Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1142/s108494672150014x
Lutisha S. Vickerie, Kyle E Mccullers, Jeffrey A. Robinson
The traditional macroeconomic approach to poverty alleviation in neighborhoods and communities is to use housing development and job-creation programs to address the income and the opportunity gaps. Entrepreneurship is a much less used poverty alleviation strategy that, in our estimation, can have a significant effect in favorable policy environments. After a brief literature review, we highlight policy approaches that use entrepreneurship as a poverty alleviation strategy. We present several case studies from the United States as evidence of how public policy can empower an entrepreneurial ecosystem to support the self-employed and other low-income entrepreneurs. We conclude with a framework for how public policy can alleviate poverty through entrepreneurship that is generalizable in other contexts.
{"title":"POVERTY ALLEVIATION THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES: A FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE","authors":"Lutisha S. Vickerie, Kyle E Mccullers, Jeffrey A. Robinson","doi":"10.1142/s108494672150014x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s108494672150014x","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional macroeconomic approach to poverty alleviation in neighborhoods and communities is to use housing development and job-creation programs to address the income and the opportunity gaps. Entrepreneurship is a much less used poverty alleviation strategy that, in our estimation, can have a significant effect in favorable policy environments. After a brief literature review, we highlight policy approaches that use entrepreneurship as a poverty alleviation strategy. We present several case studies from the United States as evidence of how public policy can empower an entrepreneurial ecosystem to support the self-employed and other low-income entrepreneurs. We conclude with a framework for how public policy can alleviate poverty through entrepreneurship that is generalizable in other contexts.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44478828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500102
Justin W. Webb
Poverty levels represent an important indicator of economic development. A widely-held view among scholars is that formal institutions provide the foundation to support entrepreneurial activity that, when robust, can support economic development. Scholars typically examine the influence of specific formal institutions, such as property rights, tax policies, infrastructures, or otherwise. Herein, I seek to complement and build upon this extant research by elaborating a system-level view of institutions. Interfaces, tradeoffs and externalities are discussed as three key characteristics of institutional systems alongside system-level considerations for each of these characteristics (i.e., institutional coordination, cooperation and direction that can take place at interfaces; institutional imbalances that can occur with tradeoffs; and institutional ambiguities and territoriality that can exist because of externalities). I then describe how these system-level considerations influence entrepreneurial activities and the implications for poverty in two illustrative contexts: base-of-the-pyramid markets and entrepreneurial ecosystems. I conclude with a discussion of the intended contributions and implications of this work.
{"title":"A SYSTEM-LEVEL VIEW OF INSTITUTIONS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND POVERTY","authors":"Justin W. Webb","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500102","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty levels represent an important indicator of economic development. A widely-held view among scholars is that formal institutions provide the foundation to support entrepreneurial activity that, when robust, can support economic development. Scholars typically examine the influence of specific formal institutions, such as property rights, tax policies, infrastructures, or otherwise. Herein, I seek to complement and build upon this extant research by elaborating a system-level view of institutions. Interfaces, tradeoffs and externalities are discussed as three key characteristics of institutional systems alongside system-level considerations for each of these characteristics (i.e., institutional coordination, cooperation and direction that can take place at interfaces; institutional imbalances that can occur with tradeoffs; and institutional ambiguities and territoriality that can exist because of externalities). I then describe how these system-level considerations influence entrepreneurial activities and the implications for poverty in two illustrative contexts: base-of-the-pyramid markets and entrepreneurial ecosystems. I conclude with a discussion of the intended contributions and implications of this work.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43263398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1142/s1084946721010020
Michael H. Morris
{"title":"Editor’s Note: MAKING A DENT IN POVERTY","authors":"Michael H. Morris","doi":"10.1142/s1084946721010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721010020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45678670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500060
H. Makhdoom, Cai Li, Shoaib Asim, Majid Murad
Our study explores the effect of institutions in determining the prevalence of formal entrepreneurship and investigates the entrepreneurial choice in response to these institutions. To pursue the objectives of the study, we utilized eleven years of data from 23 countries of the Asian region. As explanatory variables, entry regulations were taken as a proxy measure of formal institutions; whereas, social capital was considered a proxy measure of informal institutions. Based on the nature of data, we applied a pooled OLS regression model to examine the influence of explanatory variables on the entrepreneurial choice. The findings proclaimed that at an individual level, both formal and informal institutions have a negative effect on entry into formal entrepreneurship. Further, the estimations of the interaction terms revealed the existence of asymmetry between formal and informal institutions regarding that negative influence on entry into formal entrepreneurship.
{"title":"EVALUATING THE DETERMINANTS OF FORMAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN INSTITUTIONAL ASYMMETRY PERSPECTIVE","authors":"H. Makhdoom, Cai Li, Shoaib Asim, Majid Murad","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500060","url":null,"abstract":"Our study explores the effect of institutions in determining the prevalence of formal entrepreneurship and investigates the entrepreneurial choice in response to these institutions. To pursue the objectives of the study, we utilized eleven years of data from 23 countries of the Asian region. As explanatory variables, entry regulations were taken as a proxy measure of formal institutions; whereas, social capital was considered a proxy measure of informal institutions. Based on the nature of data, we applied a pooled OLS regression model to examine the influence of explanatory variables on the entrepreneurial choice. The findings proclaimed that at an individual level, both formal and informal institutions have a negative effect on entry into formal entrepreneurship. Further, the estimations of the interaction terms revealed the existence of asymmetry between formal and informal institutions regarding that negative influence on entry into formal entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45231262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500059
B. Krasniqi, Li̇ri̇don Kryeziu, Mehmet Bağış, Mehmet Nurullah Kurutkan, Sara Idrizi
The enforced lockdown and closure of businesses in response to the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in economic crises across the globe, bringing the attention to entrepreneurship and its importance to economic recovery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on SME's and the entrepreneurs' policy preferences based on firm size and industry type. To achieve this, evidence from a Business Support Centre Kosovo's (BSCK) survey involving 236 SME owners interviewed online is reported. Findings from SME survey suggest the problems with cash flow and reduction of customer demand, among others, are major problems faced by SME's across all firm size groups and industry types. Findings from factor analysis clustered SME policy preferences into three groups: policy preferences related to financing and liquidity constraints, market related and tax preferences. This study discusses some policy and managerial implications urging the need for more nuanced and variegated understanding of the effect of coronavirus pandemic on SMEs.
{"title":"COVID-19 AND SMEs IN KOSOVO: ASSESSING EFFECT AND POLICY PREFERENCES","authors":"B. Krasniqi, Li̇ri̇don Kryeziu, Mehmet Bağış, Mehmet Nurullah Kurutkan, Sara Idrizi","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500059","url":null,"abstract":"The enforced lockdown and closure of businesses in response to the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in economic crises across the globe, bringing the attention to entrepreneurship and its importance to economic recovery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on SME's and the entrepreneurs' policy preferences based on firm size and industry type. To achieve this, evidence from a Business Support Centre Kosovo's (BSCK) survey involving 236 SME owners interviewed online is reported. Findings from SME survey suggest the problems with cash flow and reduction of customer demand, among others, are major problems faced by SME's across all firm size groups and industry types. Findings from factor analysis clustered SME policy preferences into three groups: policy preferences related to financing and liquidity constraints, market related and tax preferences. This study discusses some policy and managerial implications urging the need for more nuanced and variegated understanding of the effect of coronavirus pandemic on SMEs.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43902809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500023
C. Williams
Informal entrepreneurs have been viewed variously as reluctant participants in such endeavors doing so out of economic necessity because of their exclusion from formal work and welfare (structuralist theory), or as willing entrepreneurs who voluntarily exit the formal economy either as a rational economic decision (neo-liberal theory) or as social actors who do not agree with the formal rules and regulations of the state (neo-institutional theory). The aim of this paper is to evaluate these competing theorizations of entrepreneurs’ motives for participating in the informal sector. Reporting evidence from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey involving 27,565 face-to-face interviews in 28 European countries, the finding is that five percent are reluctant participants, twenty percent are willing participants doing so as a rational economic decision, 21 percent are willing participants doing so because of their disagreement with the rules and 54 percent do so for a mixture of these motives. A logistic regression analysis reveals who is more likely to engage in informal entrepreneurship and who is significantly more likely to do so for each motive. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.
{"title":"EVALUATING ENTREPRENEURS’ MOTIVES FOR PARTICIPATING IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN EUROPE","authors":"C. Williams","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500023","url":null,"abstract":"Informal entrepreneurs have been viewed variously as reluctant participants in such endeavors doing so out of economic necessity because of their exclusion from formal work and welfare (structuralist theory), or as willing entrepreneurs who voluntarily exit the formal economy either as a rational economic decision (neo-liberal theory) or as social actors who do not agree with the formal rules and regulations of the state (neo-institutional theory). The aim of this paper is to evaluate these competing theorizations of entrepreneurs’ motives for participating in the informal sector. Reporting evidence from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey involving 27,565 face-to-face interviews in 28 European countries, the finding is that five percent are reluctant participants, twenty percent are willing participants doing so as a rational economic decision, 21 percent are willing participants doing so because of their disagreement with the rules and 54 percent do so for a mixture of these motives. A logistic regression analysis reveals who is more likely to engage in informal entrepreneurship and who is significantly more likely to do so for each motive. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45032271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500047
Athanasios Falaras, O. Moschidis
Agriculture is traditionally a major form of entrepreneurship in rural Greece. However, this economic sector has been underachieving in the last decades. Nevertheless, there are always entrepreneur...
{"title":"THE CHARACTERISTICS THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION IN GREECE AND RISK WILLINGNESS","authors":"Athanasios Falaras, O. Moschidis","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500047","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is traditionally a major form of entrepreneurship in rural Greece. However, this economic sector has been underachieving in the last decades. Nevertheless, there are always entrepreneur...","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45570874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-12DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500035
Ardiana Gashi, C. Williams
The conventional depiction of the prevalence, character and motives of informal sector entrepreneurs, here termed the ‘marginalization thesis,’ has been that informal entrepreneurs are a small, insignificant minority of all entrepreneurs, are more likely than formal entrepreneurs to belong to marginalized groups and are more likely to be necessity-driven entrepreneurs. To evaluate critically this marginalization thesis, evidence is here reported from a 2017 survey of entrepreneurs in Kosovo. This reveals that 42.5 percent of entrepreneurs are informal entrepreneurs, that only some characteristics of marginalized populations are more prominent among informal than formal entrepreneurs (e.g., low educational level, deprived households) but others are not significantly associated (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity), and that although informal entrepreneurs are more likely than formal entrepreneurs to be necessity-driven, only fourteen percent of informal entrepreneurs are purely necessity-driven. The outcome is a call to recognize the prevalence of informal sector entrepreneurship, the heterogeneous groups engaged in informal entrepreneurship and the existence of opportunity-drivers among informal entrepreneurs. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.
{"title":"BEYOND THE MARGINALIZATION THESIS: AN EVALUATION OF THE PREVALENCE, CHARACTER AND MOTIVES OF INFORMAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURS IN KOSOVO","authors":"Ardiana Gashi, C. Williams","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500035","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional depiction of the prevalence, character and motives of informal sector entrepreneurs, here termed the ‘marginalization thesis,’ has been that informal entrepreneurs are a small, insignificant minority of all entrepreneurs, are more likely than formal entrepreneurs to belong to marginalized groups and are more likely to be necessity-driven entrepreneurs. To evaluate critically this marginalization thesis, evidence is here reported from a 2017 survey of entrepreneurs in Kosovo. This reveals that 42.5 percent of entrepreneurs are informal entrepreneurs, that only some characteristics of marginalized populations are more prominent among informal than formal entrepreneurs (e.g., low educational level, deprived households) but others are not significantly associated (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity), and that although informal entrepreneurs are more likely than formal entrepreneurs to be necessity-driven, only fourteen percent of informal entrepreneurs are purely necessity-driven. The outcome is a call to recognize the prevalence of informal sector entrepreneurship, the heterogeneous groups engaged in informal entrepreneurship and the existence of opportunity-drivers among informal entrepreneurs. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":"19 7","pages":"2150003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41273520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-10DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500011
E. Eleveld, B. Pennink
The evolution of China’s international investment surge has been analyzed critically over the years, but we still know relatively little about its effect on developing countries. In turn, sub-Saharan African countries have a longstanding history of foreign influences that have had a deeply rooted effect on their people’s sentiment. This research continues to fill the gap regarding how Chinese investment decisions and the underlying intentions are perceived at the local level in Western Africa. For this research, the focus lies on entrepreneurs from Sierra Leone, given the country’s unique economic climate in Western Africa and the position of entrepreneurs as keystone actors toward local innovation, and thus, local economic development. This focus resulted in the following research question: How do entrepreneurs in Sierra Leone perceive Chinese influences regarding Sierra Leone’s local economic development? To answer this open research question, rich data was collected by means of interviewing local entrepreneurs in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Altogether, both comparable and contrasting perceptions on Chinese influences regarding Sierra Leone’s local economic development are presented, resulting in the expansion from an initial thinking model toward an extended thinking model.
{"title":"CHINESE INFLUENCES IN SIERRA LEONE: ALARMING OR INSPIRING?","authors":"E. Eleveld, B. Pennink","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500011","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of China’s international investment surge has been analyzed critically over the years, but we still know relatively little about its effect on developing countries. In turn, sub-Saharan African countries have a longstanding history of foreign influences that have had a deeply rooted effect on their people’s sentiment. This research continues to fill the gap regarding how Chinese investment decisions and the underlying intentions are perceived at the local level in Western Africa. For this research, the focus lies on entrepreneurs from Sierra Leone, given the country’s unique economic climate in Western Africa and the position of entrepreneurs as keystone actors toward local innovation, and thus, local economic development. This focus resulted in the following research question: How do entrepreneurs in Sierra Leone perceive Chinese influences regarding Sierra Leone’s local economic development? To answer this open research question, rich data was collected by means of interviewing local entrepreneurs in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Altogether, both comparable and contrasting perceptions on Chinese influences regarding Sierra Leone’s local economic development are presented, resulting in the expansion from an initial thinking model toward an extended thinking model.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46285919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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