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Analytic philosophy of education: Some suggested questions and directions 分析教育哲学:一些建议问题和方向
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231206286
Christian Norefalk, Marianna Papastephanou
This article investigates whether there is any place for the school of thought that is known as analytic philosophy of education in the aftermath of postmodernism, and whether analytic philosophy of education can be treated as a ‘method’, among other alternative ‘methods’, that can be applied regardless of what kind of ‘-ism’ or ideology one embraces. An additional aim is to suggest some important questions for analytic philosophy of education to take into consideration. We argue that conceptual engineering may be a promising avenue for analytic educational theory if it is used with a critical intent that is more heuristic and inconclusive than prescriptively ideal.
本文探讨了在后现代主义的余波中,被称为分析教育哲学的思想流派是否有一席之地,以及分析教育哲学是否可以被视为一种“方法”,在其他“方法”中,可以被应用于任何一种“主义”或意识形态。另一个目的是提出一些重要的问题,供分析教育哲学考虑。我们认为,概念工程可能是分析教育理论的一个有前途的途径,如果它与一个批判性的意图一起使用,它比规范性的理想更具有启发式和非结论性。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Randall Curren, Handbook of Philosophy of Education 书评:兰德尔·柯伦,《教育哲学手册》
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231208269
A. C. Nikolaidis
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引用次数: 0
Open-mindedness: A double-edged sword in education 开放思想:教育中的一把双刃剑
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231203100
Luke Tucker
This article examines the question of whether and under what conditions teaching open-mindedness to students could have negative effects. While there has been much discussion in the literature about the potential downsides of being open-minded, the question of whether teaching this trait to young, untutored minds could result in more negative effects than positive has received little attention. Yet, given that a primary focus of the literature is providing models for use in educational contexts, exploring the potential risks of encouraging students to emulate such models is imperative. In this regard, the article presents three concerns. The first is that students may lack the full intellectual character to avoid the pitfalls of open-mindedness that have already been noted in the literature. The second concern is that students who exercise open-mindedness may incur social costs that cannot be compensated for by epistemic goods. The third concern is that educators, particularly at universities, often face certain non-ideal conditions that may make it difficult for them to effectively cultivate open-mindedness in students. I ultimately conclude that, in light of these concerns, we should approach teaching for open-mindedness with great caution. However, we should not avoid it altogether. Preliminary suggestions are offered on how instructors may attune their approach to teaching for open-mindedness to mitigate the identified concerns.
本文探讨的问题是,在什么条件下,向学生教授开放思想是否会产生负面影响。虽然文献中有很多关于思想开放的潜在缺点的讨论,但将这种特质教给年轻、未受过教育的人是否会产生更多的负面影响,而不是正面影响,这一问题却很少受到关注。然而,鉴于文献的主要焦点是提供用于教育背景的模型,探索鼓励学生模仿这些模型的潜在风险是必要的。在这方面,文章提出了三个问题。首先,学生可能缺乏充分的智力素质来避免文献中已经提到的思想开放的陷阱。第二个担忧是,开放思想的学生可能会产生无法用知识产品弥补的社会成本。第三个问题是,教育工作者,特别是大学里的教育工作者,经常面临某些不理想的条件,这可能使他们难以有效地培养学生的开放思想。我最终得出的结论是,鉴于这些担忧,我们应该非常谨慎地对待开放思想的教学。然而,我们不应该完全避免它。初步建议教师如何调整他们的教学方法开放的思想,以减轻已确定的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Entangled phronesis and the four causes of emulation: Developmental insights into role modelling 纠缠的行为和模仿的四个原因:对角色建模的发展见解
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231203104
Emerald Henderson
A new theory of emulation – the method by which one learns from moral role models – is emerging through the combined efforts of philosophers, psychologists and educationists. Using a previous argument reconceptualising emulation as a moral virtue as a philosophical springboard, in this paper, I extend this theory by building a more robust case for how emulation qua role modelling works in practice through direct appeal to Aristotle’s account of causation: the four causes. Historically revered for their explanatory power, I argue that reconstructing the four causes and synthesising them with emulation enables us to better comprehend it as a quadripartite causal process. Through doing so, I propose that emulation is driven by ‘entangled phronesis’ – a mechanism which enables immature moral learners to acquire virtue by sharing in the phronesis, that is, practical wisdom, of a role model. Since the degree of entanglement depends upon a learner’s phase of virtuous character development, I also divide emulation into two types: pre-phronetic ‘habituated emulation’ and phronetically-informed ‘complete emulation’. Combined with my four-causal account of emulation, these concepts represent a novel contribution to neo-Aristotelian character developmental theory and help explain – step-by-step – the method by which one potentially acquires moral virtue and phronesis from moral role models.
在哲学家、心理学家和教育家的共同努力下,一种新的模仿理论——一种人们从道德榜样中学习的方法——正在出现。在本文中,我使用之前的论点,将模仿重新定义为一种道德美德,作为哲学跳板,通过直接诉诸亚里士多德的因果关系:四个原因,建立一个更有力的案例,说明模仿作为角色建模如何在实践中起作用,从而扩展了这一理论。我认为,重建这四个原因,并将它们与模拟相结合,使我们能够更好地理解它是一个四方因果过程。通过这样做,我提出模仿是由“纠缠的实践”驱动的——这是一种机制,使不成熟的道德学习者能够通过分享榜样的实践智慧来获得美德。由于纠缠的程度取决于学习者的良性性格发展阶段,我也将模仿分为两种类型:语音前的“习惯模仿”和语音知情的“完全模仿”。结合我对模仿的四因果解释,这些概念代表了对新亚里士多德性格发展理论的新颖贡献,并有助于一步一步地解释一个人从道德角色模型中潜在地获得道德美德和行为准则的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Analytic philosophy of education and the postcolonial moment 分析教育哲学与后殖民时代
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231184870
S. Daniels, P. Enslin
Of all possible future directions for analytic philosophy of education, few are as overdue as thoroughly confronting the legacy of colonialism and the postcolonial moment. Rightly credited with establishing the credibility and standing of philosophy of education, by 1980, analytic philosophy of education was the dominant though not unchallenged approach to philosophy of education in the Anglo-American world. While its dominance has declined and philosophy of education has become more diverse, analytic philosophy of education retains a strong international presence in educational theory. By contrast, postcolonial theory – the critical study of colonialism and its aftermath – has attracted growing interest across many academic disciplines, developing from the 1970s onwards from its early location in literary and cultural studies. After outlining the emergence of analytic philosophy of education, and the subsequent reshaping of philosophy of education, we describe postcolonial theory and the place of education in both colonialism and postcolonial thought. Having thus located analytic philosophy of education and the postcolonial turn in their own times and contexts, we consider the postcolonial challenge to Western philosophy and how analytic philosophy of education could respond, developing our stance on a postcolonial future direction for analytic philosophy of education. We argue that the future of philosophy of education is now inescapably postcolonial and that it should retain its analytical strengths.
在分析教育哲学的所有可能的未来方向中,很少有人能像彻底面对殖民主义的遗产和后殖民时代那样早该走了。到1980年,分析教育哲学是英美世界教育哲学的主流,但并非没有挑战性。尽管分析教育哲学的主导地位已经下降,教育哲学也变得更加多样化,但它在教育理论中仍保持着强大的国际影响力。相比之下,后殖民理论——对殖民主义及其后果的批判性研究——吸引了许多学术学科越来越多的兴趣,从20世纪70年代开始,它在文学和文化研究中的早期位置就得到了发展。在概述了分析教育哲学的出现以及随后对教育哲学的重塑之后,我们描述了后殖民理论以及教育在殖民主义和后殖民思想中的地位。因此,我们将分析教育哲学和后殖民转向定位在各自的时代和背景中,思考后殖民对西方哲学的挑战,以及分析教育哲学如何应对,从而发展我们对分析教育哲学后殖民未来方向的立场。我们认为,教育哲学的未来是不可避免的后殖民主义,它应该保持其分析能力。
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引用次数: 0
Book reviews: Lauren Bialystok and Lisa M. F. Andersen, Touchy Subject: The History and Philosophy of Sex Education 书评:劳伦·比亚韦斯托克和丽莎·m·f·安德森,《敏感话题:性教育的历史和哲学》
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231187197
Emily Y. Tran
curtailed by court cases in the name of preventing a disruptive learning environment (pp. 92–95). This is clearly part of the problem. The concrete recommendations in the final chapter are perhaps the most illuminating and practically useful part of the book. Here, Ben-Porath offers detailed guidance for students, faculty, staff, and administrators. Students need to be willing to collaborate across identity groups, and administrators can incentivize this collaboration by sponsoring social events between groups typically at odds (p. 151). Campus events can employ ‘free speech observers’, individuals trained in university speech policies who can intervene when necessary to ensure the speech rights of all relevant parties are honored, protestors and speakers alike (pp. 145–146). Faculty can be more deliberate about courting controversy in the classroom, constructing lesson plans with more care and attention to the issues (pp. 147–151). Her tips are applicable, actionable, and ethically wise. The bottom line is that we find ourselves in a world historic crisis of distrust, disinformation, and polarization. Cancel Wars is the kind of book we need to help manage that crisis. Ben-Porath makes a strong case that the university should serve as a beacon in these troubling times – a facilitator of knowledge, speech, inclusion, and trust.
以防止破坏性学习环境的名义受到法庭案件的限制(第92–95页)。这显然是问题的一部分。最后一章中的具体建议可能是本书最具启发性和实用性的部分。在这里,Ben Porath为学生、教职员工和管理人员提供详细的指导。学生需要愿意跨身份群体进行合作,管理人员可以通过赞助通常不一致的群体之间的社交活动来激励这种合作(第151页)。校园活动可以雇佣“言论自由观察员”,即受过大学言论政策培训的个人,他们可以在必要时进行干预,以确保所有相关方的言论权利得到尊重,抗议者和演讲者都是如此(第145-146页)。教师可以更慎重地在课堂上引发争议,制定更关心和关注问题的课程计划(第147-151页)。她的建议是适用的,可操作的,合乎道德的。底线是,我们发现自己正处于一场不信任、虚假信息和两极分化的世界历史性危机中。《取消战争》是我们需要帮助管理这场危机的一本书。Ben Porath提出了一个强有力的理由,即大学应该在这个动荡的时代充当灯塔——知识、言论、包容和信任的促进者。
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引用次数: 0
Democratic education and the epistemic quality of democratic deliberation 民主教育与民主审议的认识论素质
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231187304
Anniina Leiviskä
This article examines the challenges that an epistemic account of deliberative democracy, according to which democratic deliberation has ‘truth-tracking’ capacities, encounters in contemporary polarized societies, and then discusses how these challenges could be addressed through democratic education. The focus of the article is especially on two phenomena indicated by recent empirical research: the increasing public distrust in experts and motivated reasoning that affects citizens’ belief-formation. The article suggests that some of the idealizing core assumptions of epistemic democracy make it difficult to recognize and address these phenomena as serious challenges to the epistemic quality of public deliberation. With these challenges in view, the article then addresses the question how the deliberative model of education should be revised or complemented for it to prepare students for epistemically good-quality public deliberation. The article proposes two pedagogical approaches: (1) fostering students’ epistemic trust through a ‘realistic’ account of science education, and by familiarizing students with adequate criteria for recognizing trustworthy experts, and (2) teaching integrative negotiation, which focuses on examining and explicating students’ interests and needs in situations in which motivated reasoning prevents them from meaningfully engaging with educationally and epistemically productive practices.
本文考察了对协商民主的认识论描述在当代两极分化的社会中遇到的挑战,根据这种描述,民主协商具有“真相追踪”能力,然后讨论了如何通过民主教育来应对这些挑战。文章的重点是最近的实证研究表明的两个现象:公众对专家越来越不信任,以及影响公民信仰形成的动机推理。文章认为,认识民主的一些理想化核心假设使人们很难认识到并解决这些现象,将其视为对公众审议的认识质量的严重挑战。考虑到这些挑战,文章随后提出了一个问题,即应该如何修改或补充教育的审议模式,使学生为认识上高质量的公共审议做好准备。文章提出了两种教学方法:(1)通过对科学教育的“现实”描述,培养学生的认识信任,并使学生熟悉认可值得信赖的专家的适当标准;(2)教授综合谈判,其重点是在动机推理阻碍学生有意义地参与教育和认知生产实践的情况下,检查和解释学生的兴趣和需求。
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引用次数: 0
We need a field of educational ethics 我们需要一个教育伦理的领域
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231187193
M. Levinson
During the early years of the COVID-19 pandemic, decision-makers faced numerous ethical questions in biomedical science, public health, educational policy, and education practice. Bioethicists were key partners in informing decision-making in their areas of expertise; educational ethicists, on the other hand, had to fight our way to the table if we got in the building at all. How did bioethics go from non-existent as a field in 1960 to ubiquitous a half-century later, and how could normative work in and about education make the same leap? This article uses bioethics as a foil to argue for why we need a new field of educational ethics, what such a field could accomplish, and how it might do so. It describes the kinds of problems that bioethics was created to address and the different roles that bioethicists play. The article argues that edethicists can and should address the same kinds of problems as well as play similar scholarly, clinical, and policy-oriented roles.
在2019冠状病毒病大流行的最初几年,决策者在生物医学科学、公共卫生、教育政策和教育实践方面面临着许多伦理问题。生物伦理学家是为其专业领域的决策提供信息的关键伙伴;另一方面,教育伦理学家们,如果我们能进入大楼,就必须奋力争取到谈判桌上。生命伦理学是如何在1960年从一个不存在的领域发展到半个世纪后无处不在的?教育领域的规范性工作又是如何实现同样的飞跃的?这篇文章用生命伦理学作为陪衬来论证为什么我们需要一个新的教育伦理学领域,这样一个领域可以完成什么,以及它可能如何做到这一点。它描述了创建生物伦理学要解决的各种问题,以及生物伦理学家扮演的不同角色。本文认为,伦理学家能够而且应该解决同样的问题,并发挥类似的学术、临床和政策导向作用。
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引用次数: 1
The conservatism objection to educating for the virtues of citizenship 保守主义反对公民美德教育
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231180820
Benjamin Sachs-Cobbe
Since the 1990s, education for the virtues of citizenship has become widespread in the United States and United Kingdom. It is intended to inculcate virtues such as courtesy, respect and truthfulness in school children. This essay defends education for the virtues of citizenship against two criticisms. According to the first, which might be called the ‘status quo bias’ criticism, inculcating such virtues is a recipe for stasis. According to the second, which might be called the ‘individualism’ criticism, EVC sends the message that the citizen herself is primarily responsible for her fate. The authors who raise these two criticisms tend to link EVC with ‘conservatism’ or one of its cognate terms. If education for the virtues of citizenship really is conservative, this raises the worry that education for the virtues of citizenship is partisan, which would surely render it morally objectionable. In this paper, I distinguish big-C Conservatism from small-c conservatism, and interpret the education for the virtues of citizenship critics as contending that education for the virtues of citizenship is Conservative (i.e. aligned with the political philosophies of right-leaning parties) in virtue of being individualistic, and conservative in virtue of being status quo biased. Against the individualism criticism, I point out that the strand of conservatism of which economists like Hayek and Friedman are the standard-bearers is anti-individualistic in virtue of holding that we need good economic policy to make up for the fact that we cannot count on individual economic actors to exercise sound moral judgement, and that the strand of conservatism inspired by commentators like Burke, Nisbet and Scruton is anti-individualistic in virtue of its emphasis on community. Hence, the inference from individualism to Conservatism doesn’t go through. Against the status quo bias criticism, I contend that it is unpredictable who will benefit from citizens being resistant to change. Hence, while it may be right to label such resistance ‘conservative’, such conservatism is not partisan.
自20世纪90年代以来,公民美德教育在美国和英国开始普及。它旨在向学生们灌输礼貌、尊重和诚实等美德。这篇文章针对两种批评为公民美德教育辩护。根据第一种可能被称为“现状偏见”的批评,灌输这些美德是停滞不前的秘诀。根据第二种可能被称为“个人主义”的批评,EVC发出的信息是公民自己对自己的命运主要负责。提出这两种批评的作者倾向于将EVC与“保守主义”或其同源术语之一联系起来。如果公民美德的教育真的是保守的,那么这就引起了人们的担忧,即公民美德的教育是党派化的,这肯定会使它在道德上受到反对。在本文中,我区分了大c保守主义和小c保守主义,并将公民美德教育的批评者解释为,公民美德教育是保守的(即与右倾政党的政治哲学一致),因为它是个人主义的,而保守的,因为它是现状偏见的。反对个人主义的批评,我指出,链的保守主义经济学家哈耶克和弗里德曼等美德的典范是anti-individualistic认为我们需要良好的经济政策来弥补这一事实我们不能指望个人经济演员锻炼良好的道德判断,这像伯克保守主义受到评论家的链,尼斯贝特认为,Scruton anti-individualistic强调社区的美德。因此,从个人主义到保守主义的推论不成立。针对对现状偏见的批评,我认为,谁将从抵制变革的公民中受益是不可预测的。因此,尽管给这种抵抗贴上“保守”的标签可能是正确的,但这种保守主义并非党派之争。
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引用次数: 0
Caught in a school choice quandary: What should an equity-minded parent do? 陷入择校困境:一个有公平意识的家长该怎么办?
IF 1.2 Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-17 DOI: 10.1177/14778785231180469
M. Merry
In this article, I examine a case involving an equity-minded parent caught in a quandary about which school to select for her child, knowing that her decision may have consequences for others. To do so, I heuristically construct a fictional portrait and explore the deliberative process a parent might have through a dialogue taking place among ‘friends’, where each friend personifies a different set of ethical considerations. I then briefly consider two competing philosophical assessments but argue that neither position helpfully assists in resolving the quandary. To conclude, I ask the provocative question whether parental motives – but also their school choices – actually matter if the inequitable outcomes seem to remain unchanged.
在这篇文章中,我研究了一个案例,涉及一位有公平意识的家长,她在为孩子选择哪所学校的问题上左右为难,因为她知道自己的决定可能会对其他人产生影响。为了做到这一点,我启发性地构建了一幅虚构的肖像,并通过“朋友”之间的对话来探索父母可能会经历的深思熟虑的过程,在对话中,每个朋友都体现了一系列不同的道德考虑。然后,我简要地考虑了两种相互竞争的哲学评估,但认为这两种立场都无助于解决困境。最后,我提出了一个挑衅性的问题,如果不公平的结果似乎保持不变,父母的动机——以及他们的学校选择——是否真的很重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Theory and Research in Education
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