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Purpose: This study aimed to validate the STEP, an application developed for the analysis of various auditory and vestibular electrophysiological signals. The STEP was designed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of latency and amplitude analysis, as well as other waveform morphological features such as calculation of area, slope, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

Methods: The methodology was structured into two phases: one involving simulated waveforms and the other based on experimental data. In the first phase, waveforms were generated using mathematical functions, and their features were marked and analyzed both by trained examiners and by the STEP application. In the second phase, the STEP was tested using real electrophysiological recordings, with latency and amplitude values compared across STEP and two established gold-standard systems.

Results: The results demonstrated high accuracy of STEP in both manual and automatic peak and trough markings, as well as in subsequent calculations. No statistically significant differences were found among the evaluated systems, nor between the examiners.

Conclusion: The STEP proved to be a reliable tool for identifying latencies and amplitudes of electrophysiological waveforms and for performing additional analyses, including P1N1 area calculation, slope estimation, and FFT analysis.

Purpose: This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize evidence on technological advancements using Artificial Intelligence in the diagnosis and management of dysphagia. We followed the PRISMA guidelines and those of the Joanna Briggs Institute, focusing on research about technological innovations in dysphagia.

Research strategies: The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework platform. The databases consulted included EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Livivo, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and grey literature.

Selection criteria: The acronym 'PCC' was used to consider the eligibility of studies for this review.

Data analysis: After removing duplicates, 56 articles were initially selected. A subsequent update resulted in 205 articles, of which 61 were included after applying the selection criteria.

Results: Videofluoroscopy of swallowing was used as the reference examination in most studies. Regarding the underlying diseases present in the patients who participated in the studies, there was a predominance of various neurological conditions. The algorithms used varied across the categories of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Computer Vision, with a predominance in the use of Deep Learning.

Conclusion: Technological advancements in artificial intelligence for the diagnosis and management of dysphagia have been mapped, highlighting the predominance and applicability of Deep Learning in examinations such as videofluoroscopy. The findings suggest significant potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical management effectiveness, particularly in neurological patients. Identified research gaps require further investigations to solidify the clinical applicability and impact of these technologies.

This case report aimed to verify the effect of lingual frenectomy on the functional anatomical aspects of the tongue, the phonetic-acoustic characteristics, and the magnitude of tongue movement in the phonemes [ɾ] and [l] after the lingual frenectomy. The anatomical characteristics of the lingual frenum and the functional aspects of the tongue were evaluated using the Protocol for Evaluation of the Lingual Frenum. The phonetic-acoustic particularities of speech were assessed through formant analysis using PRAAT software, and the evaluation of the magnitude of tongue movements was conducted via ultrasonographic analysis with Articulate Assistant Advanced (AAA) software. After the assessments, the patient was referred for the lingual frenectomy and was reevaluated after 7 and 14 days of healing. It was observed through the functional anatomical evaluation that the patient showed modifications in the shape of the tongue tip, greater elevation of the tongue in the oral cavity, and improvement in the contact of the tongue tip with the labial commissures. The acoustic evaluation of speech and the ultrasonographic assessment of tongue movements indicated a longer emission time for the words, increased verticalization and anteriorization of the tongue during speech production, which were more evident for the phoneme [ɾ]. Thus, the instrumental evaluations contributed to the clinical assessment, facilitating the observation of the patient's progress after the lingual frenectomy, identified in the analysis of the formants and highlighted through the ultrasonographic analysis of the tongue.

Purpose: To verify if there is a difference in acoustic-prosodic measures in different emotional states of speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (BP).

Methods: The data sample consisted of 182 audio signals produced by actors (professionals or students), from the semi-spontaneous speech task "Look at the blue plane" in the various emotions (joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust) and neutral emission. Values were extracted from acoustic-prosodic measures of duration, fundamental frequency and intensity of the various emotions. The Friedman comparison test was used to verify whether these measures are able to discriminate emotions.

Results: The prosodic-acoustic analysis revealed significant variations between emotions. The disgust emotion stood out for having the highest rate of utterance, with higher values of duration. In contrast, the joy exhibited a more accelerated speech, with lower values of duration and greater intensity. Sadness and fear were marked by lower intensity and lower frequencies, and fear presented the lowest positive asymmetry values of z-score and z-smoothed, with less elongation of the segments. Anger was highlighted by the higher vocal intensity, while surprise recorded the highest values of fundamental frequency.

Conclusion: The acoustic-prosodic measures proved to be effective tools for differentiating emotions in CP speakers. These parameters have great potential to discern different emotional states, broaden knowledge about vocal expressiveness and open possibilities for emotion recognition technologies with applications in artificial intelligence and mental health.

Purpose: To analyze the results of speech therapy intervention based on the principles of the DIR/Floortime model in early childhood in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Methods: A longitudinal, quantitative, and prospective manner with direct and indirect intervention, whose target population was children up to three years and eleven months of age, with atypical language development associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It led twenty-four speech therapy early intervention sessions based on the DIR Floortime model, in addition to two initial assessment sessions, and two sessions for final assessment.

Results: Twenty children completed the research, with an average age of 29 months at the initial assessment and 36 months in the final assessment. Among the children, 90% already had a diagnosis of Infantile Autism (F84.0). Comparing the results of the Pragmatic Profile, There was an average increase of 0.8 communicative acts and 6.66% in the occupation of the communicative space with statistical significance, as well as a decrease in the use of gestures. There was also a positive glow with moderate significance between "Intentional two-way communication" and the number of acts expressed per minute (the greater the capacity for intentional two-way communication, the greater the number of acts per minute).

Conclusion: When analyzing the pre- and post-intervention results, a consistent and statistically significant evolution is observed. In social communication, skills are interconnected and need to be worked on in a correlational manner, observing the individual needs of each child.

Purpose: To adapt the "Language Use Inventory" parent -report measure for Brazilian Portuguese children.

Methods: A total of 254 Brazilian parents and children participated in the survey, comprising five groups within an age range from 18 to 47 months. The translated and pre-adapted version of the Language Use Inventory (LUI) measure into Brazilian Portuguese was used in online and in person format. Analysis of Cronbach's alpha coefficients was used to verify the internal reliability, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the form of completion, sex, child's age group, and parents' education level.

Results: Comparative analyses between the completion methods did not identify significant differences between the printed and online formats. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the LUI demonstrated high internal consistency with respect to all subscales and with respect to the entire measure (α>0.99). Girls obtained higher scores than boys for Part 2 (p<0.001) and Part 3 (p=0.001) and on the Total LUI score (p=0.001). Children whose parents had more years of schooling obtained higher scores in Parts 2 and 3.

Conclusion: The similarity of results related to internal reliability and developmental trends of the Brazilian Portuguese version of LUI as compared with the original English version, supports its use as a reliable instrument to assess pragmatic language functioning in Brazilian preschoolers.

Purpose: To verify and compare the response time, amplitude, and neural auditory maintenance of the central auditory pathway in subjects with and without tinnitus disorder.

Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional, and quantitative study approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The responses of Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP) with verbal stimuli were compared between 16 subjects with tinnitus disorder (Study Group - SG) and 12 subjects without tinnitus (Control Group - CG). The neural response time was evaluated by the latency of the P1, N1, P2, N2, and P300 potentials. The amplitude of these potentials was also analyzed. Neural response maintenance was verified through the duration values of the P300 component. The results were compared between the groups, considering a significance level of 5%.

Results: In the comparison between the groups regarding the latency and amplitude values of the cortical potentials (P1, N1, P2, and N2), no statistically significant differences were observed (p>0.05). However, concerning the latency, amplitude, and duration of the P300 component between the groups, a statistically significant difference was observed for the latency variable, which was greater for individuals with tinnitus disorder (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Individuals with tinnitus disorder have a longer neural response time for the P300 component, suggesting disorganization in central auditory processing.

Have you ever wondered during clinical practice why the manifestations of swallowing dysfunctions are so heterogeneous? For example, an individual may go through the aging process and different illnesses with functional swallowing or, in another scenario, may present different forms of dysphagia manifestation. What would be the possible factors associated with the development or not of dysphagia besides those already known? By reading a book on human anatomy, it is possible to understand the complexity of anatomical structures and their different forms and correlations. For years, there have been countless descriptions in the literature regarding the anatomical and physiological variability between individuals and how this may or may not promote changes in functionality. There are countless anatomical and physiological variations known in human beings. However, the individual and personalized approach to individual anatomical correlations of swallowing and their impact on dysfunctions, therapeutic programs and prognosis is still rarely found in the literature. In this paper, we will describe a brief history of research into individual anatomical variations in the area of health and dysphagia and the complex human evolutionary context, in an attempt to reflect on the question: would it be possible for some individuals to have an anatomy and/or physiology that is naturally more prone to swallowing dysfunctions? Mastering anatomy and physiology is fundamental for intervention in dysphagia, however, we believe that other aspects should be considered in the future for assertive and personalized assessment, planning and intervention.

Purpose: to examine the association between the early autism spectrum disorder (ASD) signs and developmental and behavioral performance of Brazilian children aged 18 to 34 months.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with 221 children recruited at public healthcare and early education services. Early symptoms of ASD were screened using the Parental Observations of Social Interaction (POSI). Children's development and behavior were examined using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3) and Survey of Well-being of Young Children (SWYC-BR). The results of children at risk for ASD were compared to the no-risk ones using Chi-square and t-test.

Results: The overall frequency of children at risk for ASD (POSI-positive screening) was 33% and did not differ across children's age range and gender. Children at risk for ASD showed worse socio-emotional behaviors (p=0.004) and lower scores for overall development (p=0.0001), communication (p=0.0007), fine motor (p=0.04), and personal-social domains (p=0.01). Differences between groups varied according to children's age and across developmental/behavioral domains and were more evident in older children. Children aged 30 to 34 months presented significant differences in overall development (p=0.001), behavior (p=0.004), and the personal-social domains (p=0.03).

Conclusions: The frequency of children at risk for ASD was higher than described in the literature. Also, the development and behavior of children at risk for ASD were significantly different from their peers and compatible with the presentation of ASD in young children. Our findings reinforce the need for systematic and holistic surveillance of child development during well-being visits to improve ASD early detection.

Purpose: To identify factors related to swallowing and oral motor skills in patients with congenital myopathies and evaluate the outcomes of an oral motor and swallowing intervention for this population.

Methods: Participants of this study were twenty-six individuals with diagnosed myopathies or muscular dystrophy, referred to the Division of Speech-Language Pathology. Data collection occurred at three time points: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and three-month follow-up. Oral motor and swallowing assessments were performed using validated protocols. Participants completed a speech therapy program for oropharyngeal dysphagia, consisting of four weekly 30-minute sessions, with daily practice encouraged. Each session was supervised by a speech-language pathologist until independent practice was possible.

Results: The study found that patients with congenital myopathies had significant impairments in posture, mobility, oral functions, and feeding, especially in mastication and swallowing of solid foods. The therapy program resulted in substantial improvements at all evaluation points. Significant differences were observed between pre- and post-treatment, and between pre-treatment and the three-month follow-up, as measured by the ASHA NOMS scale. Oral motor skill assessments showed improved scores on all measures of the AMIOFE-E protocol, except mastication.

Conclusion: The rehabilitation program effectively improved oral motor and swallowing functions in patients with congenital myopathies, reducing the risk of pulmonary aspiration and related complications. The therapy program demonstrated to be highly effective for this patient group.