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Are observed gender wage gaps too small? The impact of sample selection bias in South Korea 观察到的性别工资差距是否太小?韩国样本选择偏差的影响
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2026.101345
Nikolas Tromp , Jeremiah Richey
This study explores the impact of sample selection bias on estimates of gender wage gaps among young workers in South Korea. It uses data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) and applies two wage imputation methods to correct for selection into full-time, regular employment. Specifically, it estimates the wage offers of those not in full employment using wages from proximate years and a semi-parametric reweighting method. The findings show that ignoring sample selection bias causes wage offers to be overestimated, particularly for women, as those with lower wage offers are more likely to opt out full employment. Consequently, selection adjustments increase wage gaps in both 2001 and 2017. Positive selection weakens for women during this period which is associated with changes in education and marriage. Therefore, adjustments increase gaps more in 2001 than in 2017, leading to larger decreases in the wage gaps over time. This implies that the relative progress in labor market opportunities for women is larger than previously estimated. Finally, unadjusted gaps suggest gender disparities were largest in low-paid positions in 2001 but high-paid positions 2017, whereas adjusted gaps suggest they were largest in medium-paid positions in both years. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of accounting for sample selection bias when assessing gender wage disparities.
本研究探讨了样本选择偏差对韩国年轻工人性别工资差距估计的影响。根据韩国劳动收入调查委员会(KLIPS)的数据,采用两种工资计算方法,对选择全职正规职进行了校正。具体地说,它使用邻近年份的工资和半参数重加权方法来估计那些没有充分就业的人的工资。研究结果表明,忽视样本选择偏差会导致工资报价被高估,尤其是对女性而言,因为工资报价较低的女性更有可能选择不充分就业。因此,选择调整扩大了2001年和2017年的工资差距。在这一时期,女性的积极选择减弱,这与教育和婚姻的变化有关。因此,与2017年相比,2001年的调整扩大了差距,导致工资差距随着时间的推移缩小得更大。这意味着妇女在劳动力市场机会方面的相对进步比以前估计的要大。最后,未经调整的差距表明,2001年低薪职位的性别差异最大,2017年高薪职位的性别差异最大,而调整后的差距表明,这两年中薪职位的性别差异最大。总的来说,研究结果强调了在评估性别工资差异时考虑样本选择偏差的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
The macroeconomic impact of fiscal policies reflecting state dependency: The case of Korea 反映国家依赖性的财政政策的宏观经济影响:以韩国为例
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101344
Min Gyu Lee
This study investigates the effectiveness of Korea's fiscal policy for economic stabilization, focusing on state dependency. Using the Auerbach and Gorodnichenko (2013)’s model, the analysis addresses short-term government expenditure data by components and identifies forecast errors to capture unexpected expenditure changes. Results show that fiscal policy is more effective in slack, with a higher multiplier effect in slack than in boom. Unexpected government expenditure shocks are more impactful than anticipated changes. Among components, government investment expenditure yields the highest multiplier effect, with direct government purchases proving the most effective, surpassing unity in impact compared to other types of expenditure.
本研究考察了韩国财政政策对经济稳定的有效性,重点关注国家依赖性。利用Auerbach和Gorodnichenko(2013)的模型,分析了短期政府支出数据的组成部分,并确定了预测误差,以捕捉意外的支出变化。结果表明,财政政策在经济萧条时更有效,经济萧条时的乘数效应高于经济繁荣时的乘数效应。意外的政府支出冲击比预期的变化更有影响力。在各组成部分中,政府投资支出的乘数效应最高,其中政府直接采购最有效,与其他类型的支出相比,其影响超越了统一性。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of school bullying victimization on cognitive, school engagement, and friendship outcomes 校园欺凌受害对认知、学校投入和友谊结果的影响
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101342
Atsushi Inoue , Ryuichi Tanaka
This study investigated the effects of bullying victimization on cognitive, school engagement, and friendship outcomes using panel data collected from elementary school students in a Japanese city. Employing a value-added model that controls for prior outcomes, our findings revealed that bullying victimization significantly impairs both cognitive and school engagement and weakens friendship formation. Furthermore, a high prevalence of bullying victimization within the classroom was found to negatively impact cognitive outcomes in subsequent years. These findings underscore the importance of effective school bullying prevention in fostering human and social capital among school-aged children.
本研究以日本某城市小学生为研究对象,调查霸凌受害对认知、学校投入和友谊结果的影响。采用控制先前结果的增值模型,我们的研究结果显示,欺凌受害显著损害认知和学校参与,并削弱友谊的形成。此外,在课堂上普遍存在的欺凌受害者被发现对随后几年的认知结果产生负面影响。这些发现强调了有效预防校园欺凌在培养学龄儿童的人力和社会资本方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the role of service for manufacturing firm exports: Evidence from Japanese firm-level data 服务业对制造业企业出口的作用:来自日本企业层面数据的证据
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101343
Toshiyuki Matsuura
This study revisits the impact of the servicification of Japanese manufacturing firms on their performance in the export market using a Japanese firm-level panel data set from 2009 to 2019. We constructed two measures of firm-level servicification: in-house service production and bought-in service input, which refers to service purchased from external providers. We then examine the impact of both types of servicification on corporate performance in the export market, as measured by the global value chain participation dummy and export intensity. Estimating the correlated random effects model, which allows us to control for unobserved individual fixed effects, we find that bought-in service input, especially service outsourcing, significantly improves global value chain participation and export intensity, and that this effect is greater for high-tech industries.
本研究使用2009年至2019年日本企业层面的面板数据集,重新审视了日本制造业服务化对其出口市场绩效的影响。我们构建了企业层面服务化的两个度量:内部服务生产和购买服务投入,这是指从外部供应商购买的服务。然后,我们通过全球价值链参与虚拟值和出口强度来衡量这两种类型的服务对出口市场企业绩效的影响。通过对相关随机效应模型的估计(该模型允许我们控制未观察到的个体固定效应),我们发现,购买服务投入,特别是服务外包,显著提高了全球价值链参与度和出口强度,且这种效应对高技术产业更为显著。
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引用次数: 0
Robots, ICT and aging: How do advanced technologies interact with aging 机器人、信息通信技术和老龄化:先进技术如何与老龄化相互作用
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101335
Hongyan Lu
This paper investigates whether introducing advanced technologies will affect the impact of population aging on productivity. We examine the interactions between age-skill labor groups and technical capital represented by ICT and industrial robots in 12 OECD countries from 2008 to 2020. Using sector-level data, we find that a higher ICT intensity enhances relative labor productivity in industries employing a large share of low-skilled older workers, while robots exhibit complementarities with high-skilled older workers. Moreover, when ICT and robots are jointly adopted, the relative productivity differences across age-skilled groups are shrinked, particularly narrowing the gap between workers of the same age group but with different skill levels. The effects, however, are highly heterogeneous across countries and industries. In countries with high population aging and widespread robot use, the interactions between technological capital and labor differ markedly. Furthermore, robots tend to exhibit stronger complementarities with workers in capital-intensive industries, while ICT shows complementary effects with older workers across both skill groups in labor-intensive industries.
本文研究先进技术的引入是否会影响人口老龄化对生产率的影响。我们研究了2008年至2020年12个经合组织国家的年龄技能劳动力群体与以ICT和工业机器人为代表的技术资本之间的相互作用。利用部门层面的数据,我们发现ICT强度越高,雇佣大量低技能老年工人的行业的相对劳动生产率就越高,而机器人与高技能老年工人表现出互补性。此外,当ICT和机器人共同采用时,不同年龄技能群体之间的相对生产率差异会缩小,特别是缩小同一年龄组但不同技能水平的工人之间的差距。然而,不同国家和行业的影响差异很大。在人口老龄化程度高、机器人广泛使用的国家,技术资本和劳动力之间的相互作用存在显著差异。此外,机器人往往与资本密集型产业的工人表现出更强的互补性,而ICT在劳动密集型产业中与两种技能组的老年工人表现出互补效应。
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引用次数: 0
Medium-run effects of patient cost-sharing on the demand-side and supply-side of inpatient care: A natural experiment in Japan 病人费用分担对住院护理需求方和供给方的中期影响:日本的自然实验
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101333
Akihiro Yoshimura, Reo Takaku
Over the last several decades, many developed countries have increased patient cost-sharing to contain healthcare expenditures. Some influential studies, including the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, suggest that increasing patient cost-sharing reduces unnecessary medical care by mitigating ex-post moral hazard. However, most existing studies in this field focus on short-run effects, in which the health status of the insured and provider behaviors remain unchanged. In this study, we analyze the medium-term impact of the 2003 coinsurance rate increase on inpatient care utilization by using public hospital data in Japan covering a 12-year period. Difference-in-differences and event study analyses robustly showed that the number of inpatients decreased a few years after the 2003 reforms. However, inpatient costs per patient day began to increase after four years, mainly due to increased medical resources. Eventually, despite the initial reduction in the number of inpatients, we found that the effects on total inpatient costs were negligible in the medium run. These findings indicate that many existing studies may overestimate the cost-containment effects of patient cost-sharing in the medium- and long-term.
在过去几十年里,许多发达国家增加了患者费用分担,以控制医疗保健支出。包括兰德健康保险实验在内的一些有影响力的研究表明,增加患者费用分担可以通过减轻事后道德风险来减少不必要的医疗服务。然而,在这一领域的大多数现有研究侧重于短期效应,其中被保险人的健康状况和提供者的行为保持不变。在这项研究中,我们分析了2003年共同保险费率提高对住院护理利用的中期影响,使用日本公立医院的数据覆盖了12年。差异中的差异和事件研究分析有力地表明,在2003年改革后的几年中,住院人数有所下降。然而,每名病人每天的住院费用在四年后开始增加,主要是由于医疗资源的增加。最终,尽管最初住院人数减少了,但我们发现在中期,对住院总成本的影响可以忽略不计。这些发现表明,许多现有研究可能高估了中期和长期患者费用分摊的成本控制效果。
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引用次数: 0
Decomposing the reversal effect: Exploring low-to-price and other indicators 分解反转效应:探究低价等指标
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101334
Yasuhiro Iwanaga
This study conducts a systematic analysis of the stock market reversal effect using four key indicators: high-to-price, price-to-high, low-to-price, and price-to-low. By applying these indicators to the Japanese stock market, this study evaluates their effectiveness in predicting reversals. The findings indicate that among the four indicators, price-to-low proves to be the most effective. In contrast, high-to-price, which was initially expected to be the strongest in capturing the momentum effect, does not perform as prominently as anticipated. This suggests that the reference price investors should consider may vary depending on market conditions and time periods. Moreover, the effectiveness of the price-to-low strategy becomes even more pronounced during periods of high volatility, highlighting its potential as a valuable investment approach in times of heightened market uncertainty.
本研究采用高价对价、价对高、低价对价、价对低四个关键指标对股市反转效应进行系统分析。通过将这些指标应用于日本股市,本研究评估了它们预测反转的有效性。研究结果表明,在四个指标中,价格相对低价是最有效的。相比之下,最初被认为在捕捉动量效应方面表现最强劲的高价股,其表现并不像预期的那样突出。这表明投资者应考虑的参考价格可能因市场情况和时间段而异。此外,低价策略的有效性在高波动性时期变得更加明显,突显出它在市场不确定性加剧时作为一种有价值的投资方法的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Dual effects of individuals’ sustainability orientation on investment and consumption: Evidence from environmental issues in Japan 个人可持续性取向对投资和消费的双重影响:来自日本环境问题的证据
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101332
Hiroyuki Aman , Norihiro Kasuga , Taizo Motonishi , Chisako Yamane
Individuals can engage in sustainable economic activities both as investors and consumers. To examine their dual roles in promoting sustainability, we analyze preferences for sustainable investment compared to green consumption through a survey of Japanese individuals. We find no substantial difference in non-monetary motivations for sustainable activities, as the proportion of respondents choosing sustainable investments with low returns is comparable to that for green consumption with high price. Furthermore, environmental orientation has a common effect on both sustainable investment and green consumption. Specifically, individuals with high environmental orientation prefer sustainable investments with low returns and also green consumption at high product prices. However, environmental orientation has no significant effect on risky sustainable investments, indicating that strong pro-environmental awareness may not be sufficient to overcome the risks associated with investment activities.
个人既可以作为投资者也可以作为消费者参与可持续的经济活动。为了检验它们在促进可持续性方面的双重作用,我们通过对日本个人的调查,分析了可持续投资与绿色消费的偏好。我们发现,可持续活动的非货币动机没有实质性差异,因为选择低回报可持续投资的受访者比例与选择高价格绿色消费的受访者比例相当。此外,环境导向对可持续投资和绿色消费都有共同的影响。具体而言,高环境取向的个体更倾向于低回报的可持续投资和高产品价格的绿色消费。然而,环境取向对有风险的可持续投资没有显著影响,这表明强烈的环保意识可能不足以克服与投资活动有关的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Did COVID-19 deteriorate mismatch in the Japanese labor market? 新冠疫情是否加剧了日本劳动力市场的不匹配?
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101331
Yudai Higashi , Masaru Sasaki
This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic deteriorated the occupational mismatch between job seekers and vacancies in the Japanese labor market. We particularly investigate how occupational vulnerability and labor market segmentation by employment type (full-time versus part-time) affected mismatch dynamics during the pandemic. We estimate the mismatch indices across occupations by vulnerability and employment type using the method developed by Şahin et al. (2014). We find that the pandemic induced mismatch across occupations with a high risk of infection and occupations in which it is easy to work remotely for both full- and part-time workers. Furthermore, mismatch across occupations in which it is particularly difficult to work remotely increased for full-time workers.
本研究探讨了COVID-19大流行如何恶化了日本劳动力市场上求职者和职位空缺之间的职业不匹配。我们特别调查了职业脆弱性和按就业类型(全职与兼职)划分的劳动力市场如何影响大流行期间的不匹配动态。我们使用Şahin等人(2014)开发的方法,根据脆弱性和就业类型估算职业间的不匹配指数。我们发现,大流行导致了感染风险高的职业与全职和兼职工人容易远程工作的职业之间的不匹配。此外,对于全职员工来说,远程工作尤其困难的职业之间的不匹配增加了。
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引用次数: 0
Impacts of COVID-19 on households in ASEAN countries: Medium-run impacts and their implications for human capital development 2019冠状病毒病对东盟国家家庭的影响:中期影响及其对人力资本开发的影响
IF 1.2 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2025.101330
Peter J. Morgan , Trinh Q. Long , Kunhyui Kim
The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting falls in demand are severely affecting Asian households. At the same time, governments implemented aid programs to support households and businesses. To better understand these impacts, we carried out two waves of interviews of households in seven ASEAN countries. The following factors contributed to declines in expenditure and the experience of financial difficulty: being in a lower-income group, lower education of household head, female household head, job loss, and location in a lockdown area. The amount of government aid received relative to pre-pandemic income was much higher for lower-income groups. We find a positive effect of government aid on reducing the experience of financial difficulty.
新冠肺炎大流行及其导致的需求下降严重影响着亚洲家庭。与此同时,政府实施了支持家庭和企业的援助项目。为了更好地了解这些影响,我们对七个东盟国家的家庭进行了两波访谈。以下因素导致了支出下降和经济困难:低收入群体、户主受教育程度较低、女性户主、失业以及位于封锁地区。相对于大流行前的收入,低收入群体收到的政府援助数额要高得多。我们发现政府援助对减少财政困难的经历有积极作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Japan and the World Economy
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