Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

A 2016 field study conducted in collaboration with the Houston Police Department reported that simultaneous lineups were diagnostically superior to sequential lineups, that confidence was strongly predictive of accuracy, and that high-confidence suspect identifications were highly reliable. The study also estimated that most lineups (65%) contained an innocent suspect. Because the innocence or guilt of a suspect in a real police lineup is unknown, however, these conclusions could not be based on direct computations from target-present and target-absent lineups. Instead, they were parameter estimates from a signal detection model fit to the data. A recently published mock-crime laboratory study mirrored key methodological details of the Houston field study, allowing for similar analyses based on direct computations. Here, we compare the results of the two studies and find that they yield similar conclusions. In addition, new model-based analyses of the Houston field data weigh against recent concerns that unfair lineups and other potential biasing factors may have compromised the original model-based estimates. Finally, the lab and field data agree that when encoding conditions are poor (e.g., long viewing distance), witnesses make far fewer high-confidence identifications, but the few witnesses who do express high confidence maintain a high level of accuracy. These findings are consistent with likelihood ratio theories of recognition memory and reinforce a growing consensus that, as encoding conditions become degraded, high-confidence identifications become increasingly rare but are still highly diagnostic. Whether this conclusion holds when conditions are degraded in the extreme is unresolved.

Cognitive maps are mental representations of space essential for guiding spatial behavior. To assess the properties of these cognitive maps, sketch mapping has been widely used as a research tool in spatial cognition research. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the methodologies and the cognitive processes concerning the externalization of cognitive maps through sketch mapping. Following the PRISMA-ScR checklist (Tricco et al. in Ann Intern Med 169(7):467-473, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850 ), a comprehensive search from five electronic databases was performed with predefined combinations of keywords. Twenty-four articles were selected and analyzed, covering a wide range of methods: traditional pen-and-paper sketching (n = 18 studies); combination of pen-and-paper and digital sketching (n = 1); exclusively digital sketching (n = 4); and digital VR sketching (n = 1). With regard to the formation of cognitive maps in environmental scale spaces, studies employed either direct experience or virtual experience of unfamiliar environments, videos, maps, or retrieval from own memory. This review highlights the inherent conflict between sketch maps' advantages in capturing knowledge in less structured experimental protocols and researchers' need for structured quantification of their quality, as well as the underused diversity of media through which sketch maps can be produced for appropriate scenarios. We encourage researchers to (a) increase the precision in reporting the cognitive processes being investigated with sketch maps (e.g., short-term vs. long-term memory), (b) rely on established data analysis methods instead of developing custom measures for each study, and (c) consider alternative media beyond pen and paper when more suitable to the experimental context.

Enabling smartphones to be foldable provides an effective approach to achieving both portability and large screens. Notably, switches between closed and open states in using foldable smartphones are accompanied by icon remapping, which can decrease smartphone usability if it fails to match usage expectations. This study conducted two experiments to examine the usability of two popular icon remapping methods, position-invariant and order-invariant, as well as the specific roles of contextual cues in different icon remapping. Results revealed that position-invariant remapping is more effective in terms of usability with faster searching speed. Also, getting familiar with the spatial arrangement of icons on small screens reduced performance differences between the two remapping methods on large screens while improving search speed only on small screens. These results together suggest that position-invariant remapping is a more effective design, highlighting the significance of contextual cueing in optimizing icon remapping designs in foldable smartphones.

Understanding how authority affects social evaluation of written communication is crucial for understanding how online communication technologies can be effectively deployed. We examined how negotiation words affected perceived ratings of knowledgeableness, professionalism, politeness, and friendliness across three levels of authority (professor, teaching assistant, student) while asking and answering questions in a mock online forum. The greatest distinction across groups was in professionalism. For professors and TAs, most negotiation words lowered professionalism, but this was not the case for students. The greatest similarity across groups was for the words clearly and obviously. Both made people appear less friendly and less polite. Compared to the unmodified condition, hedges (e.g., kinda) decreased knowledgeableness but boosters (e.g., absolutely) did not increase knowledgeableness. One negotiation word, totally, had a surprising pattern-it helped higher authority speakers appear more friendly.

Remembering to carry out an intention at the appropriate time (prospective memory-PM) requires attentional resources that may be limited in stressful circumstances. PM failures in high-risk/high stress environments, such as military operations, can have fatal consequences, and yet, the effect of stress on PM has received little attention. Prior studies that have examined stress and PM used a basic laboratory paradigm that is less applicable to high-risk/high stress environments and have not examined activity-based PM (PM that is elicited by a sequence of events), nor the combined effect of stress and divided attention. The current study examined the effects of stress and divided attention on event-based PM (PM that is elicited by environmental cues to signal the appropriate time to perform an intended action) and activity-based PM using an applied paradigm with participants remotely piloting robotic reconnaissance missions. Stress and divided attention were manipulated between subjects, and prospective memory was manipulated within subjects. The stress induction was administered prior to the execution of the tasks, with an additional noise stressor continuously on top of the tasks. Divided attention was an auditory odd-digit task during the experimental tasks. Event-based PM accuracy was unaffected by stress or divided attention. However, there was an increase in activity-based PM accuracy in the high stress condition, while no effect of divided attention was found. These results are the first to demonstrate that stress affects activity-based PM, and suggest along with prior literature that stress does not affect event-based PM.

People tend to generalize the actions of known group members to new ones when they are both members of the same group. This study was conducted to investigate how the prevalence of specific actions among multiple individuals determines action generalization within social groups. We propose that people rely on the belief that group members work toward a shared goal (i.e., shared-goal belief) to guide action generalization. Consequently, the extent of action generalization may not consistently increase with the sampled prevalence of group members performing the same goal-directed action, resulting in a deviation from graded action generalization (i.e., nongraded action generalization). Experiment 1 revealed that the more participants believed that group members pursued a shared goal, the greater the likelihood that nongraded action generalization would occur. In Experiment 2, experimental manipulation weakened the strength of the shared-goal belief and led to a graded pattern of action generalization with accumulated evidence of action prevalence. These findings suggest that a shared-goal belief within groups significantly shapes action generalization beyond the mere influence of sampled action prevalence. Social groups not only provide a framework for selecting evidence for action generalization but also shape prior beliefs that influence our expectations of others' actions.

In military operations, rapid and accurate decision-making is crucial, especially in visually complex and high-pressure environments. This study investigates how eye and head movement metrics can infer changes in search behavior during a naturalistic shooting scenario in virtual reality (VR). Thirty-one participants performed a foraging search task using a head-mounted display (HMD) with integrated eye tracking. Participants searched for targets among distractors under varying levels of target discriminability (easy vs. hard) and time pressure (low vs. high). As expected, behavioral results indicated that increased discrimination difficulty and greater time pressure negatively impacted performance, leading to slower response times and reduced d-prime. Support vector classifiers assigned a search condition, discriminability and time pressure, to each trial based on eye and head movement features. Combined eye and head features produced the most accurate classification model for capturing tasked-induced changes in search behavior, with the combined model outperforming those based on eye or head features alone. While eye features demonstrated strong predictive power, the inclusion of head features significantly enhanced model performance. Across the ensemble of eye metrics, fixation-related features were the most robust for classifying target discriminability, while saccadic-related features played a similar role for time pressure. In contrast, models constrained to head metrics emphasized global movement (amplitude, velocity) for classifying discriminability but shifted toward kinematic intensity (acceleration, jerk) in time pressure condition. Together these results speak to the complementary role of eye and head movements in understanding search behavior under changing task parameters.

How do witnesses make identification decisions when viewing a lineup? Understanding the witness decision-making process is essential for researchers to develop methods that can reduce mistaken identifications and improve lineup practices. Yet, the inclusion of fillers has posed a pivotal challenge to this task because the traditional signal detection theory is only applicable to binary decisions and cannot easily incorporate lineup fillers. This paper proposes a multi-item signal detection theory (mSDT) model to help understand the witness decision-making process. The mSDT model clarifies the importance of considering the joint distributions of suspect and filler signals. The model also visualizes the joint distributions in a multivariate decision space, which allows for the incorporation of all eyewitness responses, including suspect identifications, filler identifications, and rejections. The paper begins with a set of simple assumptions to develop the mSDT model and then explores alternative assumptions that can potentially accommodate more sophisticated considerations. The paper further discusses the implications of the mSDT model. With a mathematical modeling and visualization approach, the mSDT model provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding eyewitness identification decisions and addressing debates around eyewitness SDT and ROC applications.

There is ample evidence from cognitive sciences and neurosciences studies that multisensory stimuli are detected better and faster than their unisensory counterparts. Yet, most of this work has been conducted in settings and with protocols within which participants had the sole detection task to perform. In realistic and complex environments, such as military ones, detection of critical information has to be performed while the operator is concurrently managing several others tasks and processing a vast amount of sensory inputs. To date, it remains to determine whether multisensory benefits for detection hold true in complex multitasking situations. In the present study, we compared the detection performance of healthy participants when the target was only auditory, only tactile, or both auditory and tactile. Detection performance was measured in a simple detection task condition and in a multitasking condition. In the latter, participants had to detect the targets while concurrently performing the subtasks of the MATB-II environment, designed in the 90s by NASA to simulate piloting tasks. Multisensory acceleration of reaction times was larger during multitasking compared to single-task conditions. Crucially, participants detected auditory-tactile targets faster than their unisensory counterparts. While previous studies have reported such facilitation effects in single-task contexts, our results show that multisensory facilitation of detection speed does occur in a realistic multitasking environment and is larger than in simple task conditions. Auditory-tactile displays seem to have the potential to enhance information presentation and could be used in applied settings like military aviation.