Pub Date : 2022-11-19DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11633
Eddie Hall, Laura Hill, Duston D. Morris, Meg Duncan, J. Haegele, Katie Helms
Innovative recreation services, such as non-traditional camps, can help provide diverse youth a chance to engage in physical activity, develop healthy relational skills, and meet others. Twenty-two participants took part in a new, 1-week triathlon camp held on a Mid-Atlantic University campus. Participants were recruited through local parks and recreation agencies and local youth running clubs. Scholarships were given to participants who expressed financial challenges through a USA Triathlon Youth Grant. The 1-week day camp took place on a college campus. The camp served the surrounding neighborhoods, which was accurately represented in the camper demographic (i.e., half the campers were youth of color). During the week, the campers swam, biked, ran, rock climbed, and participated in other multi-sport activities to help develop proper form and skills for triathlon. As guided by the USAT Splash, Spin, Sprint Camp manual, campers participated in daily swimming, cycling, running, and other related exercises. In addition, the camp included traditional camp activities such as indoor rock climbing, participation on a challenge course, and crafts. Eighty percent of the campers indicated they now want to do a triathlon, and 95% shared that they will tell their friends about the sport of triathlon. Using the practitioner-friendly American Camp Association’s Youth Outcomes Battery, campers indicated gains in competence, teamwork, and problem-solving confidence. The findings of this evaluation study provide evidence-based support for the potential of triathlon camp to enhance important developmental outcomes. The results from the evaluation support the desired outcomes for this type of camp, and with USA Triathlon support, other recreation services can use this model to replicate. A unique aspect of this program was its setting and participant composition. That is, this day camp, hosted in an urban area, had a diverse group of campers with youth from various ethnic and sport backgrounds. Over half (60%) of the campers were of color, providing evaluation data from often underrepresented groups of interest. This program evaluation provides a template for other camps on campus model to focus on diversity, equity and inclusion of our youth. Currently, there is only one African American female professional triathlon in the United States. We need to be more intentional offering unique programs (e.g., triathlon camps and nonprofits) to all youth. Grants can be pursued by camps, municipal parks and recreation, nonprofits to remove some of the financial barriers preventing many youth of color from exploring the sport of triathlon.
{"title":"Using Triathlon Camp to Develop Youth Life Skills among Diverse Campers","authors":"Eddie Hall, Laura Hill, Duston D. Morris, Meg Duncan, J. Haegele, Katie Helms","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11633","url":null,"abstract":"Innovative recreation services, such as non-traditional camps, can help provide diverse youth a chance to engage in physical activity, develop healthy relational skills, and meet others. Twenty-two participants took part in a new, 1-week triathlon camp held on a Mid-Atlantic University campus. Participants were recruited through local parks and recreation agencies and local youth running clubs. Scholarships were given to participants who expressed financial challenges through a USA Triathlon Youth Grant. The 1-week day camp took place on a college campus. The camp served the surrounding neighborhoods, which was accurately represented in the camper demographic (i.e., half the campers were youth of color). During the week, the campers swam, biked, ran, rock climbed, and participated in other multi-sport activities to help develop proper form and skills for triathlon. As guided by the USAT Splash, Spin, Sprint Camp manual, campers participated in daily swimming, cycling, running, and other related exercises. In addition, the camp included traditional camp activities such as indoor rock climbing, participation on a challenge course, and crafts. Eighty percent of the campers indicated they now want to do a triathlon, and 95% shared that they will tell their friends about the sport of triathlon. Using the practitioner-friendly American Camp Association’s Youth Outcomes Battery, campers indicated gains in competence, teamwork, and problem-solving confidence. The findings of this evaluation study provide evidence-based support for the potential of triathlon camp to enhance important developmental outcomes. The results from the evaluation support the desired outcomes for this type of camp, and with USA Triathlon support, other recreation services can use this model to replicate. A unique aspect of this program was its setting and participant composition. That is, this day camp, hosted in an urban area, had a diverse group of campers with youth from various ethnic and sport backgrounds. Over half (60%) of the campers were of color, providing evaluation data from often underrepresented groups of interest. This program evaluation provides a template for other camps on campus model to focus on diversity, equity and inclusion of our youth. Currently, there is only one African American female professional triathlon in the United States. We need to be more intentional offering unique programs (e.g., triathlon camps and nonprofits) to all youth. Grants can be pursued by camps, municipal parks and recreation, nonprofits to remove some of the financial barriers preventing many youth of color from exploring the sport of triathlon.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45323942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24Epub Date: 2022-03-18DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11392
William L Rice, Jaclyn R Rushing, Jennifer M Thomsen, Peter Whitney
Campsites represent highly sought after recreational amenities in the national parks of the United States. Equitable allocation of scarce recreational resources has long been a key management issue in U.S. national parks, but has become increasingly difficult in an era of increasing demand. At present, a growing number of national park campsites are allocated through an online reservation system well in advance of a camper's arrival at a park. Compounding the challenge of allocating these campsites is a long history of exclusivity within national park camping-institutionalized through campground design and predicated on a legacy of the leisure class's affinity for camping in national parks. Given national park camping's history of exclusivity, this exploratory study seeks to explore how online reservation systems may impact the demographics of national park campers. Using mobile device location data, estimated demographics were calculated for campers in five national park campgrounds in the U.S. that each contained some sites requiring reservations and some sites available on a first-come, first-served basis. We detail results from analyses of variance between campsites requiring reservations and those that are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Results suggest that for each of the five campgrounds, those campers camping in sites that require reservations came from areas with higher median household incomes, on average. In three of the five campgrounds, this difference was significant. Additionally, in an urban-proximate setting, those camping in sites requiring reservations came from areas with a higher portion of White residency than those campers in campsites not requiring reservations, on average. We conclude with discussion that includes management implications concerning the growing prominence of online reservation systems for outdoor recreation amenities, and a brief research agenda for diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) as they relate to campgrounds. Principally, the former group of implications includes the realization that online reservation systems present the unintended consequence of excluding low-income, and perhaps non-White, would-be campers-a conclusion drawn from the results of this exploratory study. This discussion includes an analysis of the distributive justice of online reservation systems.
{"title":"Exclusionary Effects of Campsite Allocation through Reservations in U.S. National Parks: Evidence from Mobile Device Location Data.","authors":"William L Rice, Jaclyn R Rushing, Jennifer M Thomsen, Peter Whitney","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11392","DOIUrl":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Campsites represent highly sought after recreational amenities in the national parks of the United States. Equitable allocation of scarce recreational resources has long been a key management issue in U.S. national parks, but has become increasingly difficult in an era of increasing demand. At present, a growing number of national park campsites are allocated through an online reservation system well in advance of a camper's arrival at a park. Compounding the challenge of allocating these campsites is a long history of exclusivity within national park camping-institutionalized through campground design and predicated on a legacy of the leisure class's affinity for camping in national parks. Given national park camping's history of exclusivity, this exploratory study seeks to explore how online reservation systems may impact the demographics of national park campers. Using mobile device location data, estimated demographics were calculated for campers in five national park campgrounds in the U.S. that each contained some sites requiring reservations and some sites available on a first-come, first-served basis. We detail results from analyses of variance between campsites requiring reservations and those that are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Results suggest that for each of the five campgrounds, those campers camping in sites that require reservations came from areas with higher median household incomes, on average. In three of the five campgrounds, this difference was significant. Additionally, in an urban-proximate setting, those camping in sites requiring reservations came from areas with a higher portion of White residency than those campers in campsites not requiring reservations, on average. We conclude with discussion that includes management implications concerning the growing prominence of online reservation systems for outdoor recreation amenities, and a brief research agenda for diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) as they relate to campgrounds. Principally, the former group of implications includes the realization that online reservation systems present the unintended consequence of excluding low-income, and perhaps non-White, would-be campers-a conclusion drawn from the results of this exploratory study. This discussion includes an analysis of the distributive justice of online reservation systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10488315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10239589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-09DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11513
Jennifer P. Agans, Caitlin Garbo, Giulia Panter
Changes in patterns of physical activity are common across adolescence and are often associated with psychological factors such as feelings of athletic competence (Agans et al., 2017; Dawes et al., 2014). However, although physical activity preferences and beliefs about competence and abilities are important contributors to participation (Sallis et al., 2000), these factors are rarely studied over shorter time scales or in the context of specific recreational environments. We therefore assessed the extent to which summer camp experiences may contribute to changes in youth physical activity behavior and attitudes, and examined factors associated with these changes. Data were collected from 309 youth (85% white, 44% female, average age of 11.6) attending three different summer camps in the northeastern United States. Camper survey data were analyzed using multilevel regression models to account for potential camp-level differences in physical activity experiences. Our findings suggest that youth experiences with physical activity at camp are not isolated from prior physical activity behaviors and attitudes, but that even one-week camp sessions can lead to changes for some youth. Specifically, overall physical activity levels increased from pre-camp to the end of camp, but camper demographics and pre-camp physical activity behaviors and beliefs were associated with participants’ self-reported activity levels, self-perceived athletic competence, and eagerness for physical activity at the end of a week of camp. We also found that many campers reported decreases in their enjoyment of physical activities with which they had prior experience, and this was especially true for teens with the lowest levels of physical activity at camp. Finally, we found that youth who tried more new types of physical activity at camp reported decreased self-perceived competence but were more likely to have higher levels of physical activity while at camp. These results suggest that summer camps can enable youth to increase their physical activity levels and change their physical activity-related beliefs, but that recreational camp programs do not affect all youth similarly. Camp staff should therefore be attentive to campers’ prior experiences, and seek to tailor their programs to better support the physical activity behaviors and attitudes of all campers.
身体活动模式的变化在青春期很常见，通常与心理因素有关，如运动能力的感觉(Agans等人，2017;Dawes et al.， 2014)。然而，尽管体育活动偏好和对能力和能力的信念是参与的重要因素(萨利斯等人，2000)，这些因素很少在较短的时间尺度上或在特定的娱乐环境中进行研究。因此，我们评估了夏令营经历对青少年体育活动行为和态度变化的影响程度，并研究了与这些变化相关的因素。数据来自参加美国东北部三个不同夏令营的309名年轻人(85%白人，44%女性，平均年龄11.6岁)。营员调查数据使用多层回归模型进行分析，以解释营员在体育活动体验方面的潜在差异。我们的研究结果表明，青少年在夏令营中进行体育活动的经历并不与之前的体育活动行为和态度隔离，但即使是一周的夏令营也会导致一些青少年发生变化。具体来说，总体的体育活动水平从营地前到营地结束都有所增加，但营员的人口统计数据和营地前的体育活动行为和信念与参与者自我报告的活动水平、自我感知的运动能力和一周营地结束时对体育活动的渴望有关。我们还发现，许多露营者报告说，他们对以前有过的体育活动的享受程度下降了，对于夏令营中体育活动水平最低的青少年来说尤其如此。最后，我们发现在营地中尝试更多新类型体育活动的年轻人报告自我感知能力下降，但更有可能在营地中进行更高水平的体育活动。这些结果表明，夏令营可以使青少年提高他们的体育活动水平，改变他们的体育活动相关的信念，但娱乐夏令营项目并不是对所有的青少年都有同样的影响。因此，营地工作人员应该关注营员之前的经历，并寻求量身定制他们的计划，以更好地支持所有营员的体育活动行为和态度。
{"title":"Short-Term Changes in Youth Physical Activity Behaviors and Attitudes: The Influence of Summer Camp","authors":"Jennifer P. Agans, Caitlin Garbo, Giulia Panter","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11513","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in patterns of physical activity are common across adolescence and are often associated with psychological factors such as feelings of athletic competence (Agans et al., 2017; Dawes et al., 2014). However, although physical activity preferences and beliefs about competence and abilities are important contributors to participation (Sallis et al., 2000), these factors are rarely studied over shorter time scales or in the context of specific recreational environments. We therefore assessed the extent to which summer camp experiences may contribute to changes in youth physical activity behavior and attitudes, and examined factors associated with these changes. Data were collected from 309 youth (85% white, 44% female, average age of 11.6) attending three different summer camps in the northeastern United States. Camper survey data were analyzed using multilevel regression models to account for potential camp-level differences in physical activity experiences. Our findings suggest that youth experiences with physical activity at camp are not isolated from prior physical activity behaviors and attitudes, but that even one-week camp sessions can lead to changes for some youth. Specifically, overall physical activity levels increased from pre-camp to the end of camp, but camper demographics and pre-camp physical activity behaviors and beliefs were associated with participants’ self-reported activity levels, self-perceived athletic competence, and eagerness for physical activity at the end of a week of camp. We also found that many campers reported decreases in their enjoyment of physical activities with which they had prior experience, and this was especially true for teens with the lowest levels of physical activity at camp. Finally, we found that youth who tried more new types of physical activity at camp reported decreased self-perceived competence but were more likely to have higher levels of physical activity while at camp. These results suggest that summer camps can enable youth to increase their physical activity levels and change their physical activity-related beliefs, but that recreational camp programs do not affect all youth similarly. Camp staff should therefore be attentive to campers’ prior experiences, and seek to tailor their programs to better support the physical activity behaviors and attitudes of all campers.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46389525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-12DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11053
V. Gravenstine, D. Kuehn, A. Dayer
Bicycling for transportation and recreation has many benefits including human health, greenhouse gas reduction, and community building. Understanding the factors that influence intentions to bicycle can help community planners improve access to bicycle routes and facilities for residents. This study examines the facilitators, constraints, motivations, demographic and experiential characteristics, and intentions to ride a bicycle of the residents of the Town of DeWitt in Central New York State. Data were collected using a mail and internet survey during the summer of 2015. Survey questions focused on constraints/facilitators, motivations, intentions, demographics, recent participation in bicycling during the summer of 2015, and lifetime involvement in bicycling (i.e., number of years). Of the 1,253 questionnaires distributed, a qualified sample of 1,206 households was obtained; 56 questionnaires were completed online and 417 were returned by mail, resulting in a 39% response rate. Descriptive statistics and path analysis were used to identify determinants of bicycling intentions. Lack of adequate infrastructure was identified as a significant constraint on bicycling intentions, while support for infrastructure enhancements, enjoyment from riding, riding to spend time with friends and family, and number of children in the respondent’s household all directly and significantly influenced intentions to bike ride. Other factors (i.e., infrastructure connections in the community, spending time outdoors, support from others for biking, gender, free time, age, and income) indirectly influenced intentions. The results indicate that respondents would likely be in support of infrastructure improvements in the future, especially if these improvements create safer riding locations for both adults and children. In addition, the analysis made it possible to discern previously unrecognized factors influencing bicycling intentions, such as gender-based differences in level of support for biking infrastructure enhancements, the number of children in the household, and the importance of biking as a social experience. Incorporating off-road bike paths and gathering places for bicyclists into future planning efforts would likely be supported by residents seeking safe riding experiences for themselves and their children.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Intended Bicycling Behavior","authors":"V. Gravenstine, D. Kuehn, A. Dayer","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11053","url":null,"abstract":"Bicycling for transportation and recreation has many benefits including human health, greenhouse gas reduction, and community building. Understanding the factors that influence intentions to bicycle can help community planners improve access to bicycle routes and facilities for residents. This study examines the facilitators, constraints, motivations, demographic and experiential characteristics, and intentions to ride a bicycle of the residents of the Town of DeWitt in Central New York State. Data were collected using a mail and internet survey during the summer of 2015. Survey questions focused on constraints/facilitators, motivations, intentions, demographics, recent participation in bicycling during the summer of 2015, and lifetime involvement in bicycling (i.e., number of years). Of the 1,253 questionnaires distributed, a qualified sample of 1,206 households was obtained; 56 questionnaires were completed online and 417 were returned by mail, resulting in a 39% response rate. Descriptive statistics and path analysis were used to identify determinants of bicycling intentions. Lack of adequate infrastructure was identified as a significant constraint on bicycling intentions, while support for infrastructure enhancements, enjoyment from riding, riding to spend time with friends and family, and number of children in the respondent’s household all directly and significantly influenced intentions to bike ride. Other factors (i.e., infrastructure connections in the community, spending time outdoors, support from others for biking, gender, free time, age, and income) indirectly influenced intentions. The results indicate that respondents would likely be in support of infrastructure improvements in the future, especially if these improvements create safer riding locations for both adults and children. In addition, the analysis made it possible to discern previously unrecognized factors influencing bicycling intentions, such as gender-based differences in level of support for biking infrastructure enhancements, the number of children in the household, and the importance of biking as a social experience. Incorporating off-road bike paths and gathering places for bicyclists into future planning efforts would likely be supported by residents seeking safe riding experiences for themselves and their children.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49009020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-12DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11395
Emilie Cycz, M. Silva, V. Magnini, M. Uysal
Market segmentation remains one of the most important approaches used in tourism to provide crucial information regarding visitors’ profiles. Considering the importance of State and National parks to the tourism industry, there is an increasing interest in examining the motivations of park visitors. Drawing on the push-and-pull theoretical framework, this study employs a canonical correlation analysis and an overlapping segmentation approach to generate market segments of visitors to a State Park system in the United States. A total of 2822 past and current visitors were surveyed and consequently assigned to three overlapping market segments based on the results of canonical correlation analysis. The segments were labeled as “Connecting with Nature”, “Active Recreation”, and “Family Bonding”. Specifically, the “Family Bonding” market segment was found to have the most overlap with the other two groups. On the other hand, the segment of “Active Recreation” had the least overlap, suggesting that the members of this segment are uniquely defined and display a high degree of homogeneity. Additionally, 75 visitors were found to overlap across all three segments. Such findings suggest that this group of respondents score positively on all motivation items and share the same preferences of State Park systems’ attributes. Thus, park managers should refrain from assigning tourists to fit just one segment and target the potential visitors considering the substantial overlapping between groups. The study findings have important practical implications for State Park system managers and provide critical insights to inform future marketing strategies and to improve parks’ offerings.
{"title":"Understanding overlapping segments for State Park visitors","authors":"Emilie Cycz, M. Silva, V. Magnini, M. Uysal","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11395","url":null,"abstract":"Market segmentation remains one of the most important approaches used in tourism to provide crucial information regarding visitors’ profiles. Considering the importance of State and National parks to the tourism industry, there is an increasing interest in examining the motivations of park visitors. Drawing on the push-and-pull theoretical framework, this study employs a canonical correlation analysis and an overlapping segmentation approach to generate market segments of visitors to a State Park system in the United States. A total of 2822 past and current visitors were surveyed and consequently assigned to three overlapping market segments based on the results of canonical correlation analysis. The segments were labeled as “Connecting with Nature”, “Active Recreation”, and “Family Bonding”. Specifically, the “Family Bonding” market segment was found to have the most overlap with the other two groups. On the other hand, the segment of “Active Recreation” had the least overlap, suggesting that the members of this segment are uniquely defined and display a high degree of homogeneity. Additionally, 75 visitors were found to overlap across all three segments. Such findings suggest that this group of respondents score positively on all motivation items and share the same preferences of State Park systems’ attributes. Thus, park managers should refrain from assigning tourists to fit just one segment and target the potential visitors considering the substantial overlapping between groups. The study findings have important practical implications for State Park system managers and provide critical insights to inform future marketing strategies and to improve parks’ offerings.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44546386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-12DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11319
R. Turner
This paper identifies several kinds of heterogeneity in nonuse values using a contingent choice experiment about two national parks in Utah. Such heterogeneity has potentially important implications for national park management. When management resources are scarce, it matters that nonuse values differ across park resources or attributes. Resources that generate more nonuse values deserve more protection, including the impacts of visitor activities. Heterogeneity by location implies that management decisions appropriate for one park can’t be adopted in other parks without careful consideration. Heterogeneity of nonuse values matters for management if there are political, equity, or justice reasons to pay more attention to particular groups in society. Heterogeneity by type of nonuse value matters for management, too: existence values have different implications than bequest values since the latter still are generated by (future) visitation. The contingent choice experiment used in this paper asks respondents to compare different potential future scenarios for management of either Zion or Arches National Park. Each scenario is made up of potential changes to seven attributes: wilderness protection, educational outreach, animal conservation, plant conservation, visitation levels, cultural/historical protection, and an annual tax payment. Respondents’ rankings are used to estimate a variety of mixed logit models. In addition, respondents are asked to report what percentage of the total value they receive from each attribute is due to use values, option values, bequest values, and existence values. While some previous researchers used similar questions to decompose nonuse values, this paper uses the decomposition questions differently. First, they are asked separately about each attribute in the experimental design of a contingent choice survey, as opposed to being asked once about total value or total nonuse value. Second, they are used as part of a mixed logit estimation of the relative part-worths of each attribute, rather than being used to decompose the final valuation estimates. Results indicate substantial heterogeneity by park attribute, location, individual, and type of nonuse value. These differences across attributes are largely independent of demographic and socioeconomic variables, though. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the empirical findings for park management.
{"title":"Heterogeneous nonuse values for Arches and Zion National Parks","authors":"R. Turner","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11319","url":null,"abstract":"This paper identifies several kinds of heterogeneity in nonuse values using a contingent choice experiment about two national parks in Utah. Such heterogeneity has potentially important implications for national park management. When management resources are scarce, it matters that nonuse values differ across park resources or attributes. Resources that generate more nonuse values deserve more protection, including the impacts of visitor activities. Heterogeneity by location implies that management decisions appropriate for one park can’t be adopted in other parks without careful consideration. Heterogeneity of nonuse values matters for management if there are political, equity, or justice reasons to pay more attention to particular groups in society. Heterogeneity by type of nonuse value matters for management, too: existence values have different implications than bequest values since the latter still are generated by (future) visitation. The contingent choice experiment used in this paper asks respondents to compare different potential future scenarios for management of either Zion or Arches National Park. Each scenario is made up of potential changes to seven attributes: wilderness protection, educational outreach, animal conservation, plant conservation, visitation levels, cultural/historical protection, and an annual tax payment. Respondents’ rankings are used to estimate a variety of mixed logit models. In addition, respondents are asked to report what percentage of the total value they receive from each attribute is due to use values, option values, bequest values, and existence values. While some previous researchers used similar questions to decompose nonuse values, this paper uses the decomposition questions differently. First, they are asked separately about each attribute in the experimental design of a contingent choice survey, as opposed to being asked once about total value or total nonuse value. Second, they are used as part of a mixed logit estimation of the relative part-worths of each attribute, rather than being used to decompose the final valuation estimates. Results indicate substantial heterogeneity by park attribute, location, individual, and type of nonuse value. These differences across attributes are largely independent of demographic and socioeconomic variables, though. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the empirical findings for park management.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42221794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11206
Thitikan Satchabut, D. Scott, G. Ellis
Effects of Outdoor Recreation Participation and InterpretationWe conducted a field experiment in Thailand to evaluate effects of appreciative and mechanized forms of recreation and interpretation on environmental concerns of park visitors. Research participants were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental conditions defined by recreation type (appreciative vs. mechanized), recreation activity (birdwatching, nature photography, motorcycling, and motor boating) nested within recreation type, and interpretation (interpretation provided vs. not provided). We measured three dimensions of environmental concern: specific environmental concern (SEC), worldwide environmental concern (WEC), and general environmental behavior (GEB). Appreciative activity participants and participants who received interpretation had significantly higher SEC scores than those who participated in mechanized activities and those who did not receive interpretation. Interpretation experiences elevated WEC and GEB, with the effect being more substantial among participants who participated in mechanized recreation activities. Appropriate cautions are advised against making management decisions based on results of individual studies, but within that context, we suggest the following: • Interpretation programs designed using Tilden’s (1957) classic principles of interpretation can be effective in elevating environmental concern. • Interpretation programs may be more effective if conducted as part of appreciative recreation experiences (e.g., hiking, birdwatching, nature photography). • For WEC and GEB, interpretation may mitigate detrimental effects of participation in mechanized forms of recreation (motor boating, motorcycling). • This study represents the first of its kind to document the proposed effects on environmental concern using experimental methods.
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Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-10980
S. Slater, O. Pugach, Marina Ragonese-Barnes, Rachel Banner
In 2017 the National Recreation and Park Association launched an initiative entitled “Meet Me at the Park: Transforming Parks and Improving Access to Play Spaces.” The purpose of this grant opportunity was to fund innovative and scalable projects that transform parks and improve access to play spaces for kids of all abilities (aged 3-11) and their families in underserved communities. To date, there have been three funding cycles. Each cycle funded a total of 25 park projects (Sample N=75) that were tasked with providing access to renovated play spaces to increase physical activity in the most underserved communities using innovative and scalable solutions. A sample of 24 parks (8 per cycle) were selected for an in-depth evaluation using a pre-post study design. Two primary data collection activities were conducted: 1) collecting systematic observations of play and recreation in communities (SOPARC) pre- and post-renovation of play spaces; and 2) collecting intercept surveys from 32 adults pre- and post-renovation of play spaces. SOPARC results showed significant increases in daily park use (20 vs. 37 visitors on average per day at baseline compared to post-renovation), and a 31.5% increase (p<0.001) in the number of people engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Intercept survey results showed a 17.54 percentage point increase in the number of survey participants visiting the park for the first time. There was a 26.73 percentage point increase in the number of respondents stating that the park gave the kids a chance to experience something new and a 19.32 percentage point increase in respondents stating that the child they were with played more since using the park post-renovation. Results of the evaluation show that the investments in play space renovations were positively associated with increased park use, MVPA, and children’s park-based play. This information is important for park and recreation agencies, park and recreation advocates and elected officials to show that high quality, well-maintained parks are essential to improve public health outcomes and use of park spaces.
{"title":"Transforming Parks into “Magical” Places for Play: Evaluating the “Meet Me at the Park” Play Spaces Grant Program","authors":"S. Slater, O. Pugach, Marina Ragonese-Barnes, Rachel Banner","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-10980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-10980","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017 the National Recreation and Park Association launched an initiative entitled “Meet Me at the Park: Transforming Parks and Improving Access to Play Spaces.” The purpose of this grant opportunity was to fund innovative and scalable projects that transform parks and improve access to play spaces for kids of all abilities (aged 3-11) and their families in underserved communities. To date, there have been three funding cycles. Each cycle funded a total of 25 park projects (Sample N=75) that were tasked with providing access to renovated play spaces to increase physical activity in the most underserved communities using innovative and scalable solutions. A sample of 24 parks (8 per cycle) were selected for an in-depth evaluation using a pre-post study design. Two primary data collection activities were conducted: 1) collecting systematic observations of play and recreation in communities (SOPARC) pre- and post-renovation of play spaces; and 2) collecting intercept surveys from 32 adults pre- and post-renovation of play spaces. SOPARC results showed significant increases in daily park use (20 vs. 37 visitors on average per day at baseline compared to post-renovation), and a 31.5% increase (p<0.001) in the number of people engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Intercept survey results showed a 17.54 percentage point increase in the number of survey participants visiting the park for the first time. There was a 26.73 percentage point increase in the number of respondents stating that the park gave the kids a chance to experience something new and a 19.32 percentage point increase in respondents stating that the child they were with played more since using the park post-renovation. Results of the evaluation show that the investments in play space renovations were positively associated with increased park use, MVPA, and children’s park-based play. This information is important for park and recreation agencies, park and recreation advocates and elected officials to show that high quality, well-maintained parks are essential to improve public health outcomes and use of park spaces.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44007607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11477
Caleb J. Scruggs, C. Zajchowski, Jennifer Huggins, A. Burns
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of parks as critical infrastructure for societal well-being; however, for much of the pandemic, the risk for disease exposure and transmission in these spaces was unclear. Public health messaging by parks continues to attempt to influence health-promoting behaviors, but the impact of advisories may vary due to the message source. In fall 2020, we surveyed park visitors in Virginia, U.S. across political affiliations to understand decision-making factors influencing visitation. Results indicate many similarities in decision-making factors across political affiliations, such as the perceived importance of health benefits derived from outdoor recreation. Significant differences in the perceived importance between message sources (i.e., Trump Administration) (ηp 2 = .104) and risk perceptions related to COVID-19 (ηp 2 = .228) across political affiliations were evident. These findings demonstrate the importance of attending to political affiliations when crafting messaging strategies, not limited to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Politics, Parks, and Pandemic: A Research Note","authors":"Caleb J. Scruggs, C. Zajchowski, Jennifer Huggins, A. Burns","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11477","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of parks as critical infrastructure for societal well-being; however, for much of the pandemic, the risk for disease exposure and transmission in these spaces was unclear. Public health messaging by parks continues to attempt to influence health-promoting behaviors, but the impact of advisories may vary due to the message source. In fall 2020, we surveyed park visitors in Virginia, U.S. across political affiliations to understand decision-making factors influencing visitation. Results indicate many similarities in decision-making factors across political affiliations, such as the perceived importance of health benefits derived from outdoor recreation. Significant differences in the perceived importance between message sources (i.e., Trump Administration) (ηp 2 = .104) and risk perceptions related to COVID-19 (ηp 2 = .228) across political affiliations were evident. These findings demonstrate the importance of attending to political affiliations when crafting messaging strategies, not limited to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48565752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.18666/jpra-2022-11485
V. Povilaitis, Jim Sibthorp
As the labor market has tightened, seasonal recreation employers have struggled to find and hire quality staff. Operating under tight budgetary constraints due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many seasonal employers are looking for alternatives to pay increases to attract staff. Emerging adults, defined as people between 18 and 29 years of age, are commonly seeking seasonal employment to complement their school schedules during the summer months. Therefore, adding non-monetary value to these seasonable employment experiences may encourage further interest from emerging adults. Emerging adults are generally focused on understanding who they are and what they want out of life. This type of learning is often facilitated through experiences that offer opportunities to be socially and emotionally supported (Yohalem et al., 2007), build meaningful relationships with others (Lerner & Lerner, 2013), try and experiment in new contexts and activities (Durlak et al., 2010), and contribute in significant ways (Eccles & Gootman, 2002). Collectively, such experiences are often termed developmental experiences (Nagaoka et al., 2015). Seasonal employment experiences that are developmental offer emerging adults non-monetary value that they may find attractive. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to understand developmental experiences reported by emerging adult summer camp employees as a way to inform seasonal staffing efforts. Participants were 254 individuals (Mage = 19.8 years), majority female (68.9%) and White (76%) who were recruited from a longitudinal study and were camp staff during summer 2018. A convergent design was used, including data from semi-structured interviews and quantitative surveys. Qualitative data were analyzed inductively and deductively, and within-subjects designs (RMANOVAs and paired t-tests) were used to analyze quantitative data. The reported employment experiences generally aligned with the existing literature on important characteristics of developmental experiences and were categorized as experiential and engaging activities, positive social and emotional climate, supportive relationships, and meaningful contributions. An additional characteristic, less consistent with the extant literature, separate time and space, was also present. Implications for practice are offered, highlighting ways to facilitate developmental experiences for camp staff and reduce characteristics that may hinder developmental experiences.
随着劳动力市场趋紧，季节性娱乐雇主一直在努力寻找和雇用高质量的员工。由于2019冠状病毒病大流行，在预算紧张的情况下，许多季节性雇主正在寻找增加工资的替代方案来吸引员工。“新成人”指的是年龄在18岁至29岁之间的人，他们通常在寻找季节性工作，以补充夏季的学业安排。因此，在这些季节性的就业经历中增加非货币价值可能会激发新兴成年人的进一步兴趣。初出茅庐的成年人通常专注于了解自己是谁，以及他们想从生活中得到什么。这种类型的学习通常是通过提供社会和情感支持的机会(Yohalem et al.， 2007)，与他人建立有意义的关系(Lerner & Lerner, 2013)，在新的环境和活动中尝试和实验(Durlak et al.， 2010)，并以重要的方式做出贡献(Eccles & Gootman, 2002)的经历来促进的。总的来说，这些经历通常被称为发展经历(Nagaoka et al.， 2015)。季节性的工作经历是发展性的，为初出期的成年人提供了他们可能会觉得有吸引力的非金钱价值。因此，本文的目的是了解新兴成人夏令营员工报告的发展经验，作为通知季节性人员配置工作的一种方式。参与者是254人(年龄为19.8岁)，大多数是女性(68.9%)和白人(76%)，她们是从纵向研究中招募的，并在2018年夏季担任营地工作人员。采用趋同设计，包括来自半结构化访谈和定量调查的数据。定性资料采用归纳和演绎分析，定量资料采用受试者内设计(rmanova和配对t检验)分析。报告的就业经历与现有文献中关于发展经历的重要特征基本一致，并被归类为体验和参与活动、积极的社会和情感氛围、支持关系和有意义的贡献。另一个与现存文献不太一致的特点是，时间和空间是分开的。为实践提供了启示，强调了促进营地工作人员发展经验的方法，并减少了可能阻碍发展经验的特征。
{"title":"Developmental Experiences in Seasonal Employment: A National Mixed-Methods Study of Camp Staff","authors":"V. Povilaitis, Jim Sibthorp","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2022-11485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2022-11485","url":null,"abstract":"As the labor market has tightened, seasonal recreation employers have struggled to find and hire quality staff. Operating under tight budgetary constraints due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many seasonal employers are looking for alternatives to pay increases to attract staff. Emerging adults, defined as people between 18 and 29 years of age, are commonly seeking seasonal employment to complement their school schedules during the summer months. Therefore, adding non-monetary value to these seasonable employment experiences may encourage further interest from emerging adults. Emerging adults are generally focused on understanding who they are and what they want out of life. This type of learning is often facilitated through experiences that offer opportunities to be socially and emotionally supported (Yohalem et al., 2007), build meaningful relationships with others (Lerner & Lerner, 2013), try and experiment in new contexts and activities (Durlak et al., 2010), and contribute in significant ways (Eccles & Gootman, 2002). Collectively, such experiences are often termed developmental experiences (Nagaoka et al., 2015). Seasonal employment experiences that are developmental offer emerging adults non-monetary value that they may find attractive. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to understand developmental experiences reported by emerging adult summer camp employees as a way to inform seasonal staffing efforts. Participants were 254 individuals (Mage = 19.8 years), majority female (68.9%) and White (76%) who were recruited from a longitudinal study and were camp staff during summer 2018. A convergent design was used, including data from semi-structured interviews and quantitative surveys. Qualitative data were analyzed inductively and deductively, and within-subjects designs (RMANOVAs and paired t-tests) were used to analyze quantitative data. The reported employment experiences generally aligned with the existing literature on important characteristics of developmental experiences and were categorized as experiential and engaging activities, positive social and emotional climate, supportive relationships, and meaningful contributions. An additional characteristic, less consistent with the extant literature, separate time and space, was also present. Implications for practice are offered, highlighting ways to facilitate developmental experiences for camp staff and reduce characteristics that may hinder developmental experiences.","PeriodicalId":46684,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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