Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2021.1919411
Cyrus Nayeri
ABSTRACT There has been a resurgence of interest in interrogating the naturalness of hazards. The majority of these concerns draw attention to the political, social and economic factors that influence the effects of hazards in different places. This analysis seeks to contextualise these debates within the broader intellectual history of human and environmental geographical studies of natural hazards. Here, as an update to the existing debates, I provide several arguments based on fieldwork in south Iceland that can be used to further challenge the naturalness of hazards. I argue that the specific critiques of unnaturalness we deploy should depend on the problems we wish to foreground in hazardous environments.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2021.1919412
Minsung Kim
ABSTRACT This article outlines research on incorporating the notion of psychogeography into an educational context in order to examine its pedagogical benefits empirically. The psychogeographic project implemented involved preservice (student) teachers in South Korea exploring urban space, reflecting on their experiences and creating psychogeographic maps. Based on a thematic analysis of the participants’ reflections, the findings are divided into three main categories: discovering diverse components in urban spaces, creatively experiencing urban space, and understanding the pedagogical implications of the psychogeographic activity – all of which are discussed with reference to the participants’ written reflections on the project. The article concludes by indicating how the research could be transformed, expanded and elaborated upon in urban space theory, by diversifying fieldwork strategies and in utilising creative visualisation.
{"title":"The pedagogical effects of psychogeographic urban exploration and mapping","authors":"Minsung Kim","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919412","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article outlines research on incorporating the notion of psychogeography into an educational context in order to examine its pedagogical benefits empirically. The psychogeographic project implemented involved preservice (student) teachers in South Korea exploring urban space, reflecting on their experiences and creating psychogeographic maps. Based on a thematic analysis of the participants’ reflections, the findings are divided into three main categories: discovering diverse components in urban spaces, creatively experiencing urban space, and understanding the pedagogical implications of the psychogeographic activity – all of which are discussed with reference to the participants’ written reflections on the project. The article concludes by indicating how the research could be transformed, expanded and elaborated upon in urban space theory, by diversifying fieldwork strategies and in utilising creative visualisation.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"92 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45348313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2021.1919409
D. Hammett, Lucy Jackson
ABSTRACT Despite concerns during the 1990s and 2000s to the contrary, the nation-state remains at the core of the world’s political system. Recent popular geography texts have connected the longevity of states to physical geography (that we are Prisoners of Geography (Marshall, 2015)) and to inherent divisions shaping conflict politics at all levels (that we are Divided (Marshall, 2018)). This article takes a different position, cautioning that such starting points risk reifying nations, states and landscapes as natural or innate, thereby overlooking how these entities are continually reimagined, recreated and given meaning through political practice. Instead of viewing conflict and division as apolitical, we turn our gaze to the inherently political nature of territory, borders and nation-building. In so doing, we highlight how political geography processes are continual and ongoing, deployed to give meaning to national borders and landscapes, as well as (re)imagining and narrating ideals of national identity and who does – and does not – belong in profoundly and inherently political ways.
{"title":"The new age of the nation state?","authors":"D. Hammett, Lucy Jackson","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919409","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite concerns during the 1990s and 2000s to the contrary, the nation-state remains at the core of the world’s political system. Recent popular geography texts have connected the longevity of states to physical geography (that we are Prisoners of Geography (Marshall, 2015)) and to inherent divisions shaping conflict politics at all levels (that we are Divided (Marshall, 2018)). This article takes a different position, cautioning that such starting points risk reifying nations, states and landscapes as natural or innate, thereby overlooking how these entities are continually reimagined, recreated and given meaning through political practice. Instead of viewing conflict and division as apolitical, we turn our gaze to the inherently political nature of territory, borders and nation-building. In so doing, we highlight how political geography processes are continual and ongoing, deployed to give meaning to national borders and landscapes, as well as (re)imagining and narrating ideals of national identity and who does – and does not – belong in profoundly and inherently political ways.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"76 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45500116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2021.1919404
J. Waters, M. Leung
ABSTRACT In the context of increasing disciplinary interest in ‘geographies of education’, this article looks at the particular phenomenon of cross-border schooling (CBS), wherein children are involved in daily boundary crossing for education and engage in a (usually) arduous commute. Here, we draw upon a recent research project involving CBS at the Shenzhen–Hong Kong border. We consider three aspects of this border crossing that were significant in the project’s findings: the materialities of the border; the importance of routine (and rhythm); and the daily experience of tiredness and relentless exhaustion for the children and parents involved. The article also highlights the themes of ‘Changing Places’ (especially how they are known and experienced) and ‘Globalisation’.
{"title":"Geographies of education: cross-border schooling between Shenzhen and Hong Kong","authors":"J. Waters, M. Leung","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919404","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the context of increasing disciplinary interest in ‘geographies of education’, this article looks at the particular phenomenon of cross-border schooling (CBS), wherein children are involved in daily boundary crossing for education and engage in a (usually) arduous commute. Here, we draw upon a recent research project involving CBS at the Shenzhen–Hong Kong border. We consider three aspects of this border crossing that were significant in the project’s findings: the materialities of the border; the importance of routine (and rhythm); and the daily experience of tiredness and relentless exhaustion for the children and parents involved. The article also highlights the themes of ‘Changing Places’ (especially how they are known and experienced) and ‘Globalisation’.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"60 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42983046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2021.1919414
Morag Rose
Being in the field is frequently at the centre of geographical pedagogy. We plan trips, tours and expeditions to explore, understand and be in the territory that interests us. In the past we may ha...
{"title":"Walking together, alone during the pandemic","authors":"Morag Rose","doi":"10.1080/00167487.2021.1919414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919414","url":null,"abstract":"Being in the field is frequently at the centre of geographical pedagogy. We plan trips, tours and expeditions to explore, understand and be in the territory that interests us. In the past we may ha...","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":"106 1","pages":"101 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00167487.2021.1919414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47909509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0227
J. Sarmento
Geography has engaged in the study of empire since its early days as an academic discipline. Few disciplines have such a clear complicity with this political formation, that feeds on territorial growth through military power, and that limits political sovereignty in the peripheries. In fact, a temporal correspondence exists between the birth of modern geography and the emergence of a new phase of capitalist imperialism during the 1870s. Viewed as the queen of the imperial sciences over a century ago, geographies of empire have changed throughout time, reflecting the modifications in the discipline and the transformation in the nature of empires. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and under environmental determinism, geographical knowledge produced by the likes of Frederich Ratzel or Alfred Mackinder lent scientific credibility to ideologies of imperialism while, at the same time, they legitimized the scientific claims of geography as an academic discipline. Climatic and acclimatization studies and prerogatives were pivotal to construct moralistic considerations of both people and places. During the first half of the 20th century, geographies of empire were dominated, in part, by the regional tradition of French geographic inquiry, which cultivated a regional, zonal approach, while work with a focus on empire had a global and zonal tropicality architecture. Quantitative and neopositivist geography approaches in the second half of the 20th century had a less marked influence. Since the late 1980s, a concern for “empire” has returned to geography, and various subdisciplines have focused on the imperial genealogy of the discipline, the links between geography and empire, and the consequences of those links. A more critical engagement with the history of geography has provided contextual histories of global spatial practice and discourse over the past two centuries. The reconsideration of imperialism in view of postcolonial theory, tackling “historical amnesia,” has also promoted a new wave of studies. In a broad way we can be tempted today to make a division between geographical research, which participated in imperial development and maintenance, and geographical research “after Empire,” which aims to study and understand the past and present spatialities of empire.
{"title":"Geography and Empire","authors":"J. Sarmento","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0227","url":null,"abstract":"Geography has engaged in the study of empire since its early days as an academic discipline. Few disciplines have such a clear complicity with this political formation, that feeds on territorial growth through military power, and that limits political sovereignty in the peripheries. In fact, a temporal correspondence exists between the birth of modern geography and the emergence of a new phase of capitalist imperialism during the 1870s. Viewed as the queen of the imperial sciences over a century ago, geographies of empire have changed throughout time, reflecting the modifications in the discipline and the transformation in the nature of empires. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and under environmental determinism, geographical knowledge produced by the likes of Frederich Ratzel or Alfred Mackinder lent scientific credibility to ideologies of imperialism while, at the same time, they legitimized the scientific claims of geography as an academic discipline. Climatic and acclimatization studies and prerogatives were pivotal to construct moralistic considerations of both people and places. During the first half of the 20th century, geographies of empire were dominated, in part, by the regional tradition of French geographic inquiry, which cultivated a regional, zonal approach, while work with a focus on empire had a global and zonal tropicality architecture. Quantitative and neopositivist geography approaches in the second half of the 20th century had a less marked influence. Since the late 1980s, a concern for “empire” has returned to geography, and various subdisciplines have focused on the imperial genealogy of the discipline, the links between geography and empire, and the consequences of those links. A more critical engagement with the history of geography has provided contextual histories of global spatial practice and discourse over the past two centuries. The reconsideration of imperialism in view of postcolonial theory, tackling “historical amnesia,” has also promoted a new wave of studies. In a broad way we can be tempted today to make a division between geographical research, which participated in imperial development and maintenance, and geographical research “after Empire,” which aims to study and understand the past and present spatialities of empire.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48455742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0224
A. Çöltekin, A. Griffin, A. Robinson
Visualizations (i.e., thinking in images internally in the human mind) or externally expressing a concept via graphical means—such as documenting an observation in a hand-drawn or digital visuospatial sketch, or creating a visual output from data—have always been an integral part of scientific inquiry and communication. One might argue that the ‘graphy’ part of ‘geography’ refers to visually and spatially (i.e., visuospatially) documenting the world. For the vast majority of people, a significant part of human experience is shaped by sight, and the human visual system occupies a large chunk of human cognitive processing capacity. Given that, one can speculate that comprehension and communication through visuospatial means could be ‘second nature’ to people. There is ample evidence to support this line of thinking: As opposed to written words or a large list of numbers, visualizations allow us to see patterns and anomalies quickly, sometimes even at a glance. However, the power of visualizations depends on a number of factors including the details of their design, the abilities and background of the human viewing them, and the context in which a visualization is used. This power must also be critically viewed from an ethics perspective. These three factors are elaborated under various subsections. However, first, a fundamental question needs to be asked: Is visualization a product or a process? The word visualization is commonly used as a noun for a visual product (e.g., a map or a plot is a visualization). However, both mental and external visualizations are processes, and the term ‘visualization’ as it was introduced into scientific discourse refers to a process. The process aspect is important to remember, because this is viewed as a key factor that distinguishes using visualizations to explain what is already known versus exploring the unknown. With the latter activity, visualizing things becomes a part of the scientific inquiry as an active tool that helps build hypotheses and thus facilitate thinking and reasoning, in addition to explaining what is already known. Whether the goal is to explain or to explore, the design and use of visualizations needs to be intentional and not arbitrary. To create and read visualizations intentionally, a certain level of visual literacy built on design, technology, and knowledge of human visuospatial cognition is necessary. This manuscript identifies scholarly resources to help all scientists and aspiring scientists, especially those in spatial sciences, to build, refresh their knowledge of, and learn or teach about visualizations.
{"title":"Visualizations","authors":"A. Çöltekin, A. Griffin, A. Robinson","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0224","url":null,"abstract":"Visualizations (i.e., thinking in images internally in the human mind) or externally expressing a concept via graphical means—such as documenting an observation in a hand-drawn or digital visuospatial sketch, or creating a visual output from data—have always been an integral part of scientific inquiry and communication. One might argue that the ‘graphy’ part of ‘geography’ refers to visually and spatially (i.e., visuospatially) documenting the world. For the vast majority of people, a significant part of human experience is shaped by sight, and the human visual system occupies a large chunk of human cognitive processing capacity. Given that, one can speculate that comprehension and communication through visuospatial means could be ‘second nature’ to people. There is ample evidence to support this line of thinking: As opposed to written words or a large list of numbers, visualizations allow us to see patterns and anomalies quickly, sometimes even at a glance. However, the power of visualizations depends on a number of factors including the details of their design, the abilities and background of the human viewing them, and the context in which a visualization is used. This power must also be critically viewed from an ethics perspective. These three factors are elaborated under various subsections. However, first, a fundamental question needs to be asked: Is visualization a product or a process? The word visualization is commonly used as a noun for a visual product (e.g., a map or a plot is a visualization). However, both mental and external visualizations are processes, and the term ‘visualization’ as it was introduced into scientific discourse refers to a process. The process aspect is important to remember, because this is viewed as a key factor that distinguishes using visualizations to explain what is already known versus exploring the unknown. With the latter activity, visualizing things becomes a part of the scientific inquiry as an active tool that helps build hypotheses and thus facilitate thinking and reasoning, in addition to explaining what is already known. Whether the goal is to explain or to explore, the design and use of visualizations needs to be intentional and not arbitrary. To create and read visualizations intentionally, a certain level of visual literacy built on design, technology, and knowledge of human visuospatial cognition is necessary. This manuscript identifies scholarly resources to help all scientists and aspiring scientists, especially those in spatial sciences, to build, refresh their knowledge of, and learn or teach about visualizations.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45646860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-24DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0225
N. Kinar, J. Pomeroy
Snow on the land surface is an important component of the hydrological cycle in cold regions and acts as a hydrologic reservoir with a residence time that introduces a delay before ablation when runoff from snowmelt enters rivers, streams, and aquifers. Mass and energy fluxes between the snowpack and the atmosphere affect climate, temperature, and biogeochemical cycles in cold regions. Snow is a thermal insulator and the presence or absence of snow influences soil temperatures and soil water content that affect the growth of plants and agricultural crops. Snowpack chemistry is indicative of atmospheric pollutants and ions present in snowmelt runoff affect water quality and biological processes. Changes in the snowpack due to mass and energy fluxes associated with heat transport modify snow particle size, snow structure, and density, influencing albedo, permeability, air and water transport through snow, the rate of snowmelt, and mechanical properties. In some regions, snowmelt is a source of water for hydroelectric power generation, agricultural production, and human consumption. Accumulation of snow in complex terrain and snowpack metamorphic processes contribute to avalanche activity that redistributes snow between different areas but also influences biogeography and creates human hazards in regions where the spatial distribution of snow is important for winter recreation and skiing activities. Wind is also responsible for redistribution of snow and affects the spatial distribution of snowcover. Measurement of snow quantifies the spatial distribution of snowpack properties and provides inputs for mathematical models used for prediction and forecasting of flooding, drought, runoff, climate change, and avalanche activity for assessment of water resources and regional hazards. Snowpack measurements also provide insight into hydrological processes related to snow in a temporal and geographic context, allowing for a better scientific understanding of these processes and providing a means for the development of more accurate mathematical models. This bibliography provides an overview of how terrestrial snow properties and processes are measured. Papers were selected for this bibliography based on pedagogical value and an emphasis on important research conducted during the last thirty years for an up-to-date overview, although earlier papers and monographs are also included that had an influence on snow hydrology in a historical context.
{"title":"Measurement of Terrestrial Snow","authors":"N. Kinar, J. Pomeroy","doi":"10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0225","url":null,"abstract":"Snow on the land surface is an important component of the hydrological cycle in cold regions and acts as a hydrologic reservoir with a residence time that introduces a delay before ablation when runoff from snowmelt enters rivers, streams, and aquifers. Mass and energy fluxes between the snowpack and the atmosphere affect climate, temperature, and biogeochemical cycles in cold regions. Snow is a thermal insulator and the presence or absence of snow influences soil temperatures and soil water content that affect the growth of plants and agricultural crops. Snowpack chemistry is indicative of atmospheric pollutants and ions present in snowmelt runoff affect water quality and biological processes. Changes in the snowpack due to mass and energy fluxes associated with heat transport modify snow particle size, snow structure, and density, influencing albedo, permeability, air and water transport through snow, the rate of snowmelt, and mechanical properties. In some regions, snowmelt is a source of water for hydroelectric power generation, agricultural production, and human consumption. Accumulation of snow in complex terrain and snowpack metamorphic processes contribute to avalanche activity that redistributes snow between different areas but also influences biogeography and creates human hazards in regions where the spatial distribution of snow is important for winter recreation and skiing activities. Wind is also responsible for redistribution of snow and affects the spatial distribution of snowcover. Measurement of snow quantifies the spatial distribution of snowpack properties and provides inputs for mathematical models used for prediction and forecasting of flooding, drought, runoff, climate change, and avalanche activity for assessment of water resources and regional hazards. Snowpack measurements also provide insight into hydrological processes related to snow in a temporal and geographic context, allowing for a better scientific understanding of these processes and providing a means for the development of more accurate mathematical models. This bibliography provides an overview of how terrestrial snow properties and processes are measured. Papers were selected for this bibliography based on pedagogical value and an emphasis on important research conducted during the last thirty years for an up-to-date overview, although earlier papers and monographs are also included that had an influence on snow hydrology in a historical context.","PeriodicalId":46568,"journal":{"name":"Geography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44515924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-09DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2022.2019494
P. Timms, J. Hillier, Chris Holland
ABSTRACT This article is an illustration of geography in action, recounting an investigation into an industry’s views of data sharing. The insurance sector is fundamentally analytics driven and based on geospatial data. One option for more effective and efficient insurance for natural hazard risks (e.g. flooding, earthquake) is, in theory, to increase the sharing of data between the various (re)insurance organisations. However, it remains unclear as to what extent this is desirable or practical for commercially sensitive data. This work creates a conceptual model of data sharing in (re)insurance, focusing on loss (claims) data for natural hazards as an illustrative microcosm, including the barriers and solutions to sharing. In light of this, an initial view on the future shape of insurance data sharing is given, finishing with an opinion on whether or not new external disruptors (e.g. start-ups in InsureTech or tech giants such as Google, Amazon and Tencent) pose an existential threat to incumbent firms.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.1080/00167487.2020.1862591
Qian Gong, C. Brooks, Yushan Duan
Through examining the case of one senior high school geography teacher who has an understanding of powerful knowledge, this article presents the possibility of making a given geographical knowledge...
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