Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2024.2295636
Herbert L. Colston, Carina Rasse
Published in Metaphor and Symbol (Vol. 39, No. 1, 2024)
发表于《隐喻与象征》（第 39 卷第 1 期，2024 年）
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Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2291351
Geoffrey Ventalon
Published in Metaphor and Symbol (Vol. 39, No. 1, 2024)
发表于《隐喻与象征》（第 39 卷第 1 期，2024 年）
{"title":"Visual Metaphors and Aesthetics: A Formalist Theory of Metaphor","authors":"Geoffrey Ventalon","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2291351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2291351","url":null,"abstract":"Published in Metaphor and Symbol (Vol. 39, No. 1, 2024)","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139516155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2273301
India M. S. Roberts, Marianna M. Bolognesi
Metaphors can provide a conceptual framework for understanding complex topics and as such, they have frequently been used in COVID-19 discourse. As previous research indicates that conceptual metap...
{"title":"The Influence of Metaphorical Framing on Emotions and Reasoning About the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"India M. S. Roberts, Marianna M. Bolognesi","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2273301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2273301","url":null,"abstract":"Metaphors can provide a conceptual framework for understanding complex topics and as such, they have frequently been used in COVID-19 discourse. As previous research indicates that conceptual metap...","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139515872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2268685
Wojciech Lewandowski, Şeyda Özçalışkan
The expression of physical motion (the spider crawls across the net) and metaphorical motion (the fear crawls across her heart) shows strong inter-typological differences between language types (Ge...
{"title":"Translating Motion Events Across Physical and Metaphorical Spaces in Structurally Similar Versus Structurally Different Languages","authors":"Wojciech Lewandowski, Şeyda Özçalışkan","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2268685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2268685","url":null,"abstract":"The expression of physical motion (the spider crawls across the net) and metaphorical motion (the fear crawls across her heart) shows strong inter-typological differences between language types (Ge...","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139496851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2271544
Charles Forceville
Research on metaphor has over the past decades increasingly been extended to its visual and multimodal varieties. While analysts of verbal metaphors are helped by the fact that languages have gramm...
{"title":"Identifying and Interpreting Visual and Multimodal Metaphor in Commercials and Feature Films","authors":"Charles Forceville","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2271544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2271544","url":null,"abstract":"Research on metaphor has over the past decades increasingly been extended to its visual and multimodal varieties. While analysts of verbal metaphors are helped by the fact that languages have gramm...","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139516319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2225561
Laura Pissani, Roberto G. de Almeida
ABSTRACTConventional metaphors such as early bird are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is so because they might be stored as lexicalized, non-compositional expressions. In a previous study, employing a maze task, we showed that, after reading metaphors (John is an early bird so he can …), participants took longer and were less accurate in selecting the appropriate word (attend) when it was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of conventional metaphors is awakened or made available immediately after their metaphorical interpretation. But does the literal meaning remain available further downstream during sentence comprehension? In two experiments also employing a maze task, we examined whether the awakening effect can be obtained when there is a medium (6 to 8 words) and a large (11 to 13 words) distance between the metaphor and lexical choice. Results indicated that the metaphor awakening effect persists but decreases as word distance increases. An analysis of our data based on a GPT model showed that our maze effects could not be attributed to target predictability. Overall, our results suggest that the literal meaning of a metaphor is accessed and remains available for about three seconds, fading as the sentence unfolds over time. The results support a model of metaphor comprehension that postulates the availability of both literal and metaphoric content in the course of sentence processing. AcknowledgmentsWe are indebted to Tobias Ungerer for his comments on section 5 and the calculation of the surprisal scores using the GPT-2 model, and to Cedric Le-Bouar for helping code the data. We thank Caitlyn Antal for her guidance on the statistical analyses for section 5. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments on an earlier version of the present article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We note, however, that the present study was not designed to investigate the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff, Citation1993; Lakoff & Johnson, Citation1980), nor were our materials suited for such a task. Although some of the cues we employed may be taken as novel extensions of conventional metaphors, we cannot assert that (a) all of our cues are metaphorical extensions, as some may be literal cues. For instance, we anticipate that the literal meaning of cold feet can be triggered by the cue warm regardless of whether the latter is used metaphorically (e.g., warm welcome) or literally (e.g., warm weather). Nor can we assert that (b) all extensions belong to the same metaphor family, for we may not have the theoretical grounds to establish all cases in which a metaphor belongs to one or another metaphor family. For instance, it is not obvious whether warm blood, warm gesture, hot take, hot minute, cold glance, cold turkey, cool cat, and cool head belong to the same metaphor family
{"title":"Early Birds Can Fly: Awakening the Literal Meaning of Conventional Metaphors Further Downstream","authors":"Laura Pissani, Roberto G. de Almeida","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2225561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2225561","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTConventional metaphors such as early bird are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is so because they might be stored as lexicalized, non-compositional expressions. In a previous study, employing a maze task, we showed that, after reading metaphors (John is an early bird so he can …), participants took longer and were less accurate in selecting the appropriate word (attend) when it was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of conventional metaphors is awakened or made available immediately after their metaphorical interpretation. But does the literal meaning remain available further downstream during sentence comprehension? In two experiments also employing a maze task, we examined whether the awakening effect can be obtained when there is a medium (6 to 8 words) and a large (11 to 13 words) distance between the metaphor and lexical choice. Results indicated that the metaphor awakening effect persists but decreases as word distance increases. An analysis of our data based on a GPT model showed that our maze effects could not be attributed to target predictability. Overall, our results suggest that the literal meaning of a metaphor is accessed and remains available for about three seconds, fading as the sentence unfolds over time. The results support a model of metaphor comprehension that postulates the availability of both literal and metaphoric content in the course of sentence processing. AcknowledgmentsWe are indebted to Tobias Ungerer for his comments on section 5 and the calculation of the surprisal scores using the GPT-2 model, and to Cedric Le-Bouar for helping code the data. We thank Caitlyn Antal for her guidance on the statistical analyses for section 5. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments on an earlier version of the present article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 We note, however, that the present study was not designed to investigate the conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff, Citation1993; Lakoff & Johnson, Citation1980), nor were our materials suited for such a task. Although some of the cues we employed may be taken as novel extensions of conventional metaphors, we cannot assert that (a) all of our cues are metaphorical extensions, as some may be literal cues. For instance, we anticipate that the literal meaning of cold feet can be triggered by the cue warm regardless of whether the latter is used metaphorically (e.g., warm welcome) or literally (e.g., warm weather). Nor can we assert that (b) all extensions belong to the same metaphor family, for we may not have the theoretical grounds to establish all cases in which a metaphor belongs to one or another metaphor family. For instance, it is not obvious whether warm blood, warm gesture, hot take, hot minute, cold glance, cold turkey, cool cat, and cool head belong to the same metaphor family","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2215847
Josef Kundrát, Karel Rečka, Karel Paulík, František Baumgartner, Marek Malůš, Lenka Skanderová, Tomáš Fabián, Jan Platoš, Martina Litschmannová, Adéla Vrtková, Tereza Benešová
Traditional methods of measuring attitudes usually consist of expressing the degree of agreement with a series of statements. In this paper, we test a new method to express attitudes through interactive metaphors. Primary school students set the distance and physical size of objects (visual representations of school subjects) using a digital application. During this task, they communicated their understanding of the distance and physical size of the object. Distance was most often interpreted by respondents as a metaphorical expression of liking, with objects closer perceived as more likeable. Size was most often interpreted as a metaphor expressing importance and usefulness, with positively rated objects being expressed as larger. Additionally, we investigated whether increasing the size and decreasing the distance are related to a more positive verbal evaluation of the object. The results supported our predictions, and they are also consistent with previous research findings on metaphor mapping, primary metaphors, and the relationship between physical size and importance.
{"title":"Assessing Attitudes Indirectly Through Conceptual Metaphors of Size and Distance in an Interactive Software","authors":"Josef Kundrát, Karel Rečka, Karel Paulík, František Baumgartner, Marek Malůš, Lenka Skanderová, Tomáš Fabián, Jan Platoš, Martina Litschmannová, Adéla Vrtková, Tereza Benešová","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2215847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2215847","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional methods of measuring attitudes usually consist of expressing the degree of agreement with a series of statements. In this paper, we test a new method to express attitudes through interactive metaphors. Primary school students set the distance and physical size of objects (visual representations of school subjects) using a digital application. During this task, they communicated their understanding of the distance and physical size of the object. Distance was most often interpreted by respondents as a metaphorical expression of liking, with objects closer perceived as more likeable. Size was most often interpreted as a metaphor expressing importance and usefulness, with positively rated objects being expressed as larger. Additionally, we investigated whether increasing the size and decreasing the distance are related to a more positive verbal evaluation of the object. The results supported our predictions, and they are also consistent with previous research findings on metaphor mapping, primary metaphors, and the relationship between physical size and importance.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2213737
Lotte van Poppel, Roosmaryn Pilgram
The appropriateness and persuasiveness of using metaphors has become subject of debate in both the academic and the public arena. Recent studies have shown that particular metaphors give rise to resistance, yet the nature of metaphor resistance is still hardly explored. This paper therefore examines the ways in which metaphors can be explicitly resisted, focusing on metaphors that are used in argumentative discourse. We propose an analytical tool, a typology of resistance to metaphor, to distinguish grounds for language users to reject unacceptable metaphors, based on the parameter of focus of the resistance and norms appealed to in the resistance. We applied the typology in a small corpus-analytical study using Twitter replies. Our results show that most resistance was based on discussion rules and focused on the proposition of metaphor, yet resistance focused on the situation, person or locution also occurred.
{"title":"Types of Resistance to Metaphor","authors":"Lotte van Poppel, Roosmaryn Pilgram","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2213737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2213737","url":null,"abstract":"The appropriateness and persuasiveness of using metaphors has become subject of debate in both the academic and the public arena. Recent studies have shown that particular metaphors give rise to resistance, yet the nature of metaphor resistance is still hardly explored. This paper therefore examines the ways in which metaphors can be explicitly resisted, focusing on metaphors that are used in argumentative discourse. We propose an analytical tool, a typology of resistance to metaphor, to distinguish grounds for language users to reject unacceptable metaphors, based on the parameter of focus of the resistance and norms appealed to in the resistance. We applied the typology in a small corpus-analytical study using Twitter replies. Our results show that most resistance was based on discussion rules and focused on the proposition of metaphor, yet resistance focused on the situation, person or locution also occurred.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2023.2170753
W. Gudrun Reijnierse, Christian Burgers
This article describes the Metaphorical Source Domain Identification Procedure (MSDIP), which can be used to code source domains in metaphor identification. In the first part of the article, we describe the complexity of source-domain coding in corpus analysis. We argue that, in many cases, discourse is underspecified and multiple source-domain candidates may be relevant for a specific metaphorical expression. For instance, if a word like “fight” or “target” is used metaphorically, it could refer to either the source domain of war or sports. To make these issues explicit for analysts, we developed MSDIP, which builds on and extends the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU). In the second part of the article, we explain the coding steps of MSDIP and subsequently report on a reliability analysis, demonstrating the reproducibility of the procedure. We end with a number of detailed sample analyses, demonstrating the role of co-text and context in selecting the likeliest source-domain candidate through MSDIP. These analyses show that MSDIP is both reliable and flexible in dealing with the complexities of real-life discourse during source-domain coding.
{"title":"MSDIP: A Method for Coding Source Domains in Metaphor Analysis","authors":"W. Gudrun Reijnierse, Christian Burgers","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2023.2170753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2023.2170753","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the Metaphorical Source Domain Identification Procedure (MSDIP), which can be used to code source domains in metaphor identification. In the first part of the article, we describe the complexity of source-domain coding in corpus analysis. We argue that, in many cases, discourse is underspecified and multiple source-domain candidates may be relevant for a specific metaphorical expression. For instance, if a word like “fight” or “target” is used metaphorically, it could refer to either the source domain of war or sports. To make these issues explicit for analysts, we developed MSDIP, which builds on and extends the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU). In the second part of the article, we explain the coding steps of MSDIP and subsequently report on a reliability analysis, demonstrating the reproducibility of the procedure. We end with a number of detailed sample analyses, demonstrating the role of co-text and context in selecting the likeliest source-domain candidate through MSDIP. These analyses show that MSDIP is both reliable and flexible in dealing with the complexities of real-life discourse during source-domain coding.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2022.2158088
Winnie Huiheng Zeng, K. Ahrens
ABSTRACT This study proposes an operational approach to a metaphorical framing analysis using large-scale data. We conducted a case analysis of how war metaphors are framed to address various societal issues in a corpus of public speeches by Hong Kong government officials. By investigating patterns of lexical choices under the source domain of WAR and the underlying reasons for the source-target domain mappings (i.e. Mapping Principles), we found that the target domain of social issues in Hong Kong is primarily conceptualized in terms of a combat frame, and governmental issues are primarily talked about in terms of a protection frame, both of which are positively evaluated. Additionally, economic issues are primarily addressed in terms of a strategy frame, which is both positively and negatively evaluated. We show that analyzing the Mapping Principles of these conceptual metaphors captures the “selection” process of framing at the dimensions of frame frequency and frame sentiment, allowing for a principled way to propose a metaphorical framing analysis in corpora-based studies. The proposed approach enriches Critical Discourse Analysis studies of metaphorical framing and bridges the link between metaphor analysis at a conceptual level and framing analysis at a communication level.
{"title":"Corpus-Based Metaphorical Framing Analysis: WAR Metaphors in Hong Kong Public Discourse","authors":"Winnie Huiheng Zeng, K. Ahrens","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2022.2158088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2022.2158088","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study proposes an operational approach to a metaphorical framing analysis using large-scale data. We conducted a case analysis of how war metaphors are framed to address various societal issues in a corpus of public speeches by Hong Kong government officials. By investigating patterns of lexical choices under the source domain of WAR and the underlying reasons for the source-target domain mappings (i.e. Mapping Principles), we found that the target domain of social issues in Hong Kong is primarily conceptualized in terms of a combat frame, and governmental issues are primarily talked about in terms of a protection frame, both of which are positively evaluated. Additionally, economic issues are primarily addressed in terms of a strategy frame, which is both positively and negatively evaluated. We show that analyzing the Mapping Principles of these conceptual metaphors captures the “selection” process of framing at the dimensions of frame frequency and frame sentiment, allowing for a principled way to propose a metaphorical framing analysis in corpora-based studies. The proposed approach enriches Critical Discourse Analysis studies of metaphorical framing and bridges the link between metaphor analysis at a conceptual level and framing analysis at a communication level.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44277842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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