly hindered metaphor comprehension. Drawing on the theoretical insights found in sociocultural theory and cognitive linguistics, a stance was assumed in which language is treated as embodied and contextual, and verbalizing thoughts (languaging) assists understanding. Three pairs of Japanese students with varying English proficiency levels were invited to participate in online group-based think-aloud protocols where they read and discussed selected paragraphs taken from two social and two natural science textbooks written in English. After accessing the participants’ general knowledge about the main topic of each paragraph, content understanding was accounted for in form of prompts during the think-aloud sessions and a 3-week delayed posttest. In total, over 8 hours of video data were collected, transcribed, and treated with the metaphor identification procedure MIPVU. Qualitative inspections of charged moments in discourse pinpoint metaphor as an important tool for compressing abstract entities or processes into meaningful, dense bundles of information. Participants also created their own analogies and expanded on found metaphoric expressions in textbooks when attempting to make sense of abstract phenomena in science. Further, this study confirms that the lack of English proficiency or schematic knowledge can result in non-understanding, misunderstanding, or partial understanding of metaphoric expressions which has implications for the EMI context.
摘要本研究探讨了隐喻在英语教学中对教科书概念的中介作用,以及促进内容理解的作用。特别令人感兴趣的是,语篇的语言是如何影响和可能阻碍隐喻理解的。根据社会文化理论和认知语言学中的理论见解,人们认为语言被视为具体的和语境的,语言化的思想(语言化)有助于理解。三对英语水平不同的日本学生被邀请参加基于在线小组的大声思考协议,他们在协议中阅读和讨论从两本英语社会和两本自然科学教科书中选取的段落。在了解了参与者关于每一段主要主题的一般知识后,在大声思考和3周延迟后测期间,以提示的形式解释内容理解。总共收集、转录了超过8小时的视频数据,并使用隐喻识别程序MIPVU进行处理。对语篇中带电矩的定性检查将隐喻定位为将抽象实体或过程压缩成有意义、密集的信息束的重要工具。参与者在试图理解科学中的抽象现象时,还创建了自己的类比,并扩展了教科书中发现的隐喻表达。此外,本研究证实,缺乏英语能力或图式知识会导致对隐喻表达的不理解、误解或部分理解,这对EMI上下文有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Individual Differences in Verbal Irony Use: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Psycholinguistic Studies 言语反语使用的个体差异:定量心理语言学研究的系统综述
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2160253
Piotr Kałowski, Maria Zajączkowska, Katarzyna Branowska, Anna Olechowska, Aleksandra Siemieniuk, Ewa Dryll, N. Banasik-Jemielniak
ABSTRACT We carried out a systematic review of psycholinguistic, empirical, quantitative studies on verbal irony use and individual differences (i.e. psychological, not demographic, traits that significantly differentiate individuals). Out of 5,967 publications screened, 29, comprising 35 studies in total, were included. Following a qualitative content analysis, six thematic clusters were identified, representing areas of research in individual differences in irony use: (a) psychological well-being, (b) personality traits, (c) humor-related traits, (d) cultural factors, (e) social skills, and (f) cognitive factors. The results of the studies in each cluster are summarized and conclusions for further research are presented. In particular, the systematic review suggests that irony and sarcasm should be clearly delineated as separate, yet related phenomena due to differing patterns of correlations with specific individual differences. Additionally, significant methodological heterogeneity between the studies suggests the need for greater standardization of irony use measures.
本文系统回顾了心理语言学、实证和定量研究对言语反讽使用和个体差异(即个体显著差异的心理特征,而非人口特征)的影响。在筛选的5 967份出版物中,包括29份,共35份研究报告。在定性内容分析之后,确定了六个主题集群,代表了反语使用个体差异的研究领域:(a)心理健康,(b)人格特征,(c)幽默相关特征,(d)文化因素,(e)社交技能和(f)认知因素。总结了各聚类的研究结果,并提出了进一步研究的结论。特别是,系统回顾表明,反讽和讽刺应该被清楚地描述为独立的,但相关的现象,因为不同的模式与特定的个体差异相关。此外,研究之间显著的方法异质性表明需要对反语使用措施进行更大的标准化。
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引用次数: 1
Embodied Metaphor Processing: A Study of the Priming Impact of Congruent and Opposite Gestural Representations of Metaphor Schema on Metaphor Comprehension 具身隐喻加工:隐喻图式的一致和相反的手势表征对隐喻理解的启动影响研究
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2122830
Omid Khatin-Zadeh
ABSTRACT This study examined the performances of three groups of participants in interpreting metaphors in three different conditions: congruent gesture-prime conditions, opposite gesture-prime conditions, and no-prime conditions. In congruent gesture-prime conditions, each metaphor was preceded by the congruent gestural representation of metaphor schema. In opposite gesture-prime conditions, each metaphor was preceded by the opposite gestural representation of metaphor schema. The results showed that participants of congruent gesture-prime conditions had the best performance in interpreting metaphors, while participants of opposite gesture-prime conditions had the worst performance. It is suggested that metaphor schema is an important part of metaphorical meaning of a metaphor. Therefore, when this part of meaning is activated by a gestural prime, metaphor comprehension is facilitated. Furthermore, when a schema is used to metaphorically describe a concept or an event, that schema and the neural network that represents it become one part of a larger interconnected neural network that represents the meaning of the metaphor. It could mean that the activation of one part of it could facilitate the activation of the whole of the network. Finally, it is emphasized that a gesture that depicts the schema of a metaphor is in fact the embodied realization of that metaphor.
摘要本研究考察了三组被试在三种不同条件下的隐喻解释表现:一致的手势启动条件、相反的手势启动条件和无启动条件。在相同的手势启动条件下,每个隐喻之前都有相同的隐喻图式手势表征。在相反的手势启动条件下,每个隐喻之前都有相反的隐喻图式的手势表征。结果表明,手势启动条件一致的被试在隐喻解释上表现最好,而手势启动条件相反的被试在隐喻解释上表现最差。认为隐喻图式是隐喻意义的重要组成部分。因此,当这部分意义被手势启动时,隐喻的理解就容易了。此外,当一个图式被用来隐喻性地描述一个概念或一个事件时,这个图式和代表它的神经网络就成为一个更大的相互连接的神经网络的一部分,这个神经网络代表了隐喻的意义。这可能意味着它的一部分的激活可以促进整个网络的激活。最后,强调了描绘隐喻图式的手势实际上是该隐喻的具体化实现。
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引用次数: 6
Metaphorical Humor in Satirical News Shows: A Content Analysis. 讽刺新闻节目中的隐喻幽默:内容分析。
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2160252
Ellen Droog, Christian Burgers

Satirical news is often characterized as a hybrid genre that consists of three important communicative functions: it is (1) humoristic, (2) informative, and (3) evaluative. The Humoristic Metaphors in Satirical News (HMSN) typology demonstrates that metaphors can be utilized by satirists to express this hybridity by consisting of a combination of one or more of satire's core communicative functions. Nevertheless, the underlying principles through which metaphors are capable of humorously explaining and/or criticizing current affairs are less clear. To broaden our understanding of how metaphorical humor is used in satirical news to fulfill these functions, we integrate the HMSN typology with the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH). The GTVH assumes that all verbal humor must draw from six interdependent Knowledge Resources (KRs). Through a content analysis of metaphorical humor used across various American satirical news shows, we investigated how these KRs are used to fulfill satire's core communicative functions across the various metaphorical sub-types of the HSMN typology. We found that: (1) some KRs can help fulfill the communicative function(s) of metaphorical jokes, while (2) some KRs constrain the options available for the expression of certain communicative function(s) or other KRs.

讽刺新闻通常被认为是一种混合类型,它具有三种重要的交际功能:(1)幽默,(2)信息,(3)评价。讽刺新闻(HMSN)类型学中的幽默隐喻表明,讽刺作家可以利用隐喻将讽刺的一种或多种核心交际功能组合在一起来表达这种杂糅性。然而,隐喻能够幽默地解释和/或批评时事的基本原理却不太清楚。为了扩大我们对隐喻幽默如何在讽刺新闻中发挥这些功能的理解,我们将HMSN类型学与言语幽默一般理论(GTVH)结合起来。GTVH假设所有言语幽默必须从六个相互依存的知识资源(KRs)中汲取。通过对美国各种讽刺新闻节目中使用的隐喻性幽默的内容分析,我们研究了这些隐喻性幽默是如何在HSMN类型的不同隐喻子类型中实现讽刺的核心交际功能的。研究发现:(1)一些隐喻语可以帮助实现隐喻笑话的交际功能,而(2)一些隐喻语限制了某些交际功能或其他隐喻语的表达选择。
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引用次数: 0
Review of the Book: 书评:
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2091447
M. Kuczok
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引用次数: 13
Like a Virus. Similes for a Pandemic 就像病毒一样。流行病的相似性
IF 1.1 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2022-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2021.1998902
Maria-Josep Cuenca, Manuela Romano
ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the life of every inhabitant of the planet. During 2020 and 2021 a significant amount of work on how the pandemic is being conceptualized and communicated has been done. Most work has focused on the role of metaphor in the construal of specific cognitive frames. In this paper, we turn to a similar but different conceptualization mechanism, i.e. simile. Drawing from recent socio-cognitive and discursive empirical approaches to similes, this paper focuses on “target is like source” constructions in English and Spanish containing (corona)virus either as target or source of the simile. The analysis is based on 200 examples found in the digital media during the first wave of the pandemic in 2020. First, the constructions, conceptualizations and mappings are analyzed. Second, the relevant discourse features (genre type, relation to subjectivity, text location and structuring properties) are described. Finally, the cross-linguistic English-Spanish analysis shows that, despite the many coincidences in both datasets, there are different tendencies as for the use of culture-specific mappings and the genres where the similes occur in. The study aims at testing to what extent the general features characterizing similes also hold in the case of (corona)virus, both as source and as target. The corpus analysis contributes, in addition, to the emerging line of research on the use of figuration in the communication of the pandemic, as well as to the study of the discursive dimensions of similes in real settings.
摘要新冠肺炎大流行对地球上每一位居民的生活都产生了巨大影响。在2020年和2021年期间,已经就如何概念化和传播这一流行病做了大量工作。大多数工作都集中在隐喻在特定认知框架的解释中的作用上。在本文中,我们转向一种相似但不同的概念化机制,即明喻。本文借鉴了最近对明喻的社会认知和话语经验方法,重点研究了英语和西班牙语中包含(冠状病毒)病毒作为明喻目标或来源的“目标像源”结构。该分析基于2020年第一波疫情期间在数字媒体中发现的200个例子。首先,分析了结构、概念和映射。其次,描述了相关的话语特征(体裁类型、与主体的关系、文本位置和结构特征)。最后,跨语言的英语-西班牙语分析表明,尽管这两个数据集存在许多巧合,但在使用特定文化的映射和明喻出现的类型方面存在不同的趋势。该研究旨在测试在(冠状病毒)病例中,明喻的一般特征在多大程度上也适用,无论是作为来源还是作为目标。此外,语料库分析有助于新出现的关于在疫情传播中使用比喻的研究,以及对真实环境中明喻的话语维度的研究。
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引用次数: 0
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Metaphor and Symbol
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