Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10084
Kaitian. Hu
Environmental movements are a special social movement against environmental injustice, as well as a political conflict regarding environmental issues. To understand the motivation to participate in environmental movements, it is necessary to explore the role of governments in environmental management. Using the cross-sectional data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2013, the author estimates the associations between participation in environmental movements and satisfaction with governments in environmental management. Results show that participation in environmental movements is not associated with individual satisfaction with the central government but is significantly associated with individual satisfaction with the local government when demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are adjusted in models. This finding suggests that public satisfaction and trust in local governments’ environmental governance can promote the public to participate in environmental protection activities. This study also reflects that Chinese individuals believe the local governments can undertake the responsibility of environmental management, suggesting that the central and local governments reach a consensus on environmental management in China.
{"title":"Environmental Movements and Satisfaction with Governments","authors":"Kaitian. Hu","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10084","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Environmental movements are a special social movement against environmental injustice, as well as a political conflict regarding environmental issues. To understand the motivation to participate in environmental movements, it is necessary to explore the role of governments in environmental management. Using the cross-sectional data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2013, the author estimates the associations between participation in environmental movements and satisfaction with governments in environmental management. Results show that participation in environmental movements is not associated with individual satisfaction with the central government but is significantly associated with individual satisfaction with the local government when demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are adjusted in models. This finding suggests that public satisfaction and trust in local governments’ environmental governance can promote the public to participate in environmental protection activities. This study also reflects that Chinese individuals believe the local governments can undertake the responsibility of environmental management, suggesting that the central and local governments reach a consensus on environmental management in China.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43828182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10082
Peet Kask, Oliver Nahkur, R. Taagepera
This study aims at ferreting out a sparse subset, among the many democracy indicators, that best predicts lack-of-corruption (LoC). Two factors enable the authors to improve on previous research. First, the Varieties of Democracy (VD) data have become available over an extended time span, involving an unprecedented number of separate indicators. Second, the authors apply previously neglected methods, such as Gaussian standardization and measures to avoid overfitting. They also reduce random error on the LoC side by using the mean of two separate indices, VD and Transparency International, that correlate with R2 = 0.81. This results in an optimal set of 11 democracy indicators that predict the mean LoC with R2 = 0.87, close to what one could ideally expect to achieve. Among the five main categories VD distinguishes, the indicators that predict lack-of-corruption are mainly part of Liberal and Egalitarian Democracy, with lesser incidence of Electoral Democracy. This leaves out Participatory, and Deliberative Democracy.
{"title":"Lack-of-Corruption Goes with Liberal–Egalitarian Features of Democracy","authors":"Peet Kask, Oliver Nahkur, R. Taagepera","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10082","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study aims at ferreting out a sparse subset, among the many democracy indicators, that best predicts lack-of-corruption (LoC). Two factors enable the authors to improve on previous research. First, the Varieties of Democracy (VD) data have become available over an extended time span, involving an unprecedented number of separate indicators. Second, the authors apply previously neglected methods, such as Gaussian standardization and measures to avoid overfitting. They also reduce random error on the LoC side by using the mean of two separate indices, VD and Transparency International, that correlate with R2 = 0.81. This results in an optimal set of 11 democracy indicators that predict the mean LoC with R2 = 0.87, close to what one could ideally expect to achieve. Among the five main categories VD distinguishes, the indicators that predict lack-of-corruption are mainly part of Liberal and Egalitarian Democracy, with lesser incidence of Electoral Democracy. This leaves out Participatory, and Deliberative Democracy.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48355011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10086
Satanik Pal
The following article conducts two case studies into the premodern caste societies of medieval Bengal and early modern Japan. The Pirali Brahmins in Bengal and eta-hinin castes of Japan—both became scapegoats during these periods and were subject to popular disgust and stigma. The common aspects are that they were both close to the centres of power, and that these castes were feared in the ancient period for their supernatural prowess and they served as ritual scapegoats in pollution cleaning rituals. How they both became actual scapegoats from being ritual scapegoats is explored in this article using the framework popularized by the works of René Girard.
{"title":"From Ritual Scapegoats to Actual Scapegoats","authors":"Satanik Pal","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10086","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The following article conducts two case studies into the premodern caste societies of medieval Bengal and early modern Japan. The Pirali Brahmins in Bengal and eta-hinin castes of Japan—both became scapegoats during these periods and were subject to popular disgust and stigma. The common aspects are that they were both close to the centres of power, and that these castes were feared in the ancient period for their supernatural prowess and they served as ritual scapegoats in pollution cleaning rituals. How they both became actual scapegoats from being ritual scapegoats is explored in this article using the framework popularized by the works of René Girard.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44496239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10080
John Högström, S. Dahlberg
In this study the authors aim to add to the understanding of whether, and if so how, a change of electoral system affects factors such as voter turnout and the party system, and the authors’ focus has been on changes that result in mixed electoral systems. They used three country cases (Japan, Italy, and New Zealand) to explore patterns in a before-and-after design. The findings suggest that a country cannot expect a significant effect on voter turnout if it decides to change its electoral system to a mixed system. Regarding party system fragmentation, the results show that the change of the electoral system in New Zealand from a plurality system to a mixed member proportional system had a clear and immediately positive effect on the party system. However, the results do not indicate that the changes of electoral systems in Japan and Italy have had any significant effect on the party system.
{"title":"Does Changing an Electoral System to a Mixed System (Really) Affect Voter Turnout and the Party System?","authors":"John Högström, S. Dahlberg","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this study the authors aim to add to the understanding of whether, and if so how, a change of electoral system affects factors such as voter turnout and the party system, and the authors’ focus has been on changes that result in mixed electoral systems. They used three country cases (Japan, Italy, and New Zealand) to explore patterns in a before-and-after design. The findings suggest that a country cannot expect a significant effect on voter turnout if it decides to change its electoral system to a mixed system. Regarding party system fragmentation, the results show that the change of the electoral system in New Zealand from a plurality system to a mixed member proportional system had a clear and immediately positive effect on the party system. However, the results do not indicate that the changes of electoral systems in Japan and Italy have had any significant effect on the party system.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48176912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10081
Ioannis Vlassopoulos
Refugee populations constitute a new reality for Greek society. These moving populations contribute to a process of redefining social and cultural status in the countries of reception. The following article was written as part of the author’s PhD thesis. The research method used is that of qualitative research through semi-structured in-depth interviews with refugees and asylum seekers. The article refers to part of field research results that focus on the forms of social integration adopted by refugees and asylum seekers in Greece, as well as how integration or exclusion is perceived by the latter. The aim of this research is to portray the experiences of the refugees on the process of their social integration into Greece.
{"title":"The Processes and Problems of Social Integration of Refugees in Greece in the 21st Century","authors":"Ioannis Vlassopoulos","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10081","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Refugee populations constitute a new reality for Greek society. These moving populations contribute to a process of redefining social and cultural status in the countries of reception. The following article was written as part of the author’s PhD thesis. The research method used is that of qualitative research through semi-structured in-depth interviews with refugees and asylum seekers. The article refers to part of field research results that focus on the forms of social integration adopted by refugees and asylum seekers in Greece, as well as how integration or exclusion is perceived by the latter. The aim of this research is to portray the experiences of the refugees on the process of their social integration into Greece.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43110385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10077
Simon Wright, Emil Ole William Kirkegaard
This article evaluates the relationship between inequality in cognitive test scores across countries and income inequality. By meta-analyzing the standard deviations in PISA results from 2000 to 2018, the authors construct a measure of intelligence inequalities across countries. They then test this measure to investigate if it has any association with income inequality as measured by the gini index. Across all models and subsamples, the authors do not find a positive association between intelligence inequality and income inequality. In models where the coefficient is statistically significant, the direction is unexpectedly negative, implying greater intelligence inequality is associated with lower income inequality. This is contrary to theoretical predictions of a positive association between these variables. Finally, the authors also find some evidence that greater mean intelligence is associated with lower levels of income inequality.
{"title":"Intelligence Inequality and Income Inequality","authors":"Simon Wright, Emil Ole William Kirkegaard","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10077","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article evaluates the relationship between inequality in cognitive test scores across countries and income inequality. By meta-analyzing the standard deviations in PISA results from 2000 to 2018, the authors construct a measure of intelligence inequalities across countries. They then test this measure to investigate if it has any association with income inequality as measured by the gini index. Across all models and subsamples, the authors do not find a positive association between intelligence inequality and income inequality. In models where the coefficient is statistically significant, the direction is unexpectedly negative, implying greater intelligence inequality is associated with lower income inequality. This is contrary to theoretical predictions of a positive association between these variables. Finally, the authors also find some evidence that greater mean intelligence is associated with lower levels of income inequality.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43327605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10078
Naoki Nishida
Scholarly evidence on the causes of state-run unemployment insurance development is sometimes contradictory and disconnected, preventing our understanding of union-run unemployment insurance development. A set-theoretic approach based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) can model the business–labor interaction in the development of union unemployment funds, revealing two paths by comparing 11 sectors in 20th-century France. In skill-intensive, low-risk firms, union funds developed only when unionization rates were low. In small, low-risk factories, funds developed regardless of workers’ wages. The sociability fostered by small unions and factories allowed for social control, reducing psychological barriers to insurance scheme establishment. By comparing the business–labor combinations in different industries, this study demonstrates the “variety of unionism” hidden beneath the existing macro cross-national evidence.
{"title":"Varieties of Unionism?","authors":"Naoki Nishida","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10078","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Scholarly evidence on the causes of state-run unemployment insurance development is sometimes contradictory and disconnected, preventing our understanding of union-run unemployment insurance development. A set-theoretic approach based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) can model the business–labor interaction in the development of union unemployment funds, revealing two paths by comparing 11 sectors in 20th-century France. In skill-intensive, low-risk firms, union funds developed only when unionization rates were low. In small, low-risk factories, funds developed regardless of workers’ wages. The sociability fostered by small unions and factories allowed for social control, reducing psychological barriers to insurance scheme establishment. By comparing the business–labor combinations in different industries, this study demonstrates the “variety of unionism” hidden beneath the existing macro cross-national evidence.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43459196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-12341551
Naméeta Mathur
{"title":"Global Diplomacy & International Society, written by Kemp Spies, Yolanda","authors":"Naméeta Mathur","doi":"10.1163/15691330-12341551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341551","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42964786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10079
S. Mejia
Measles has long plagued human societies. Measles vaccines are highly effective in preventing this disease, but there are striking inequities in vaccination rates between developed and less-developed countries. Scholars have long argued that foreign investment dependence explains global inequities in development outcomes more broadly. The author argues that debt dependence is what matters for such empirical observations. He evaluates his argument using fixed effects panel regression models of 97 less-developed countries from 1990–2019. The empirical evidence supports his argument.
{"title":"Explaining Global Inequities in Measles Vaccination Rates","authors":"S. Mejia","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10079","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Measles has long plagued human societies. Measles vaccines are highly effective in preventing this disease, but there are striking inequities in vaccination rates between developed and less-developed countries. Scholars have long argued that foreign investment dependence explains global inequities in development outcomes more broadly. The author argues that debt dependence is what matters for such empirical observations. He evaluates his argument using fixed effects panel regression models of 97 less-developed countries from 1990–2019. The empirical evidence supports his argument.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41719743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1163/15691330-bja10076
I. Faizi, H. Nayebi
The theory of anomie has two main theorists: Durkheim, its founder, and Merton, who developed it. However, Durkheim’s theory of anomie is very different from Merton’s. This difference has been largely ignored due to the dominance of Merton’s theory in sociological research. The purpose of this article is to explain these theories and to explore their differences. This article shows that the differences between Durkheim’s and Merton’s theories of anomie are mainly in explaining anomie, precedence and latency of factors, studied societies, origin of aspirations, impact of poverty and class on anomie and scope of explanation. The ignorance of these theoretical differences has led to ambiguities in meaning and differences in the definition and measuring methods for anomie, while each of these theories has distinct capabilities that, by better understanding these differences, can be used to research a range of social issues such as social deviations.
{"title":"Anomie Theories of Durkheim and Merton","authors":"I. Faizi, H. Nayebi","doi":"10.1163/15691330-bja10076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The theory of anomie has two main theorists: Durkheim, its founder, and Merton, who developed it. However, Durkheim’s theory of anomie is very different from Merton’s. This difference has been largely ignored due to the dominance of Merton’s theory in sociological research. The purpose of this article is to explain these theories and to explore their differences. This article shows that the differences between Durkheim’s and Merton’s theories of anomie are mainly in explaining anomie, precedence and latency of factors, studied societies, origin of aspirations, impact of poverty and class on anomie and scope of explanation. The ignorance of these theoretical differences has led to ambiguities in meaning and differences in the definition and measuring methods for anomie, while each of these theories has distinct capabilities that, by better understanding these differences, can be used to research a range of social issues such as social deviations.","PeriodicalId":46584,"journal":{"name":"COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45700560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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