Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/0031322x.2022.2247936
Steven Beller
ABSTRACTAdam Sutcliffe innovatively reinterprets modern Jewish intellectual history in terms of Jewish purpose. Where possible, he avoids judgemental discourse about antisemitism and emphasizes how Jewish thinkers have been participants, together with their Christian counterparts, in forming western self-understanding. In an approximately chronological order, he shows how the ‘underlying theological template’ of Jewish purpose, both in Jewish messianism and Christian millenarianism, has profoundly influenced modern thought, both religious and secular. The biblical model of the Jews as chosen people strongly influenced British and Dutch thought in the seventeenth century. Jewish purpose was of central interest to the Enlightenment, for good and ill; the French Revolution and the ‘progressive’ change of the nineteenth century led to further redefinitions of ‘what Jews were for’. Nationalism had its own effect, both in terms of Zionism and the various non-nationalist Jewish responses. At the same time, forms of normalization (including Zionism) proposed how Jews could fulfil their purpose by ‘fitting in’. Throughout the book, the dialectic between Jewish chosenness, particularity and difference on the one hand and, on the other, the claim that the Jews were chosen precisely to proclaim, and practise, universal values of ethics and social justice, frames a fascinating account of the ongoing debates about Jewish purpose. Sutcliffe rightly reminds us that the more inclusive, outward-looking, universalist model of Jewish purpose still has much cogency, despite being overshadowed of late by a narrower, inward-looking definition focused on the Holocaust and Israel.KEYWORDS: Christian ZionismJewish exceptionalismJewish purposeJewish universalismmessianismZionism Notes1 Salo Baron, ‘Ghetto and emancipation: shall we revise the traditional view?’, Menorah Journal, vol. 14, no. 6, 1928, 515–26 (526) (cited in Sutcliffe, 156).2 Eleanor Beardsley, ‘Alarm grows in France over anti-Semitic violence’, NPR Report, 3 May 2018, available online at www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/05/03/599515300/alarm-grows-in-france-over-anti-semitic-violence (viewed 3 August 2023).3 Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (New York: Pantheon 1992); Robert Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad (New York: Random House 2010); David Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (New York: Norton 2014).4 See Antony Lerman, Whatever Happened to Antisemitism? Redefinition and the Myth of the ‘Collective Jew’ (London: Pluto Press 2022); Steven Beller, Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015); Ron Kampeas, ‘US Jewish scholars push anti-Semitism definition allowing more Israel criticism’, Times of Israel, 17 March 2021.5 Lessing’s play is seen as one of the great Enlightenment statements on the need for religious tolerance, and a template for later concepts of religious pluralism.6 The third of three
{"title":"Chosenness and its discontentsAdam Sutcliffe, <i>What Are Jews For? History, Peoplehood and Purpose</i> . Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press2020. vii+358pp. Notes. Ind. £35 hbk. ISBN 978-0-691-18880-5.","authors":"Steven Beller","doi":"10.1080/0031322x.2022.2247936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2022.2247936","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAdam Sutcliffe innovatively reinterprets modern Jewish intellectual history in terms of Jewish purpose. Where possible, he avoids judgemental discourse about antisemitism and emphasizes how Jewish thinkers have been participants, together with their Christian counterparts, in forming western self-understanding. In an approximately chronological order, he shows how the ‘underlying theological template’ of Jewish purpose, both in Jewish messianism and Christian millenarianism, has profoundly influenced modern thought, both religious and secular. The biblical model of the Jews as chosen people strongly influenced British and Dutch thought in the seventeenth century. Jewish purpose was of central interest to the Enlightenment, for good and ill; the French Revolution and the ‘progressive’ change of the nineteenth century led to further redefinitions of ‘what Jews were for’. Nationalism had its own effect, both in terms of Zionism and the various non-nationalist Jewish responses. At the same time, forms of normalization (including Zionism) proposed how Jews could fulfil their purpose by ‘fitting in’. Throughout the book, the dialectic between Jewish chosenness, particularity and difference on the one hand and, on the other, the claim that the Jews were chosen precisely to proclaim, and practise, universal values of ethics and social justice, frames a fascinating account of the ongoing debates about Jewish purpose. Sutcliffe rightly reminds us that the more inclusive, outward-looking, universalist model of Jewish purpose still has much cogency, despite being overshadowed of late by a narrower, inward-looking definition focused on the Holocaust and Israel.KEYWORDS: Christian ZionismJewish exceptionalismJewish purposeJewish universalismmessianismZionism Notes1 Salo Baron, ‘Ghetto and emancipation: shall we revise the traditional view?’, Menorah Journal, vol. 14, no. 6, 1928, 515–26 (526) (cited in Sutcliffe, 156).2 Eleanor Beardsley, ‘Alarm grows in France over anti-Semitic violence’, NPR Report, 3 May 2018, available online at www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/05/03/599515300/alarm-grows-in-france-over-anti-semitic-violence (viewed 3 August 2023).3 Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (New York: Pantheon 1992); Robert Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad (New York: Random House 2010); David Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (New York: Norton 2014).4 See Antony Lerman, Whatever Happened to Antisemitism? Redefinition and the Myth of the ‘Collective Jew’ (London: Pluto Press 2022); Steven Beller, Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015); Ron Kampeas, ‘US Jewish scholars push anti-Semitism definition allowing more Israel criticism’, Times of Israel, 17 March 2021.5 Lessing’s play is seen as one of the great Enlightenment statements on the need for religious tolerance, and a template for later concepts of religious pluralism.6 The third of three","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"79 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134900877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/0031322x.2023.2251279
Scott Burnett
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Margaret Wetherell, Affect and Emotion: A New Social Science Understanding (Los Angeles: Sage 2012), 19.2 Sara Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge 2015).3 Scott Burnett, White Belongings: Race, Land, and Property in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Lanham, MD and London: Lexington Books 2022), 20.4 Nicky Falkof, Satanism and Family Murder in Late Apartheid South Africa: Imagining the End of Whiteness (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2015).5 Pumla Dineo Gqola, Rape: A South African Nightmare (Johannesburg: Melinda Ferguson Books 2015).
注1 Margaret Wetherell，《情感与情感:一种新的社会科学理解》(洛杉矶:Sage出版社，2012)，19.2 Sara Ahmed，《情感的文化政治》，第二版(纽约:Routledge出版社，2015)4 .斯科特·伯内特，《白人财产:种族隔离后南非的种族、土地和财产》(兰哈姆医学博士和伦敦:列克星敦出版社，2022年);尼基·福尔科夫，《种族隔离后期南非的撒旦崇拜和家庭谋杀:想象白人的终结》(贝辛斯托克和纽约:帕尔格雷夫·麦克米伦出版社，2015年)《强奸:南非的噩梦》(约翰内斯堡:梅林达·弗格森出版社，2015)。
{"title":"Cultures of fear in South AfricaNicky Falkof, <i>Worrier State: Risk, Anxiety and Moral Panic in South Africa</i> . Manchester: Manchester University Press2022. iv + 244pp. Bibl. Ind. £85 hbk; £20 pbk. ISBN 978-1-526-16402-5 hbk; 978-1-526-17188-7 pbk.","authors":"Scott Burnett","doi":"10.1080/0031322x.2023.2251279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2023.2251279","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Margaret Wetherell, Affect and Emotion: A New Social Science Understanding (Los Angeles: Sage 2012), 19.2 Sara Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge 2015).3 Scott Burnett, White Belongings: Race, Land, and Property in Post-Apartheid South Africa (Lanham, MD and London: Lexington Books 2022), 20.4 Nicky Falkof, Satanism and Family Murder in Late Apartheid South Africa: Imagining the End of Whiteness (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2015).5 Pumla Dineo Gqola, Rape: A South African Nightmare (Johannesburg: Melinda Ferguson Books 2015).","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"3 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134992036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADP-ribosylation is a reversible and dynamic post-translational modification mediated by ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are an important family of human ARTs. ADP-ribosylation and PARPs have crucial functions in host-pathogen interaction, especially in viral infections. However, the functions and potential molecular mechanisms of ADP-ribosylation and PARPs in Mycobacterium infection remain unknown. In this study, bioinformatics analysis revealed significantly changed expression levels of several PARPs in tuberculosis patients compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, the expression levels of these PARPs returned to normal following tuberculosis treatment. Then, the changes in the expression levels of PARPs during Mycobacterium infection were validated in Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP1)-induced differentiated macrophages infected with Mycobacterium model strains bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells infected with Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms), respectively. The mRNA levels of PARP9, PARP10, PARP12, and PARP14 were most significantly increased during infection, with corresponding increases in protein levels, indicating the possible biological functions of these PARPs during Mycobacterium infection. In addition, the biological function of host PARP9 in Mycobacterium infection was further studied. PARP9 deficiency significantly increased the infection efficiency and intracellular proliferation ability of Ms, which was reversed by the reconstruction of PARP9. Collectively, this study updates the understanding of changes in PARP expression during Mycobacterium infection and provides evidence supporting PARP9 as a potent suppressor for Mycobacterium infection.
Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00112-2.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.1080/0031322x.2022.2126175
Stephen J. Whitfield
Published in Patterns of Prejudice (Vol. 56, No. 1, 2022)
发表于《偏见模式》(2022年第56卷第1期)
{"title":"Obituary","authors":"Stephen J. Whitfield","doi":"10.1080/0031322x.2022.2126175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2022.2126175","url":null,"abstract":"Published in Patterns of Prejudice (Vol. 56, No. 1, 2022)","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"176 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2023.2205690
Clara Ervedosa
ABSTRACT Ervedosa’s article demonstrates from a cultural perspective that the categories ‘Südländer’ (Southerner) and ‘südländisches Aussehen’ (Southern looks) in German police reports are discriminatory since they challenge the central principles of the German constitution. They infringe the fundamental right in Article 3.3, that is, the right not to be racially discriminated against, the fundamental rights of human dignity (Article 1.1) and human equality (Article 3.1), as well as the constitutional right to be a German citizen regardless of one’s skin colour (Article 116). It argues that the terms are a form of skin-colour racism in that the police carry out their work—investigations, searches, inquiries and so on—on the basis of the perpetrator’s racialized phenotype. The categories basically stand for ‘Mediterranean looks’—even referred to in the past as the ‘Mediterranean race’—and phenotype: dark hair, dark eyes and so-called ‘skin type IV’, that is, ‘olive or brown skin’. They are the product of a tradition of racialized, exclusionary thinking that collides with the humanistic and democratic values of the Grundgesetz (Basic Law).
{"title":"The elephant in the room called ‘skin type IV’: ‘Südländer’ (Southerner) as a discriminatory category in German police reports","authors":"Clara Ervedosa","doi":"10.1080/0031322X.2023.2205690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2023.2205690","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ervedosa’s article demonstrates from a cultural perspective that the categories ‘Südländer’ (Southerner) and ‘südländisches Aussehen’ (Southern looks) in German police reports are discriminatory since they challenge the central principles of the German constitution. They infringe the fundamental right in Article 3.3, that is, the right not to be racially discriminated against, the fundamental rights of human dignity (Article 1.1) and human equality (Article 3.1), as well as the constitutional right to be a German citizen regardless of one’s skin colour (Article 116). It argues that the terms are a form of skin-colour racism in that the police carry out their work—investigations, searches, inquiries and so on—on the basis of the perpetrator’s racialized phenotype. The categories basically stand for ‘Mediterranean looks’—even referred to in the past as the ‘Mediterranean race’—and phenotype: dark hair, dark eyes and so-called ‘skin type IV’, that is, ‘olive or brown skin’. They are the product of a tradition of racialized, exclusionary thinking that collides with the humanistic and democratic values of the Grundgesetz (Basic Law).","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"56 1","pages":"123 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41396987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2023.2192029
Irit Dekel, Esra Öyzürek
ABSTRACT Although the annual report by the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) stated that 1 per cent of antisemitic incidents in 2021 were characterized as Islamic/Islamist, public accusations of antisemitism are increasingly directed at two groups: (1) designated Others (Muslims and other racialized minorities who seldom engage in anti-Jewish hate crimes) and (2) public intellectuals who are for the most part white ethnic Germans (including Jews and Christians) who demonstrate solidarity with these minorities. Dekel and Özyürek describe the logic that drives this growth in accusations of antisemitism and argue that it can be explained by three shifts in the discourse of Holocaust memory: first, from Holocaust memory to antisemitism; second, from antisemitism’s German perpetrators to designated Others; and third, from guilt and responsibility to shame.
{"title":"The logic of the fight against antisemitism in Germany in three cultural shifts","authors":"Irit Dekel, Esra Öyzürek","doi":"10.1080/0031322X.2023.2192029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2023.2192029","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although the annual report by the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) stated that 1 per cent of antisemitic incidents in 2021 were characterized as Islamic/Islamist, public accusations of antisemitism are increasingly directed at two groups: (1) designated Others (Muslims and other racialized minorities who seldom engage in anti-Jewish hate crimes) and (2) public intellectuals who are for the most part white ethnic Germans (including Jews and Christians) who demonstrate solidarity with these minorities. Dekel and Özyürek describe the logic that drives this growth in accusations of antisemitism and argue that it can be explained by three shifts in the discourse of Holocaust memory: first, from Holocaust memory to antisemitism; second, from antisemitism’s German perpetrators to designated Others; and third, from guilt and responsibility to shame.","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"56 1","pages":"157 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41460965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2022.2146306
Joseph Finlay
{"title":"Arguments among socialists","authors":"Joseph Finlay","doi":"10.1080/0031322X.2022.2146306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2022.2146306","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"56 1","pages":"201 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47807185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-27DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.2023.2219167
R. Dickinson, Tom Cowin
ABSTRACT With an annual budget of nearly fifty million dollars and over five billion views on social media, PragerU is a central node in the production of misinformation and radicalization in the United States today. Despite this, it has received little-to-no attention in contemporary scholarship. This paper begins to correct this dangerous oversight by introducing PragerU to an academic audience as a powerful far-right institution. We build on Rebecca Lewis’s concept of the Alternative Influence Network to show that PragerU is a unique and sinister institution with the ability to draw together disparate parts of the American right, using immense financial resources and advertising reach to do so. At its core, we contend that PragerU functions as a legitimizing hub for the US far right. It creates for itself a veneer of legitimacy as a seemingly moderate, centrist educational organization, even appropriating the term ‘university’. PragerU then shares that legitimacy, serving as a hub that unites the right, bringing together Reaganite neoliberals, Bush-era neoconservatives, Tea Partiers, Trumpists and the contemporary alt-right under PragerU branding. Combined with its staggering reach and the structural features of social media platforms (‘suggested videos’, recommendations), PragerU acts as a gateway to the extreme right, and the first steps on the path to radicalization. As a result, we argue that it can no longer be ignored by scholars seeking to understand the far right in the United States, and should be treated as an essential area of study into right-wing radicalization and the spread of misinformation on social media today.
{"title":"The kids are alt-right: an introduction to PragerU and its role in radicalization in the United States","authors":"R. Dickinson, Tom Cowin","doi":"10.1080/0031322X.2023.2219167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2023.2219167","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With an annual budget of nearly fifty million dollars and over five billion views on social media, PragerU is a central node in the production of misinformation and radicalization in the United States today. Despite this, it has received little-to-no attention in contemporary scholarship. This paper begins to correct this dangerous oversight by introducing PragerU to an academic audience as a powerful far-right institution. We build on Rebecca Lewis’s concept of the Alternative Influence Network to show that PragerU is a unique and sinister institution with the ability to draw together disparate parts of the American right, using immense financial resources and advertising reach to do so. At its core, we contend that PragerU functions as a legitimizing hub for the US far right. It creates for itself a veneer of legitimacy as a seemingly moderate, centrist educational organization, even appropriating the term ‘university’. PragerU then shares that legitimacy, serving as a hub that unites the right, bringing together Reaganite neoliberals, Bush-era neoconservatives, Tea Partiers, Trumpists and the contemporary alt-right under PragerU branding. Combined with its staggering reach and the structural features of social media platforms (‘suggested videos’, recommendations), PragerU acts as a gateway to the extreme right, and the first steps on the path to radicalization. As a result, we argue that it can no longer be ignored by scholars seeking to understand the far right in the United States, and should be treated as an essential area of study into right-wing radicalization and the spread of misinformation on social media today.","PeriodicalId":46766,"journal":{"name":"Patterns of Prejudice","volume":"56 1","pages":"95 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45965452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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