Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2020.1712781
Randy Allen Harris
ABSTRACT Ploke, the scheme of perfect lexical repetition, is utterly fundamental to language and thought. If that sounds like someone talking about metaphor, it is because ploke is to schemes as metaphor is to tropes. Like metaphor, ploke is the linguistic reflex of a neurocognitive pattern bias (repetition to metaphor’s similitude). Like metaphor, ploke is not a single figure but many (epanaphora, epiphora and epizeuxis, for instance, to metaphor’s personification, anthropomorphism, and reification). Like metaphor, there are “dead” ploke as well as live ploke (for instance, the number of repeated instances of ploke and metaphor in this abstract that likely escaped your figurative notice, just as leg of a table and head of lettuce regularly escape our figurative notice). Like metaphor, the processes that give rise to ploke, are also highly productive – in word formation, in the acquisition and dissolution of language, in construction and idiom formation, in large patterns of thought and discourse, often leveraging iconicities (the principle of quantity and the principle of identity). I offer each of these analogies to support the superordinate analogy, Ploke : Scheme :: Metaphor : Trope, and argue for the centrality of this neglected figure.
{"title":"Ploke","authors":"Randy Allen Harris","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2020.1712781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712781","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ploke, the scheme of perfect lexical repetition, is utterly fundamental to language and thought. If that sounds like someone talking about metaphor, it is because ploke is to schemes as metaphor is to tropes. Like metaphor, ploke is the linguistic reflex of a neurocognitive pattern bias (repetition to metaphor’s similitude). Like metaphor, ploke is not a single figure but many (epanaphora, epiphora and epizeuxis, for instance, to metaphor’s personification, anthropomorphism, and reification). Like metaphor, there are “dead” ploke as well as live ploke (for instance, the number of repeated instances of ploke and metaphor in this abstract that likely escaped your figurative notice, just as leg of a table and head of lettuce regularly escape our figurative notice). Like metaphor, the processes that give rise to ploke, are also highly productive – in word formation, in the acquisition and dissolution of language, in construction and idiom formation, in large patterns of thought and discourse, often leveraging iconicities (the principle of quantity and the principle of identity). I offer each of these analogies to support the superordinate analogy, Ploke : Scheme :: Metaphor : Trope, and argue for the centrality of this neglected figure.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"35 1","pages":"23 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49311250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2020.1712779
R. Gibbs
{"title":"My Great Life with “Metaphor and Symbol”","authors":"R. Gibbs","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2020.1712779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712779","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"35 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46637180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2020.1712780
Ryunosuke Oka, T. Kusumi
ABSTRACT The present study investigated whether distinctive features influence speakers’ evaluations of metaphor aptness and their preference for metaphor use. We examined three types of topic-attributed features: (i) distinctive features of the target metaphor, (ii) distinctive features of the competitive metaphor (unique features of a metaphor that has the same topic as the target metaphor but a different vehicle), and (iii) common features (features that are shared by both the target and competitive metaphors). Both metaphor aptness (Experiment 1: N = 132) and preference (Experiment 2: N = 90) were more pronounced when the distinctive features of the target metaphor rather than those of the competitive metaphor and common features were attributed to the topic. These results suggest that distinctive features determine the use of a specific metaphorical expression. These findings have implications for metaphor production and use because they can be used to identify the most apt vehicle.
{"title":"Distinctive Features Influence Perceived Metaphor Aptness and Preference for Metaphor Use","authors":"Ryunosuke Oka, T. Kusumi","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2020.1712780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712780","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study investigated whether distinctive features influence speakers’ evaluations of metaphor aptness and their preference for metaphor use. We examined three types of topic-attributed features: (i) distinctive features of the target metaphor, (ii) distinctive features of the competitive metaphor (unique features of a metaphor that has the same topic as the target metaphor but a different vehicle), and (iii) common features (features that are shared by both the target and competitive metaphors). Both metaphor aptness (Experiment 1: N = 132) and preference (Experiment 2: N = 90) were more pronounced when the distinctive features of the target metaphor rather than those of the competitive metaphor and common features were attributed to the topic. These results suggest that distinctive features determine the use of a specific metaphorical expression. These findings have implications for metaphor production and use because they can be used to identify the most apt vehicle.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"35 1","pages":"12 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44502535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2020.1712784
M. F. Adıgüzel
ABSTRACT Traditional Turkish love is identified with suffering. This study investigates how suffering in love is metaphorically conceptualized in Turkish via natural phenomena and disasters. Based on figurative expressions in sad love songs of Arabesque and Art music genres, the study reveals that love pain/suffering is expressed through three salient metaphors: 1) love paın/sufferıng ıs natural phenomena, 2) love paın/sufferıng ıs natural dısasters, and 3) the overarching metaphor (the suffering) lover’s body ıs a landscape (affected by weather conditions or natural disasters). It was unearthed from metaphoric expressions in lyrics that as part of a cultural scenario, natural phenomena and disasters are profiled as internalized forces culturally imagined to directly affect vital body parts to express the emotional distress or anguish of the Turkish lover. The overarching metaphor lover’s body ıs a landscape is a manifestation of conceptual integration producing a novel structure in which natural phenomena appear to occur in or to culturally selected body parts or organs. The study makes a distinction between the three metaphors above about body parts and the well-known love ıs a natural force (which affects the WHOLE body as if it were an object being swept away or blown about, etc.)
{"title":"Metaphoric Conceptualization of Love Pain or Suffering in Turkish Songs through Natural Phenomena and Natural Disasters","authors":"M. F. Adıgüzel","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2020.1712784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712784","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Traditional Turkish love is identified with suffering. This study investigates how suffering in love is metaphorically conceptualized in Turkish via natural phenomena and disasters. Based on figurative expressions in sad love songs of Arabesque and Art music genres, the study reveals that love pain/suffering is expressed through three salient metaphors: 1) love paın/sufferıng ıs natural phenomena, 2) love paın/sufferıng ıs natural dısasters, and 3) the overarching metaphor (the suffering) lover’s body ıs a landscape (affected by weather conditions or natural disasters). It was unearthed from metaphoric expressions in lyrics that as part of a cultural scenario, natural phenomena and disasters are profiled as internalized forces culturally imagined to directly affect vital body parts to express the emotional distress or anguish of the Turkish lover. The overarching metaphor lover’s body ıs a landscape is a manifestation of conceptual integration producing a novel structure in which natural phenomena appear to occur in or to culturally selected body parts or organs. The study makes a distinction between the three metaphors above about body parts and the well-known love ıs a natural force (which affects the WHOLE body as if it were an object being swept away or blown about, etc.)","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"35 1","pages":"56 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44233654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2020.1712786
Herbert L. Colston
I am pleased to receive the reigns of Metaphor and Symbol from Ray Gibbs, who has served as Editor for no less than 19 years. Ray has guided the journal successfully over this time, an era of great...
{"title":"“… If We Look Slightly Askance, We See it All”","authors":"Herbert L. Colston","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2020.1712786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712786","url":null,"abstract":"I am pleased to receive the reigns of Metaphor and Symbol from Ray Gibbs, who has served as Editor for no less than 19 years. Ray has guided the journal successfully over this time, an era of great...","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"35 1","pages":"11 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2020.1712786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44711844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2019.1683962
Hamad Al-Azary
It has been nearly 40 years since conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) was articulated in the well-known book Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The theory is regarded by many as the start ...
{"title":"Metaphor Wars: Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life","authors":"Hamad Al-Azary","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2019.1683962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683962","url":null,"abstract":"It has been nearly 40 years since conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) was articulated in the well-known book Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The theory is regarded by many as the start ...","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"34 1","pages":"262 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47723808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2019.1683947
Chani Stroch, Ravit Nussinson, Sari Mentser, Yoav Bar-Anan
ABSTRACT We suggest that disability is metaphorically represented in people’s minds as heaviness. In three studies we demonstrate the existence of a mental association between physical weight (light vs. heavy) and disability (non-disabled vs. disabled) as well as its bi-directional causal effects (from weight to disability and from disability to weight). In Study 1 (N = 250), participants exhibited the hypothesized association between the dimensions on both a direct and an indirect measure. Study 2 (N = 191) demonstrated that perceived weight affects the perceived severity of a disability, with the weight of a clipboard held by participants affecting perceptions of a target person’s stutter or limp. Study 3 (N = 103) testified to the reverse effect: participants who heard a monologue by someone with a pronounced (as opposed to mild) stutter perceived the clipboard they were holding as heavier and estimated its weight in grams as higher. Our findings may suggest that experiences of weight affect both estimates of the prevalence of disabilities in others and in the self as well as level of identification with the disabled. Theoretical implications are discussed as well.
{"title":"“Heavy of Mouth” and “Heavy of Tongue”: Weight as a Conceptual Metaphor of Disability","authors":"Chani Stroch, Ravit Nussinson, Sari Mentser, Yoav Bar-Anan","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2019.1683947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683947","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We suggest that disability is metaphorically represented in people’s minds as heaviness. In three studies we demonstrate the existence of a mental association between physical weight (light vs. heavy) and disability (non-disabled vs. disabled) as well as its bi-directional causal effects (from weight to disability and from disability to weight). In Study 1 (N = 250), participants exhibited the hypothesized association between the dimensions on both a direct and an indirect measure. Study 2 (N = 191) demonstrated that perceived weight affects the perceived severity of a disability, with the weight of a clipboard held by participants affecting perceptions of a target person’s stutter or limp. Study 3 (N = 103) testified to the reverse effect: participants who heard a monologue by someone with a pronounced (as opposed to mild) stutter perceived the clipboard they were holding as heavier and estimated its weight in grams as higher. Our findings may suggest that experiences of weight affect both estimates of the prevalence of disabilities in others and in the self as well as level of identification with the disabled. Theoretical implications are discussed as well.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"34 1","pages":"197 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2019.1683958
T. Bowen, M. Max Evans
ABSTRACT Drawing extends the capacity to communicate, since it allows individuals to use graphic objects and symbols to articulate complex ideas not easily communicated using words alone. Similarly, theorists argue that metaphors are commonly used to communicate complex and abstract concepts. Though, the interpretation of visual metaphors has been studied in relation to film and advertising, referencing common metaphors used in language, research has yet to examine how individuals construct their own visual metaphors and whether existing language-based metaphors are used, as a basis. Studying the underlying structure of drawings, using organizing frameworks and mapping systems, provides insight into how individuals use metaphors to communicate and the interdependent relationships between text and image. This study applies conceptual metaphor theory and frame semantics to identify and map visual metaphors in drawings of Knowledge. Three research questions guided the study: How are visual metaphors [of Knowledge] inferred in participant drawings using existing language-based metaphors?; Can language-based metaphor ontologies and semantic systems be used for interpreting visual metaphors?; and How are inferences found in language-based metaphors evident in the design of visual metaphors? Data were collected as part of the study: What does knowledge look like?, where participants (N = 404) were asked to draw what they thought Knowledge looks like to them, and explain why they drew what they did in writing. Five example cases are presented in the results: 1) the Illuminated Light Bulb, 2) the Electric Brain, 3) the Brain as a Container for Knowledge, 4) Knowledge (Ideas) as Food, and 5) the Open Mind. The findings present three notable conclusions: the combination of multiple metaphors within a single drawing; the use of a language-based metaphor ontology (i.e., Master Metaphor List) and frame semantics as analytic tools to examine visual metaphors; and the potential for additional language-based metaphor categories to emerge.
{"title":"Shedding Light on “Knowledge”: Identifying and Analyzing Visual Metaphors in Drawings","authors":"T. Bowen, M. Max Evans","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2019.1683958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683958","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing extends the capacity to communicate, since it allows individuals to use graphic objects and symbols to articulate complex ideas not easily communicated using words alone. Similarly, theorists argue that metaphors are commonly used to communicate complex and abstract concepts. Though, the interpretation of visual metaphors has been studied in relation to film and advertising, referencing common metaphors used in language, research has yet to examine how individuals construct their own visual metaphors and whether existing language-based metaphors are used, as a basis. Studying the underlying structure of drawings, using organizing frameworks and mapping systems, provides insight into how individuals use metaphors to communicate and the interdependent relationships between text and image. This study applies conceptual metaphor theory and frame semantics to identify and map visual metaphors in drawings of Knowledge. Three research questions guided the study: How are visual metaphors [of Knowledge] inferred in participant drawings using existing language-based metaphors?; Can language-based metaphor ontologies and semantic systems be used for interpreting visual metaphors?; and How are inferences found in language-based metaphors evident in the design of visual metaphors? Data were collected as part of the study: What does knowledge look like?, where participants (N = 404) were asked to draw what they thought Knowledge looks like to them, and explain why they drew what they did in writing. Five example cases are presented in the results: 1) the Illuminated Light Bulb, 2) the Electric Brain, 3) the Brain as a Container for Knowledge, 4) Knowledge (Ideas) as Food, and 5) the Open Mind. The findings present three notable conclusions: the combination of multiple metaphors within a single drawing; the use of a language-based metaphor ontology (i.e., Master Metaphor List) and frame semantics as analytic tools to examine visual metaphors; and the potential for additional language-based metaphor categories to emerge.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"34 1","pages":"243 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44670623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2019.1683957
M. Kersten, Cathy R. Cox, Erin Van Enkevort, Robert B. Arrowood
ABSTRACT People often use metaphors to discuss their financial prospects – for example, finding a fortune or searching for wealth. The purpose of the present research was to utilize conceptual metaphor theory to study the effect of metaphor use on money anxiety and spending intentions. Specifically, in three experiments, participants were randomly assigned to complete a word search puzzle where they either found the word fortune or where they searched but were unable to find the word wealth. The results revealed that the act of finding the word fortune in comparison to searching for wealth decreased concerns about money (Studies 1–3) and increased spending intentions (Study 3). These findings suggest how the activation of subtle money-related metaphors can influence attitudes and perceptions toward money.
{"title":"The Influence of Money-related Metaphors on Financial Anxiety and Spending","authors":"M. Kersten, Cathy R. Cox, Erin Van Enkevort, Robert B. Arrowood","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2019.1683957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683957","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT People often use metaphors to discuss their financial prospects – for example, finding a fortune or searching for wealth. The purpose of the present research was to utilize conceptual metaphor theory to study the effect of metaphor use on money anxiety and spending intentions. Specifically, in three experiments, participants were randomly assigned to complete a word search puzzle where they either found the word fortune or where they searched but were unable to find the word wealth. The results revealed that the act of finding the word fortune in comparison to searching for wealth decreased concerns about money (Studies 1–3) and increased spending intentions (Study 3). These findings suggest how the activation of subtle money-related metaphors can influence attitudes and perceptions toward money.","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"34 1","pages":"229 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47043639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10926488.2019.1683960
Heng Li
{"title":"Metaphors in the Mind: Sources of Variation in Embodied Metaphor","authors":"Heng Li","doi":"10.1080/10926488.2019.1683960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683960","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46492,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and Symbol","volume":"34 1","pages":"258 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46392625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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