Journal of Innovation & Knowledge最新文献_第5页

AI-driven HRM digitization in effect: Mechanisms, conditions, and employee outcomes 人工智能驱动的人力资源管理数字化：机制、条件和员工成果

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100919

Ahsan Ali , Dariusz Cichoń , Asad Abbas

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in contemporary organizations as a tool for digitizing systems and reconfiguring key functions such as human resource management (HRM). However, not all employees exposed to AI-driven HRM digitization benefit equally in their capacity to generate innovative outcomes. Drawing on self-determination theory and integrating perspectives from organizational learning, this study advances a moderated mediation model that explains how and when AI-enabled HRM digitization fosters innovation. We propose that, while AI-driven HRM practices can stimulate the metacognitive strategies of employees, the extent to which these strategies translate into enhanced innovation depends critically on their tacit knowledge awareness. In this proposal, we highlight the paradoxical nature of algorithmic systems: they may serve as autonomy-supportive tools that encourage exploration and self-directed learning or as autonomy-controlling mechanisms that intensify monitoring and reduce intrinsic motivation. Using a multi-wave, multi-source field study of Chinese employees and supervisors (N = 347), we found that AI-driven HRM positively predicts innovation through metacognitive strategies, but only when employees demonstrate high levels of tacit knowledge awareness. When awareness is low, AI-HRM digitization fails to enhance innovation, which reveals the limitations of digital HRM effectiveness. These findings underscore that tacit knowledge awareness fundamentally conditions how AI-driven HRM digitization supports or undermines innovation, which advances theory by extending self-determination perspectives to technology-mediated HRM. Thus, this study discusses the theoretical and practical implications for designing AI-enabled HRM systems that balance algorithmic control with employee autonomy.

人工智能（AI）越来越多地用于现代组织，作为数字化系统和重新配置关键功能（如人力资源管理（HRM））的工具。然而，并不是所有接受人工智能驱动的人力资源管理数字化的员工在产生创新成果的能力上都能同样受益。利用自我决定理论并整合组织学习的观点，本研究提出了一个有调节的中介模型，该模型解释了人工智能支持的人力资源管理数字化如何以及何时促进创新。我们认为，虽然人工智能驱动的人力资源管理实践可以激发员工的元认知策略，但这些策略转化为增强创新的程度关键取决于他们的隐性知识意识。在本提案中，我们强调了算法系统的矛盾本质：它们可以作为鼓励探索和自主学习的自主支持工具，也可以作为加强监控和减少内在动机的自主控制机制。通过对中国员工和主管（N = 347）的多波、多源实地研究，我们发现人工智能驱动的人力资源管理通过元认知策略积极预测创新，但只有当员工表现出高水平的隐性知识意识时。在认知度较低的情况下，人工智能人力资源管理数字化并不能增强创新能力，从而暴露出数字化人力资源管理有效性的局限性。这些发现强调，隐性知识意识从根本上决定了人工智能驱动的人力资源管理数字化如何支持或破坏创新，这通过将自决视角扩展到技术介导的人力资源管理来推进理论。因此，本研究讨论了设计人工智能支持的人力资源管理系统的理论和实践意义，以平衡算法控制与员工自主权。

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引用次数: 0

From boardrooms to greenrooms: Directors' environmental background and green innovation 从会议室到休息室：董事的环保背景与绿色创新

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100928

Farman Ali , Asif Ali , Ding Haotian , Imran Ali

Green innovation plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly in countries with tremendous economic growth over a given period, such as China. Thus, our study selected a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms from 2003 to 2022 and employed the ordinary least squares (OLS) method to investigate the impact of directors’ environmental backgrounds on corporate green innovation. The outcomes show that directors’ environmental background positively and significantly affects green innovation, thereby suggesting that directors with an environmental background are more likely to promote green innovation. These outcomes are congruent with the imprinting theory and the upper echelons theory. In addition, this study examines the moderating role of industry pollution intensity and finds that the impact of directors’ environmental background on green innovation is weaker for highly polluted firms than for low-polluted firms. Further outcomes reveal that directors' environmental background stimulates green innovation more significantly in low-pollution firms. Overall, our results suggest that firms and the government should attract and retain directors with an environmental background to promote green innovation.

绿色创新在实现可持续发展目标方面发挥着至关重要的作用，特别是在中国等在特定时期内实现了巨大经济增长的国家。因此，本研究选取2003 - 2022年中国a股上市公司为样本，采用普通最小二乘（OLS）方法考察董事环境背景对企业绿色创新的影响。结果表明，董事的环境背景对绿色创新具有显著的正向影响，表明具有环境背景的董事更有可能推动绿色创新。这些结果与印迹理论和上层梯队理论是一致的。此外，本研究还考察了行业污染强度的调节作用，发现高污染企业董事环境背景对绿色创新的影响弱于低污染企业。进一步的研究结果表明，低污染企业的董事环境背景对绿色创新的激励作用更显著。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，企业和政府应该吸引和留住具有环境背景的董事，以促进绿色创新。

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引用次数: 0

From novelty to necessity: Understanding CRM-driven service robot adoption in Iraqi restaurants through UTAUT3 从新奇到必要：通过UTAUT3了解伊拉克餐馆采用crm驱动的服务机器人

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100916

Mustafa Obay Saeed , Amir A. Abdulmuhsin , Dima M. Dajani

This study investigates the determinants of restaurant managers’ behavioural intention (BI) to adopt customer relationship management (CRM)-driven service robots within the Iraqi hospitality sector. In this developing market, digital transformation remains at an early stage. Drawing on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 3 (UTAUT3), the model incorporates performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI), facilitating conditions (FC), hedonic motivation (HM), price value (PV), habit (HA), and personal innovativeness (PI). Data were collected from 283 managers employed in four-star and higher-rated Iraqi restaurants using a mixed-methods survey design and analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS v3.9. The results demonstrate that all hypothesised relationships were significant, with PI, HA, and PV emerging as the strongest predictors of adoption intention, followed by HM and PE. EE, FC, and SI exerted weaker yet meaningful effects. These findings underscore the importance of individual traits, economic considerations, and experiential motivations in shaping technology acceptance, in contrast to global studies that emphasise PE and SI. The research advances the UTAUT2 framework by integrating PI and offers theoretical insights into adoption in emerging markets. Practical implications are highlighted for vendors, managers, and policymakers in the restaurant industry who are seeking to foster service innovation under resource constraints.

本研究调查了伊拉克酒店业内餐厅经理采用客户关系管理（CRM）驱动的服务机器人的行为意图（BI）的决定因素。在这个发展中市场，数字化转型仍处于早期阶段。借鉴扩展的技术接受与使用统一理论3 (UTAUT3)，该模型纳入了绩效期望（PE）、努力期望（EE）、社会影响（SI）、促进条件（FC）、享乐动机（HM）、价格价值（PV）、习惯（HA）和个人创新（PI）。使用混合方法调查设计从四星级和更高评级的伊拉克餐馆雇用的283名经理中收集数据，并使用SmartPLS v3.9中的偏最小二乘结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）进行分析。结果表明，所有假设的关系都是显著的，PI、HA和PV是采用意愿的最强预测因子，其次是HM和PE。EE、FC和SI的影响较弱，但有意义。与强调PE和SI的全球研究相比，这些发现强调了个人特征、经济考虑和经验动机在塑造技术接受度方面的重要性。该研究通过整合PI推进了UTAUT2框架，并为新兴市场的采用提供了理论见解。对于餐饮业中寻求在资源限制下促进服务创新的供应商、管理人员和政策制定者来说，本文的实际意义尤为突出。

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引用次数: 0

How does energy infrastructure affect corporate innovation? Evidence from ultra-high voltage transmission projects in China 能源基础设施如何影响企业创新？来自中国超高压输电项目的证据

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100932

Ting Chen , Qiuwang Cheng

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission projects are a cornerstone of China’s supply-side energy reforms, enhancing the national power system’s balance, efficiency, and resilience. Although their macroeconomic importance is widely recognized, evidence regarding how they affect corporate innovation remains limited. This study investigates the innovation effects of UHV deployment by exploiting its staggered rollout as a quasi-natural experiment. Using a difference-in-differences approach on a panel of Chinese listed firms from 2007 to 2023, we find that UHV deployment significantly boosts firm-level innovation output, increasing patent applications by 13.1 % on average. The effect is stronger in electricity-exporting provinces, central-western regions, areas with weaker grid capacity, and manufacturing firms. Thus, UHV yields higher innovation returns in structurally constrained environments. Mechanism analyses identify two key channels: alleviating financing constraints and facilitating digital transformation. UHV deployment also facilitates regional resource reallocation and supports corporate green transformation. By integrating energy infrastructure into the innovation literature, this study demonstrates that large-scale projects such as UHV serve not only as technical upgrades but also as strategic levers for innovation and sustainability. Overall, the findings offer actionable insights for developing economies seeking inclusive innovation-driven growth amid global green transition.

特高压输电项目是中国供给侧能源改革的基石，增强了国家电力系统的平衡、效率和弹性。尽管它们在宏观经济上的重要性已得到广泛认可，但关于它们如何影响企业创新的证据仍然有限。本研究通过利用特高压部署的交错部署作为准自然实验来研究其创新效应。通过对2007 - 2023年中国上市公司面板的差异中差异分析，我们发现特高压部署显著提高了企业层面的创新产出，平均增加了13.1%的专利申请。这种影响在电力出口省份、中西部地区、电网容量较弱的地区和制造业企业中更为明显。因此，在结构受限的环境中，特高压产生更高的创新回报。机制分析确定了两个关键渠道：缓解融资约束和促进数字化转型。特高压的部署也促进了区域资源的重新配置，支持了企业的绿色转型。通过将能源基础设施纳入创新文献，本研究表明，特高压等大型项目不仅可以作为技术升级，还可以作为创新和可持续发展的战略杠杆。总体而言，研究结果为在全球绿色转型中寻求包容性创新驱动增长的发展中经济体提供了可行的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Independent inventors in Italy: The role of sex and age in career development 意大利的独立发明家：性别和年龄在职业发展中的作用

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100929

Federico Caviggioli

Independent inventors are considered important contributors to technological progress. However, empirical studies on individuals who retain the intellectual property rights in patented inventions are relatively scarce. This work analyzes a sample of more than 20k inventors who debuted between 1994 and 2017 and who filed at least one patent at the Italian Patent Office (UIBM) as independent: i.e., they were also the applicant/assignee. UIBM reports independent inventors’ national tax IDs, which allow identification of sex, date of birth, and place of birth. Inventors’ patent portfolios are reconstructed using their names and through filtering criteria to reduce the presence of false positives and negatives. The analyses confirm the presence of female underrepresentation (slowly declining), and sex-related differences in mean age and age distribution at the patenting debut. The dynamic process from independent to organizational inventor is then examined. Results of the survival analyses suggest that, ceteris paribus, female inventors are less likely to become organizational inventors than their male counterparts, while the role of age is negligible. However, within the subsample of inventors becoming organizational, female innovators transition more quickly, suggesting a potential selection effect that excludes many female patentees from pursuing their careers.

独立发明家被认为是技术进步的重要贡献者。然而，关于专利发明中知识产权保留个体的实证研究相对较少。这项工作分析了1994年至2017年期间首次亮相的2万多名发明家的样本，他们在意大利专利局（UIBM）以独立身份提交了至少一项专利：即他们也是申请人/受让人。UIBM报告独立发明者的国家税号，允许识别性别，出生日期和出生地点。使用发明人的姓名并通过过滤标准重建发明人的专利组合，以减少假阳性和假阴性的存在。分析证实了女性代表性不足（缓慢下降）的存在，以及首次申请专利时平均年龄和年龄分布的性别相关差异。然后考察了从独立发明者到组织发明者的动态过程。生存分析的结果表明，在其他条件相同的情况下，女性发明家成为组织发明家的可能性低于男性发明家，而年龄的作用可以忽略不计。然而，在成为组织的发明者的子样本中，女性创新者的转变更快，这表明潜在的选择效应将许多女性专利权人排除在职业发展之外。

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引用次数: 0

Corporate alignment to innovation and knowledge: detecting patterns in multidimensional impact across global industries 企业与创新和知识的一致性：在全球行业的多维影响中检测模式

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100917

Alexandra Horobet , Arindam Banerjee , Ioana-Alexandra Radu , Cosmin-Alin Botoroga

This study examines the impact of a commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9) objectives by exploring sectoral and regional disparities in how companies aligned with this goal leverage digital technologies and knowledge, foster innovation ecosystems, and deliver measurable contributions to sustainable infrastructure development. Using the SDG-aligned revenue share as the main metric for SDGs commitment across 5,323 global companies provided by the Upright platform, we employed a machine-learning-based k-means clustering algorithm to detect patterns of net impacts created across the Society, Knowledge, Health, and Environment (SKHE) dimensions. We also uncovered sectoral and geographical patterns of the companies investigated. Our findings show that alignment with SDG 9 (Industry, Knowledge, and Innovation) is associated with corporate commitment to SKHE dimensions, as well as sectoral and, to some extent, geographical scope. The results offer practical implications for investors, policymakers designing regulations and guidelines to improve sustainability disclosure, and company executives who are developing sustainability strategies.

本研究考察了对可持续发展目标9 （SDG 9）目标的承诺所产生的影响，探讨了实现这一目标的企业在利用数字技术和知识、培育创新生态系统以及为可持续基础设施发展做出可衡量贡献方面的行业和地区差异。我们使用与可持续发展目标一致的收入份额作为衡量5323家全球公司可持续发展目标承诺的主要指标，采用基于机器学习的k-means聚类算法来检测社会、知识、健康和环境（SKHE）维度产生的净影响模式。我们还发现了被调查公司的行业和地理模式。我们的研究结果表明，与可持续发展目标9（工业、知识和创新）的一致性与企业对SKHE维度的承诺以及部门和某种程度上的地理范围有关。研究结果对投资者、制定法规和指导方针以改善可持续发展信息披露的政策制定者以及正在制定可持续发展战略的公司高管具有实际意义。

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引用次数: 0

Diffusion of innovation in controlled environment agriculture: A mixed-methods study of digital decision support tool adoption 受控环境农业创新的扩散：数字决策支持工具采用的混合方法研究

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100882

Lauren Lindow , Catherine Campbell , Coleman Longwater , Ying Zhang , Ana Martin-Ryals , Ziynet Boz

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) enables farmers to manage all aspects of crop growing environments. However, the complexity of operations necessitates decision-support tools (DSTs) that integrate and analyze large datasets for optimized management. Despite their benefits, the adoption of DSTs is influenced by factors beyond technical effectiveness, such as cost, usability, and perceived value. This study aimed to evaluate the experiences and perceptions of CEA operators regarding DSTs, identify barriers to adoption, and determine the characteristics necessary for widespread acceptance, using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a framework. A mixed-methods approach was employed, consisting of a survey of 44 CEA operators across the United States by in-depth interviews with 14 respondents. The survey and interviews explored DST experiences, concerns, and desired features, with data analyzed using thematic analysis. Farmers desired general farm management tools that could be easily customized to their specific needs and operations. Key preferences included seamless data integration across tools, automation, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration for predictive modeling and decision suggestions, while maintaining human oversight. Cost and trialability were major barriers, with farmers requiring financial benefits that outweigh costs. Complexity of use and incompatibility with existing workflows were significant deterrents to adoption. The findings underscore the importance of user-centered design, financial feasibility, and demonstrable tool performance. This study highlights critical factors influencing DST adoption in CEA and provides actionable insights for developers to design tools that are cost-effective, user-friendly, and customizable. Addressing these barriers can enhance adoption rates and optimize farm operations, ultimately advancing the CEA industry.

受控环境农业（CEA）使农民能够管理作物生长环境的各个方面。然而，操作的复杂性需要决策支持工具（DSTs）来集成和分析大型数据集，以优化管理。尽管它们有好处，但采用DSTs受到技术有效性以外的因素的影响，例如成本、可用性和感知价值。本研究旨在以创新扩散理论为框架，评估CEA运营商对DSTs的经验和看法，确定采用DSTs的障碍，并确定广泛接受DSTs所需的特征。采用混合方法，通过对14名受访者的深度访谈，对美国44家CEA运营商进行了调查。调查和访谈探讨了DST的经验、关注点和期望的功能，并使用主题分析对数据进行了分析。农民想要通用的农场管理工具，可以很容易地定制他们的具体需要和操作。主要偏好包括跨工具的无缝数据集成、自动化和用于预测建模和决策建议的人工智能（AI）集成，同时保持人工监督。成本和可试验性是主要障碍，农民要求经济效益超过成本。使用的复杂性和与现有工作流的不兼容性是阻碍采用的重要因素。研究结果强调了以用户为中心的设计、财务可行性和可演示的工具性能的重要性。该研究突出了影响CEA中DST采用的关键因素，并为开发人员提供了可操作的见解，以设计具有成本效益、用户友好和可定制的工具。解决这些障碍可以提高采用率并优化农场操作，最终推动CEA行业的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Stakeholder engagement and strategic innovation in higher education through AI competency 通过人工智能能力，利益相关者参与和高等教育的战略创新

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100920

Margarita Núñez-Canal , María de las Mercedes de Obesso Arias , Carlos Alberto Pérez-Rivero , Ignacio Álvarez-de-Mon

This research answers the following question: How do the competencies and attitudes of university faculty toward artificial intelligence (AI) impact student learning? Using human capital theory and stakeholder theory, this research highlights the importance of university faculty. The research uses an adaptation of a digital competence framework specifically for AI competence. A total of 105 responses from professors in business studies (e.g., entrepreneurship, strategy, finance, and marketing) were collected from university faculty. Four hypotheses were proposed, two of which were confirmed. Professors' ability to leverage AI for feedback, assessment, and pedagogy is linked to their commitment to enhancing student learning. Professors' attitudes toward the use of AI, data governance, and ethical considerations are also associated with their focus on improving student learning. The study finds that faculty AI competence can enhance institutional effectiveness. Educators are a crucial resource for higher education institutions. Equipping them with the necessary skills for the effective use of AI can enhance both institutional capacity and pedagogical innovation.

本研究回答了以下问题：大学教师对人工智能（AI）的能力和态度如何影响学生的学习？本研究运用人力资本理论和利益相关者理论，强调了大学教师的重要性。该研究采用了一种专门针对人工智能能力的数字能力框架。从大学教师中收集了来自商业研究（如创业、战略、金融和市场营销）教授的105份回复。提出了四个假设，其中两个得到了证实。教授利用人工智能进行反馈、评估和教学的能力与他们提高学生学习的承诺有关。教授对使用人工智能、数据治理和伦理考虑的态度也与他们对改善学生学习的关注有关。研究发现，教师的人工智能能力可以提高机构的有效性。教育工作者是高等教育机构的重要资源。为他们提供有效使用人工智能的必要技能，可以加强机构能力和教学创新。

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引用次数: 0

Foundations of opportunity conviction: A configurational analysis of the COVID-19 recovery 机会信念的基础：COVID-19复苏的配置分析

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100925

Adam W. Smith , Amir Pezeshkan

We examine the concept of opportunity conviction as a key indicator of the resilience of countries’ entrepreneurial ecosystems during crises. For entrepreneurship, opportunity conviction constitutes a joint-threshold outcome: it materializes only when opportunity visibility (the presence of credible signals of near-term demand and cash-flow potential) is sufficiently high, and deterrent risk (the perceived downside given institutional stability, available buffers, and hazard control) is sufficiently low. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and applying fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), we identify how configurations of foundational contextual factors combine with policy measures to foster high opportunity conviction in 2021. Five configurations demonstrate the alternative recipes of contextual and policy conditions that achieve opportunity conviction in times of crisis. Theoretical and practitioner implications are discussed.

我们研究了机会信念的概念，将其作为危机期间国家创业生态系统弹性的关键指标。对于创业来说，机会信念构成了一个联合门槛的结果：只有当机会可见性（近期需求和现金流潜力的可信信号的存在）足够高，威慑风险（考虑到制度稳定性、可用缓冲和风险控制的预期下行风险）足够低时，它才会实现。利用全球创业监测（GEM）的数据，并应用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA），我们确定了基本背景因素的配置如何与政策措施相结合，以促进2021年的高机会信念。五种配置展示了在危机时期实现机会信念的环境和政策条件的替代配方。讨论了理论和实践意义。

引用次数: 0

Knowledge and behavior of young people on music streaming platforms: Factors driving their use 年轻人在音乐流媒体平台上的知识和行为：推动他们使用的因素

IF 15.5 1区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Innovation & Knowledge

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jik.2025.100927

Luis Díaz-Marcos , Óscar Aguado Tevar , Alberto Tomás Delso Vicente , María García de Blanes Sebastián

Music consumption has undergone a transformation with digitalization, establishing streaming platforms as the primary channel for accessing musical content. This transformation has been driven by ease of use, algorithmic personalization, and seamless integration with mobile devices. The objective of this research is to analyze the factors influencing the adoption of music streaming platforms, based on the UTAUT2 model. Four key variables are incorporated: ease of use, perceived usefulness, hedonic motivation, and habit, along with the additional variable of perceived innovation. A survey was conducted among 202 young people using streaming platforms, and the data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using IBM SPSS V.27 and AMOS V.27. The proposed model identifies the factors that determine usage intention and those that have no significant impact. The results show that habit is the primary predictor of usage, surpassing other variables such as ease of use, perceived usefulness, hedonic motivation, and innovation. This finding suggests that repeated behaviors automate platform use, reducing the influence of other factors on user decision-making. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the central role of habit in the adoption of music streaming platforms, providing key insights for the development of user retention and loyalty strategies.

音乐消费经历了数字化转型，流媒体平台成为获取音乐内容的主要渠道。这种转变是由易用性、算法个性化以及与移动设备的无缝集成驱动的。本研究的目的是基于UTAUT2模型，分析影响音乐流媒体平台采用的因素。其中包含四个关键变量：易用性、感知有用性、享乐动机和习惯，以及感知创新这一附加变量。对202名使用流媒体平台的年轻人进行调查，使用IBM SPSS V.27和AMOS V.27，通过结构方程模型（SEM）对数据进行分析。建议的模型确定了决定使用意图的因素和那些没有显著影响的因素。结果表明，习惯是使用的主要预测因素，超过了其他变量，如易用性、感知有用性、享乐动机和创新。这一发现表明，重复的行为使平台使用自动化，减少了其他因素对用户决策的影响。这项研究有助于更深入地了解习惯在采用音乐流媒体平台中的核心作用，为开发用户保留和忠诚度策略提供关键见解。

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引用次数: 0