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Racial biases, facial trustworthiness, and resting heart rate variability: unravelling complexities in pain recognition. 种族偏见、面部可信度和静息心率变异性:揭示疼痛识别的复杂性。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00588-0
Ilenia Ceccarelli, Arianna Bagnis, Cristina Ottaviani, Julian F Thayer, Katia Mattarozzi

The study explores whether racial identity and appearance-based trustworthiness judgments can affect recognition of pain in medical students differing in levels of resting heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of parasympathetic control of the heart. After undergoing HRV assessment, 68 medical students (37 females) participated in a dynamic pain recognition task, viewing video clips of White and Black faces, which differed in perceived trustworthiness based on facial appearance, transitioning from neutral to intense pain expressions. Response time, pain intensity attribution and treatment recommendations were analyzed. Pain was recognized slower and estimated as less intense in Black compared to White faces, leading to a lower likelihood of recommending therapy. Pain recognition was faster for untrustworthy-looking White faces compared to trustworthy ones, while perceived trustworthiness had a minimal impact on the speed of pain recognition in Black faces. However, untrustworthy-looking faces were estimated to express more pain, particularly for Black faces. Notably, these biases were more pronounced in individuals with low, rather than high, resting HRV. Considering that therapeutic decisions mirrored pain intensity attribution, it would be important to increase awareness of these biases during medical training in order to promote equity in future pain assessment and treatment.

该研究探讨了种族身份和基于外表的可信度判断是否会影响不同静息心率变异性(HRV)水平的医学生对疼痛的识别,静息心率变异性是心脏副交感神经控制的一种测量方法。在接受心率变异性评估后,68 名医科学生(37 名女生)参加了一项动态疼痛识别任务,观看白人和黑人面孔的视频剪辑。对反应时间、疼痛强度归因和治疗建议进行了分析。与白人面孔相比,黑人面孔的疼痛识别速度较慢,估计的疼痛强度也较低,因此推荐治疗的可能性较低。与值得信赖的面孔相比,对外表不值得信赖的白人面孔的疼痛识别速度更快,而感知到的可信度对黑人面孔的疼痛识别速度影响很小。然而,据估计,看起来不可信的面孔会表达更多的疼痛,尤其是黑人面孔。值得注意的是,这些偏差在静息心率变异较低而非较高的个体中更为明显。考虑到治疗决定反映了疼痛强度归因,因此在医学培训中提高对这些偏差的认识非常重要,这样才能促进未来疼痛评估和治疗的公平性。
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引用次数: 0
Transparency improves the accuracy of automation use, but automation confidence information does not. 透明度能提高自动化使用的准确性,但自动化信心信息却不能。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00599-x
Monica Tatasciore, Luke Strickland, Shayne Loft

Increased automation transparency can improve the accuracy of automation use but can lead to increased bias towards agreeing with advice. Information about the automation's confidence in its advice may also increase the predictability of automation errors. We examined the effects of providing automation transparency, automation confidence information, and their potential interacting effect on the accuracy of automation use and other outcomes. An uninhabited vehicle (UV) management task was completed where participants selected the optimal UV to complete missions. Low or high automation transparency was provided, and participants agreed/disagreed with automated advice on each mission. We manipulated between participants whether automated advice was accompanied by confidence information. This information indicated on each trial whether automation was "somewhat" or "highly" confident in its advice. Higher transparency improved the accuracy of automation use, led to faster decisions, lower perceived workload, and increased trust and perceived usability. Providing participant automation confidence information, as compared with not, did not have an overall impact on any outcome variable and did not interact with transparency. Despite no benefit, participants who were provided confidence information did use it. For trials where lower compared to higher confidence information was presented, hit rates decreased, correct rejection rates increased, decision times slowed, and perceived workload increased, all suggestive of decreased reliance on automated advice. Such trial-by-trial shifts in automation use bias and other outcomes were not moderated by transparency. These findings can potentially inform the design of automated decision-support systems that are more understandable by humans in order to optimise human-automation interaction.

提高自动化的透明度可以提高自动化使用的准确性,但也可能导致更倾向于同意建议。有关自动化对其建议的信心的信息也可能会提高自动化错误的可预测性。我们研究了提供自动化透明度和自动化信心信息的效果,以及它们对自动化使用准确性和其他结果的潜在交互影响。我们完成了一项无人驾驶飞行器(UV)管理任务,参与者选择最佳的无人驾驶飞行器来完成任务。我们提供了低或高的自动化透明度,参与者同意/不同意每次任务中的自动化建议。我们对参与者之间自动建议是否附带置信度信息进行了处理。这些信息表明,在每次试验中,自动驾驶对自己的建议是 "有点 "自信还是 "非常 "自信。较高的透明度提高了自动化使用的准确性,加快了决策速度,降低了感知工作量,并增加了信任度和感知可用性。与不向参与者提供自动化信心信息相比,向参与者提供自动化信心信息不会对任何结果变量产生整体影响,也不会与透明度产生交互作用。尽管没有益处,但获得信心信息的参与者确实使用了该信息。与提供较高置信度信息的试验相比,提供较低置信度信息的试验的命中率下降,正确拒绝率上升,决策时间减慢,感知工作量增加,所有这些都表明对自动建议的依赖性下降。自动建议使用偏差和其他结果在不同试验中的变化并不受透明度的影响。这些发现有可能为设计更容易被人类理解的自动决策支持系统提供参考,从而优化人机互动。
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引用次数: 0
Spotting missing or wanted people: racial biases in prospective person memory. 发现失踪或被通缉者:前瞻性人物记忆中的种族偏见。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00597-z
Megan H Papesh, Daniella K Cash, Juan D Guevara Pinto, Sofia V Lomba

Searching for missing or wanted people is a crucial task in our society. Previous work on prospective person memory (PPM) has demonstrated that performance on this type of search task is worse relative to standard prospective memory tasks. Importantly, this process may be further affected by the race of the missing person, yet this has never been tested in laboratory settings. To test the effects of race on PPM, a convenience sample consisting primarily of self-identified Caucasian participants was asked to search for either a Caucasian or an Indian target person while judging the orientation of different Caucasian and Indian faces. Although the tasks were otherwise identical, 89% of Caucasian PPM targets were found while only 53% of Indian targets were found. Furthermore, relative to a control group with no PPM requirements, participants were slower and more error-prone when judging Indian faces relative to White faces, particularly if they were searching for an Indian face. We interpret these results as revealing other-race effects in prospective person memory, highlighting race as a critical factor for finding missing people. Importantly, this also emphasizes the need for real-world search efforts to factor in difficulty differences when people monitor for missing/wanted people from their own or different racial backgrounds. For example, media coverage of missing persons cases could perhaps be distributed more equitably by considering whether the missing person is from a racial minority in that region.

搜寻失踪或通缉人员是我们社会的一项重要任务。以前关于前瞻性人物记忆(PPM)的研究表明,与标准的前瞻性记忆任务相比,这类搜寻任务的成绩较差。重要的是,这一过程可能会受到失踪者种族的进一步影响,但这一点从未在实验室环境中进行过测试。为了测试种族对 PPM 的影响,研究人员对主要由自我认同的高加索人组成的方便样本进行了测试,要求他们在判断不同的高加索人和印度人面孔的方位时,寻找高加索人或印度人目标人物。尽管任务在其他方面完全相同,但 89% 的高加索人 PPM 目标被找到,而只有 53% 的印度人目标被找到。此外,与没有 PPM 要求的对照组相比,参与者在判断印度人面孔时比判断白人面孔时更慢、更容易出错,尤其是在寻找印度人面孔时。我们将这些结果解释为揭示了前瞻性人物记忆中的其他种族效应,强调了种族是寻找失踪人员的关键因素。重要的是,这也强调了现实世界中的搜寻工作需要考虑到人们在监测自己或不同种族背景的失踪/被通缉人员时的难度差异。例如,考虑到失踪人员是否属于该地区的少数种族,媒体对失踪人员案件的报道或许可以更公平地分配。
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引用次数: 0
Search efforts and face recognition: the role of expectations of encounter and within-person variability in prospective person memory. 搜索努力和人脸识别:对相遇的预期和人内变异在前瞻性人物记忆中的作用。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00590-6
Kara N Moore, Blake L Nesmith, Dara U Zwemer, Chenxin Yu

People perform poorly at sighting missing and wanted persons in simulated searches due to attention and face recognition failures. We manipulated participants' expectations of encountering a target person and the within-person variability of the targets' photographs studied in a laboratory-based and a field-based prospective person memory task. We hypothesized that within-person variability and expectations of encounter would impact prospective person memory performance, and that expectations would interact with within-person variability to mitigate the effect of variability. Surprisingly, low within-person variability resulted in better performance on the search task than high within-person variability in Experiment one possibly due to the study-test images being rated as more similar in the low variability condition. We found the expected effect of high variability producing more hits for the target whose study-test images were equally similar across variability conditions. There was no effect of variability in Experiment two. Expectations affected performance only in the field-based study (Experiment two), possibly because performance is typically poor in field-based studies. Our research demonstrates some nuance to the effect of within-person variability on search performance and extends existing research demonstrating expectations affect search performance.

由于注意力和人脸识别失败,人们在模拟搜索中发现失踪人员和通缉犯的能力很差。我们在一项基于实验室和实地的前瞻性人物记忆任务中,操纵了参与者对遇到目标人物的预期以及目标人物照片的人内变异性。我们假设,人内变异性和对相遇的期望会影响前瞻性人物记忆的表现,而期望会与人内变异性相互作用,以减轻变异性的影响。令人惊讶的是,在实验一中,低人内变异性比高人内变异性在搜索任务中的表现更好,这可能是由于在低变异性条件下,研究-测试图像被评为更相似。我们发现高变异性会产生预期的效果,即在不同变异性条件下,研究测试图像相似度相同的目标会产生更多的命中率。在实验二中,变异性没有影响。预期只对实地研究(实验二)中的表现有影响,这可能是因为实地研究中的表现通常较差。我们的研究证明了人内变异性对搜索成绩影响的一些细微差别,并扩展了证明期望影响搜索成绩的现有研究。
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引用次数: 0
Fluid intelligence but not need for cognition is associated with attitude change in response to the correction of misinformation. 流体智力(而非认知需求)与错误信息纠正后的态度变化有关。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00595-1
Fabian Hutmacher, Markus Appel, Benjamin Schätzlein, Christoph Mengelkamp

Misinformation can profoundly impact an individual's attitudes-sometimes even after the misinformation has been corrected. In two preregistered experiments (N1 = 355, N2 = 725), we investigated whether individual differences in the ability and motivation to process information thoroughly influence the impact of misinformation in a news media context. More specifically, we tested whether fluid intelligence and need for cognition predicted the degree to which individuals who were exposed to misinformation changed their attitudes after receiving a correction message. We found consistent evidence that higher fluid intelligence is associated with a more pronounced correction effect, while need for cognition did not have a significant effect. This suggests that integrating a correction message with a previously encountered piece of misinformation can be challenging and that correction messages consequently need to be communicated in a way that is accessible to a broad audience.

错误信息会对个人的态度产生深远影响--有时甚至是在错误信息被纠正之后。在两个预先登记的实验中(N1 = 355,N2 = 725),我们研究了个体在彻底处理信息的能力和动机方面的差异是否会影响新闻媒体中错误信息的影响。更具体地说,我们测试了流体智力和认知需求是否能预测受到错误信息影响的个体在收到更正信息后改变态度的程度。我们发现了一致的证据,即较高的流体智力与更明显的更正效果相关,而认知需求则没有显著影响。这表明,将校正信息与之前遇到的错误信息结合起来可能具有挑战性,因此校正信息的传播方式需要让广大受众能够接受。
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引用次数: 0
The role of facial distinctiveness in the prioritisation of targets in disjunctive dual-target face search. 面部独特性在双目标人脸搜索中的优先排序中的作用。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00589-z
Emma Smillie, Natalie Mestry, Dan Clark, Neil Harrison, Nick Donnelly

Two experiments explored the search for pairs of faces in a disjunctive dual-target face search (DDTFS) task for unfamiliar face targets. The distinctiveness of the target was manipulated such that both faces were typical or distinctive or contained one typical and one distinctive target. Targets were searched for in arrays of eight faces. In Experiment 1, participants completed a DDTFS block with targets learnt over the block of trials. In Experiment 2, the dual-target block was preceded by two training blocks of single-target trials. Participants also completed the upright and inverted long-form Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT+). The results showed that searching for two typical faces leads to one target being prioritised at the expense of the other. The ability to search for non-prioritised typical faces was associated with scores on the CFMT+. This association disappeared when faces were learnt before completing DDTFS. We interpret the findings in terms of the impact of typicality on face learning, individual differences in the ability to learn faces, and the involvement of capacity-limited working memory in the search for unfamiliar faces. The findings have implications for security-related situations where agents must search for multiple unfamiliar faces having been shown their images.

有两项实验探讨了在不连续双目标人脸搜索(DDTFS)任务中对陌生人脸目标进行成对人脸搜索的情况。对目标的独特性进行了处理,使两张面孔都具有典型性或独特性,或包含一个典型目标和一个独特目标。目标在由八个面孔组成的阵列中进行搜索。在实验 1 中,被试完成了一个 DDTFS 试验块,并在该试验块中学习了目标。在实验 2 中,双目标区块之前有两个单目标试验训练区块。受试者还完成了直立和倒立长式剑桥人脸记忆测试(CFMT+)。结果表明,搜索两个典型面孔会导致一个目标优先于另一个目标。搜索非优先典型面孔的能力与 CFMT+ 的得分有关。如果在完成 DDTFS 之前学习面孔,这种关联就会消失。我们从典型性对面孔学习的影响、学习面孔能力的个体差异以及容量受限的工作记忆在搜索陌生面孔时的参与等方面对研究结果进行了解释。这些发现对与安全相关的情境具有重要意义,在这种情境中,代理人必须在看到多个陌生面孔的图像后对其进行搜索。
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引用次数: 0
Reliable but multi-dimensional cognitive demand in operating partially automated vehicles: implications for real-world automation research. 操作部分自动驾驶汽车时可靠但多维的认知需求:对真实世界自动驾驶研究的启示。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00591-5
Monika Lohani, Joel M Cooper, Amy S McDonnell, Gus G Erickson, Trent G Simmons, Amanda E Carriero, Kaedyn W Crabtree, David L Strayer

The reliability of cognitive demand measures in controlled laboratory settings is well-documented; however, limited research has directly established their stability under real-life and high-stakes conditions, such as operating automated technology on actual highways. Partially automated vehicles have advanced to become an everyday mode of transportation, and research on driving these advanced vehicles requires reliable tools for evaluating the cognitive demand on motorists to sustain optimal engagement in the driving process. This study examined the reliability of five cognitive demand measures, while participants operated partially automated vehicles on real roads across four occasions. Seventy-one participants (aged 18-64 years) drove on actual highways while their heart rate, heart rate variability, electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha power, and behavioral performance on the Detection Response Task were measured simultaneously. Findings revealed that EEG alpha power had excellent test-retest reliability, heart rate and its variability were good, and Detection Response Task reaction time and hit-rate had moderate reliabilities. Thus, the current study addresses concerns regarding the reliability of these measures in assessing cognitive demand in real-world automation research, as acceptable test-retest reliabilities were found across all measures for drivers across occasions. Despite the high reliability of each measure, low intercorrelations among measures were observed, and internal consistency was better when cognitive demand was estimated as a multi-factorial construct. This suggests that they tap into different aspects of cognitive demand while operating automation in real life. The findings highlight that a combination of psychophysiological and behavioral methods can reliably capture multi-faceted cognitive demand in real-world automation research.

认知需求测量在受控实验室环境中的可靠性已得到充分证明;然而,在现实生活和高风险条件下(如在实际高速公路上操作自动驾驶技术),直接确定其稳定性的研究却很有限。部分自动驾驶汽车已发展成为一种日常交通模式,而有关驾驶这些先进车辆的研究需要可靠的工具来评估驾驶者的认知需求,以保持驾驶过程中的最佳参与度。本研究考察了五种认知需求测量方法的可靠性,参与者在实际道路上驾驶部分自动驾驶车辆的四种情况。71 名参与者(年龄在 18-64 岁之间)在实际公路上驾驶车辆,同时测量了他们的心率、心率变异性、脑电图(EEG)α 功率和检测反应任务的行为表现。研究结果表明,脑电图α功率的测试-再测试可靠性极佳,心率及其变异性良好,而检测反应任务的反应时间和命中率的可靠性适中。因此,本研究解决了在实际自动化研究中评估认知需求时对这些测量方法可靠性的担忧,因为所有测量方法在不同场合对驾驶员的测试-再测可靠性都是可以接受的。尽管每种测量方法都具有较高的可靠性,但测量方法之间的相互关系较低,而将认知需求作为多因素结构进行估计时,内部一致性更好。这表明,在现实生活中操作自动化系统时,它们会触及认知需求的不同方面。研究结果突出表明,在现实世界的自动化研究中,心理生理学和行为学方法的结合可以可靠地捕捉到多方面的认知需求。
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引用次数: 0
Audiovisual messages may improve the processing of traffic information and driver attention during partially automated driving: An EEG study. 视听信息可改善部分自动驾驶过程中交通信息的处理和驾驶员的注意力:脑电图研究。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00580-8
Marina Pi-Ruano, Alexandra Fort, Pilar Tejero, Christophe Jallais, Javier Roca

Partially autonomous vehicles can help minimize human errors. However, being free from some driving subtasks can result in a low vigilance state, which can affect the driver's attention towards the road. The present study first tested whether drivers of partially autonomous vehicles would benefit from the addition of auditory versions of the messages presented in variable message signs (VMS), particularly, when they find themselves in a monotonous driving situation. A second aim was to test whether the addition of auditory messages would also produce an indirect effect on the driver's vigilance, improving performance on other driving subtasks not related to the message processing. Forty-three volunteers participated in a driving simulator study. They completed two tasks: (a) a VMS task, where they had to regain manual control of the car if the VMS message was critical, and (b) a car-following task, where they had to pay attention to the preceding car to respond to occasional brake events. Behavioral and EEG data were registered. Overall, results indicated that the addition of audio messages helped drivers process VMS information more effectively and maintain a higher level of vigilance throughout the driving time. These findings would provide useful information for the development of partially automated vehicles, as their design must guarantee that the driver remains attentive enough to assume control when necessary.

部分自动驾驶汽车有助于最大限度地减少人为错误。然而,从某些驾驶子任务中解脱出来可能会导致驾驶员处于低警觉状态,从而影响其对道路的注意力。本研究首先测试了部分自动驾驶车辆的驾驶员是否会从可变信息标志(VMS)中添加的听觉版信息中受益,尤其是当他们发现自己处于单调的驾驶环境中时。第二个目的是测试增加听觉信息是否也会对驾驶员的警惕性产生间接影响,从而改善与信息处理无关的其他驾驶子任务的表现。43 名志愿者参加了驾驶模拟器研究。他们完成了两项任务:(a) VMS 任务,即如果 VMS 信息很关键,他们必须重新手动控制汽车;(b) 跟车任务,即他们必须注意前车,对偶尔发生的刹车事件做出反应。对行为和脑电图数据进行了登记。总之,结果表明,增加音频信息有助于驾驶员更有效地处理 VMS 信息,并在整个驾驶过程中保持更高的警惕性。这些发现将为部分自动驾驶汽车的开发提供有用的信息,因为自动驾驶汽车的设计必须保证驾驶员保持足够的注意力,以便在必要时进行控制。
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引用次数: 0
Perceptual comparisons induce lasting and generalizing changes to face memory reports. 知觉比较会引起人脸记忆报告的持久和普遍变化。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00584-4
Jerrick Teoh, Joseph M Saito, Yvanna Yeo, Sophia Winter, Keisuke Fukuda

Humans are often tasked to remember new faces so that they can recognize the faces later in time. Previous studies found that memory reports for basic visual features (e.g., colors and shapes) are susceptible to systematic distortions as a result of comparison with new visual input, especially when the input is perceived as similar to the memory. The current study tested whether this similarity-induced memory bias (SIMB) would also occur with more complex face stimuli. The results showed that faces that are just perceptually encoded into visual working memory as well as retrieved from visual long-term memory are also susceptible to SIMB. Furthermore, once induced, SIMB persisted over time across cues through which the face memory was accessed for memory report. These results demonstrate the generalizability of SIMB to more complex and practically relevant stimuli, and thus, suggest potential real-world implications.

人类经常被要求记忆新的面孔,以便日后能够认出这些面孔。以前的研究发现,由于与新的视觉输入进行比较,对基本视觉特征(如颜色和形状)的记忆报告很容易出现系统性失真,尤其是当输入被认为与记忆相似时。本研究测试了这种由相似性引起的记忆偏差(SIMB)是否也会发生在更复杂的人脸刺激上。结果表明,刚刚被感知编码到视觉工作记忆以及从视觉长期记忆中检索出来的人脸也容易受到 SIMB 的影响。此外,SIMB 一旦被诱发,就会随着时间的推移而持续存在于不同的线索中,通过不同的线索访问人脸记忆以进行记忆报告。这些结果表明,SIMB 可以推广到更复杂、更实际的刺激物上,从而对现实世界产生潜在的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The message matters: changes to binary Computer Aided Detection recommendations affect cancer detection in low prevalence search. 信息很重要:二进制计算机辅助检测建议的变化会影响低患病率搜索中的癌症检测。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-024-00576-4
Francesca Patterson, Melina A Kunar

Computer Aided Detection (CAD) has been used to help readers find cancers in mammograms. Although these automated systems have been shown to help cancer detection when accurate, the presence of CAD also leads to an over-reliance effect where miss errors and false alarms increase when the CAD system fails. Previous research investigated CAD systems which overlayed salient exogenous cues onto the image to highlight suspicious areas. These salient cues capture attention which may exacerbate the over-reliance effect. Furthermore, overlaying CAD cues directly on the mammogram occludes sections of breast tissue which may disrupt global statistics useful for cancer detection. In this study we investigated whether an over-reliance effect occurred with a binary CAD system, which instead of overlaying a CAD cue onto the mammogram, reported a message alongside the mammogram indicating the possible presence of a cancer. We manipulated the certainty of the message and whether it was presented only to indicate the presence of a cancer, or whether a message was displayed on every mammogram to state whether a cancer was present or absent. The results showed that although an over-reliance effect still occurred with binary CAD systems miss errors were reduced when the CAD message was more definitive and only presented to alert readers of a possible cancer.

计算机辅助检测(CAD)已被用于帮助读者发现乳房 X 光照片中的癌症。虽然这些自动系统在准确时有助于癌症检测,但 CAD 的存在也会导致过度依赖效应,即当 CAD 系统失效时,漏检错误和误报会增加。以前的研究调查了将突出的外来线索叠加到图像上以突出可疑区域的 CAD 系统。这些突出线索会吸引注意力,从而加剧过度依赖效应。此外,将 CAD 提示直接叠加到乳房 X 光照片上会遮挡部分乳腺组织,这可能会破坏对癌症检测有用的全局统计数据。在这项研究中,我们研究了二元 CAD 系统是否会产生过度依赖效应,该系统不是将 CAD 提示叠加到乳房 X 光照片上,而是在乳房 X 光照片旁边报告一条信息,表明可能存在癌症。我们对信息的确定性进行了调整,并调整了信息的显示方式,是仅显示是否存在癌症,还是在每张乳房 X 射线照片上都显示一条信息,说明是否存在癌症。结果表明,虽然二进制 CAD 系统仍会产生过度依赖效应,但当 CAD 信息更加确定且仅用于提醒读者可能存在癌症时,失误率就会降低。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications
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