Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1142/s1084946721500151
G. Bruton, J. Pillai, Naiheng Sheng
Although scholars often argue that entrepreneurship can be life-changing, they increasingly recognize that entrepreneurship centered on helping people overcome dire conditions merits specific investigation. Such entrepreneurship to overcome dire/desperate conditions in mature economies is commonly referred to as transitional entrepreneurship. We establish the boundaries of this unique form of entrepreneurship by examining the prior studies that have looked at such transitions in mature economies. We further build on our insights by looking at specific cases of transitional entrepreneurship. Finally, we lay out a research agenda that will help build the foundation of understanding of transitional entrepreneurship.
{"title":"TRANSITIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ESTABLISHING THE PARAMETERS OF THE FIELD","authors":"G. Bruton, J. Pillai, Naiheng Sheng","doi":"10.1142/s1084946721500151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500151","url":null,"abstract":"Although scholars often argue that entrepreneurship can be life-changing, they increasingly recognize that entrepreneurship centered on helping people overcome dire conditions merits specific investigation. Such entrepreneurship to overcome dire/desperate conditions in mature economies is commonly referred to as transitional entrepreneurship. We establish the boundaries of this unique form of entrepreneurship by examining the prior studies that have looked at such transitions in mature economies. We further build on our insights by looking at specific cases of transitional entrepreneurship. Finally, we lay out a research agenda that will help build the foundation of understanding of transitional entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47877539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1142/s1084946721500163
Rachel M. Atkins
Although Blacks in the United States suffered disproportionately high unemployment, housing and wealth losses during the Great Recession, little is known about the recession’s impact on Black entrepreneurship. This study uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to estimate the difference in probability of starting a business before and after the recession for Black and White households. While the likelihood of starting a business declined for Whites after the Great Recession there were no statistically significant changes in the rate of firm startups among Blacks. Evidence supports the prosperity pull hypothesis for White but not Black entrepreneurs.
{"title":"PUSH-PULL THEORY IN BLACK AND WHITE: EXAMINING RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN FIRM STARTUPS BEFORE AND AFTER THE GREAT RECESSION","authors":"Rachel M. Atkins","doi":"10.1142/s1084946721500163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500163","url":null,"abstract":"Although Blacks in the United States suffered disproportionately high unemployment, housing and wealth losses during the Great Recession, little is known about the recession’s impact on Black entrepreneurship. This study uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to estimate the difference in probability of starting a business before and after the recession for Black and White households. While the likelihood of starting a business declined for Whites after the Great Recession there were no statistically significant changes in the rate of firm startups among Blacks. Evidence supports the prosperity pull hypothesis for White but not Black entrepreneurs.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44323954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1142/s1084946721500126
I. Light
Self-employment in the informal sector keeps poor people alive, but it rarely enables them to exit poverty. To exit poverty through self-employment, poor people require monetary and non-monetary resources which they overwhelmingly lack. To escape this dilemma, the owners of survivalist business firms need to band together in order to assemble a minimal resource base on the strength of which they can together upgrade their partnership. Because resources are scarce in poverty populations, this task is exceptionally hard to accomplish. Rotating credit and savings associations (ROSCAs) can enable individuals to exit poverty through self-employment, but ROSCAs only work in the most-resourced, upper tier of a poverty population. In the lower tier, Grameen model banks inject organizational, educational, and financial resources that enable impoverished individuals to exit poverty by upgrading a survivalist business.
{"title":"EXITING POVERTY THROUGH SELF-EMPLOYMENT: THE GRAMEEN MODEL AND ROTATING CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS AS ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES","authors":"I. Light","doi":"10.1142/s1084946721500126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500126","url":null,"abstract":"Self-employment in the informal sector keeps poor people alive, but it rarely enables them to exit poverty. To exit poverty through self-employment, poor people require monetary and non-monetary resources which they overwhelmingly lack. To escape this dilemma, the owners of survivalist business firms need to band together in order to assemble a minimal resource base on the strength of which they can together upgrade their partnership. Because resources are scarce in poverty populations, this task is exceptionally hard to accomplish. Rotating credit and savings associations (ROSCAs) can enable individuals to exit poverty through self-employment, but ROSCAs only work in the most-resourced, upper tier of a poverty population. In the lower tier, Grameen model banks inject organizational, educational, and financial resources that enable impoverished individuals to exit poverty by upgrading a survivalist business.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42975324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-12DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500114
G. Bruton, Nuraddeen Nuhu, J. Qian
Entrepreneurship is viewed as a major tool in the effort to address poverty in emerging economies. Yet financing for such entrepreneurial ventures remains a major challenge. To date, most research on financing of entrepreneurial ventures among those in poverty in emerging economies has focused on formal financial tools such as microfinancing. However, a far larger financing tool employed in practice is informal financing. Such financing takes the shape of loans by family/friends/neighbors, private money lenders, or rotating savings groups. Very little is known about how these finance tools affect entrepreneurship. This article reviews the existing literature on informal finance in emerging economies and then develops a rich research agenda for scholars on informal finance in emerging economies and its role in entrepreneurship.
{"title":"INFORMAL FINANCE IN SETTINGS OF POVERTY: ESTABLISHING AN AGENDA FOR FUTURE ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH","authors":"G. Bruton, Nuraddeen Nuhu, J. Qian","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500114","url":null,"abstract":"Entrepreneurship is viewed as a major tool in the effort to address poverty in emerging economies. Yet financing for such entrepreneurial ventures remains a major challenge. To date, most research on financing of entrepreneurial ventures among those in poverty in emerging economies has focused on formal financial tools such as microfinancing. However, a far larger financing tool employed in practice is informal financing. Such financing takes the shape of loans by family/friends/neighbors, private money lenders, or rotating savings groups. Very little is known about how these finance tools affect entrepreneurship. This article reviews the existing literature on informal finance in emerging economies and then develops a rich research agenda for scholars on informal finance in emerging economies and its role in entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42356732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-12DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500096
T. London
Interest and investment in enterprise-based approaches to reduce the impoverishment faced by the base of the pyramid (BoP) continues to grow. Although recent research provides a greater understanding of the poverty-alleviation impacts from specific businesses, little has been done to compare impacts across businesses or business strategies. In this study, I address this gap by comparing the changes in well-being in young children, the segment considered most vulnerable to poverty, for four BoP businesses employing two different business strategies. Using a framework that incorporates a multi-dimensional perspective on who is impacted and how, I develop and compare business- and strategy-specific poverty impact profiles for the young children of key stakeholders. My findings contribute to a better understanding of how to utilize BoP businesses to address social goals.
{"title":"WHICH BUSINESSES ARE BEST FOR THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID? COMPARING IMPACTS ON YOUNG CHILDREN","authors":"T. London","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500096","url":null,"abstract":"Interest and investment in enterprise-based approaches to reduce the impoverishment faced by the base of the pyramid (BoP) continues to grow. Although recent research provides a greater understanding of the poverty-alleviation impacts from specific businesses, little has been done to compare impacts across businesses or business strategies. In this study, I address this gap by comparing the changes in well-being in young children, the segment considered most vulnerable to poverty, for four BoP businesses employing two different business strategies. Using a framework that incorporates a multi-dimensional perspective on who is impacted and how, I develop and compare business- and strategy-specific poverty impact profiles for the young children of key stakeholders. My findings contribute to a better understanding of how to utilize BoP businesses to address social goals.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47668068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1142/s1084946721500217
David Leong
In exploring entrepreneurial action as a response to opportunities, this paper uses signalling theory to provide new insights as the entrepreneur moves from perception to recognition to enactment. We adopt a dynamic approach to how entrepreneurs perceive opportunities and form initial opportunity beliefs, recognizing that, over time, beliefs change. The perceived potentialities from the signals arising from opportunities also change. Strength of the initial opportunity beliefs, morph-ability of opportunities, frequency of opportunity appearances, multiple interpretations of opportunity, latency of opportunity, observability (intensity, visibility, strength and clarity), distortions of opportunity and false opportunity are topics that are not sufficiently addressed in research on entrepreneurial opportunities. We argue that the signalling effects open new avenues of inquiry related to the central role of opportunity in the entrepreneurial process. Instead of seeing opportunity from either the discovery or creation approaches, opportunity should be viewed as an artifact with embedded perceived potentialities. Implications are drawn for the developmental context.
{"title":"RE-CONTEXTUALIZING OPPORTUNITY AS ARTIFACT SIGNALLING FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTION","authors":"David Leong","doi":"10.1142/s1084946721500217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946721500217","url":null,"abstract":"In exploring entrepreneurial action as a response to opportunities, this paper uses signalling theory to provide new insights as the entrepreneur moves from perception to recognition to enactment. We adopt a dynamic approach to how entrepreneurs perceive opportunities and form initial opportunity beliefs, recognizing that, over time, beliefs change. The perceived potentialities from the signals arising from opportunities also change. Strength of the initial opportunity beliefs, morph-ability of opportunities, frequency of opportunity appearances, multiple interpretations of opportunity, latency of opportunity, observability (intensity, visibility, strength and clarity), distortions of opportunity and false opportunity are topics that are not sufficiently addressed in research on entrepreneurial opportunities. We argue that the signalling effects open new avenues of inquiry related to the central role of opportunity in the entrepreneurial process. Instead of seeing opportunity from either the discovery or creation approaches, opportunity should be viewed as an artifact with embedded perceived potentialities. Implications are drawn for the developmental context.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44561209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-02DOI: 10.1142/S1084946721500138
C. Williams
This paper reviews the policy options and measures available for tackling informal sector entrepreneurship. Four possible policy options are critically reviewed: doing nothing, eradicating informal entrepreneurship; eradicating formal entrepreneurship and formalizing informal entrepreneurship. Concluding that the latter is the most feasible option, policy measures for formalizing informal entrepreneurship are then reviewed. On the one hand, the range of policy measures that can be used by enforcement authorities (tax authorities, labor inspectorates and social security institutions) responsible for tackling informal entrepreneurship are evaluated. On the other hand, and to tackle the broader structural determinants of informal entrepreneurship, macro-level reforms are identified by evaluating critically the validity of the purported determinants proposed in the modernization, political economy, neo-liberal and neo-institutionalist theories. The outcome is an understanding of the full range of policy initiatives required by governments seeking to formalize informal sector entrepreneurship.
{"title":"POLICY APPROACHES TOWARD INFORMAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN OVERVIEW","authors":"C. Williams","doi":"10.1142/S1084946721500138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946721500138","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the policy options and measures available for tackling informal sector entrepreneurship. Four possible policy options are critically reviewed: doing nothing, eradicating informal entrepreneurship; eradicating formal entrepreneurship and formalizing informal entrepreneurship. Concluding that the latter is the most feasible option, policy measures for formalizing informal entrepreneurship are then reviewed. On the one hand, the range of policy measures that can be used by enforcement authorities (tax authorities, labor inspectorates and social security institutions) responsible for tackling informal entrepreneurship are evaluated. On the other hand, and to tackle the broader structural determinants of informal entrepreneurship, macro-level reforms are identified by evaluating critically the validity of the purported determinants proposed in the modernization, political economy, neo-liberal and neo-institutionalist theories. The outcome is an understanding of the full range of policy initiatives required by governments seeking to formalize informal sector entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47050248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.1142/s108494672150014x
Lutisha S. Vickerie, Kyle E Mccullers, Jeffrey A. Robinson
The traditional macroeconomic approach to poverty alleviation in neighborhoods and communities is to use housing development and job-creation programs to address the income and the opportunity gaps. Entrepreneurship is a much less used poverty alleviation strategy that, in our estimation, can have a significant effect in favorable policy environments. After a brief literature review, we highlight policy approaches that use entrepreneurship as a poverty alleviation strategy. We present several case studies from the United States as evidence of how public policy can empower an entrepreneurial ecosystem to support the self-employed and other low-income entrepreneurs. We conclude with a framework for how public policy can alleviate poverty through entrepreneurship that is generalizable in other contexts.
{"title":"POVERTY ALLEVIATION THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES: A FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE","authors":"Lutisha S. Vickerie, Kyle E Mccullers, Jeffrey A. Robinson","doi":"10.1142/s108494672150014x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s108494672150014x","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional macroeconomic approach to poverty alleviation in neighborhoods and communities is to use housing development and job-creation programs to address the income and the opportunity gaps. Entrepreneurship is a much less used poverty alleviation strategy that, in our estimation, can have a significant effect in favorable policy environments. After a brief literature review, we highlight policy approaches that use entrepreneurship as a poverty alleviation strategy. We present several case studies from the United States as evidence of how public policy can empower an entrepreneurial ecosystem to support the self-employed and other low-income entrepreneurs. We conclude with a framework for how public policy can alleviate poverty through entrepreneurship that is generalizable in other contexts.","PeriodicalId":46653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44478828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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