Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

Human users are now able to generate synthetic face images with artificial intelligence (AI) tools. Although indistinguishable from real photographs, these images have tended to feature fictional identities that do not exist in the real world. As a result, their use in applied contexts, including the spread of fake information, is similarly limited. Here, we investigated a new method for generating face images (via ChatGPT plus DALL·E) and its application to both fictional and real (in this case, celebrity) identities. Our results demonstrated that generated images of both fictional (Experiment 1) and celebrity identities (Experiment 2) could not be distinguished from real photographs. Further, providing additional real photographs for comparison during the task resulted in limited gains (Experiments 3 and 4). Finally, prior familiarity with celebrity faces produced only modest performance improvements. Therefore, new methods of detection should be explored as a matter of urgency since the latest 'off the shelf' AI tools can now generate face images of real people that are essentially undetectable as synthetic to most human observers.

We report the results of a preregistered classroom experiment ( https://aspredicted.org/x25h-d427.pdf ) investigating the immediate and long-term effects of interleaved practice for learning spelling rules among German third graders (N = 147). The study also investigated whether instructional guidance-comprising prompts and explanations that highlight key features and direct attention to relevant differences between concepts-enhances the effectiveness of interleaving by supporting comparison processes. Children completed two training sessions practicing words governed by specific spelling rules (capitalization, single and multiple consonants, words with "i" and "ie," and words with "ss" and "ß"), with one session conducted in a blocked and the other in an interleaved format. Children made fewer spelling errors on words practiced under the interleaved condition compared to the blocked condition, both immediately after training and at an 8-week follow-up. Instructional guidance influenced performance on new, unpracticed words governed by the same spelling rules. However, its effectiveness was moderated by children's prior knowledge: instructional guidance supported children with low prior knowledge during blocked practice in the immediate posttest and benefited children with high prior knowledge during interleaved practice at follow-up. These findings suggest that interleaved practice is an effective strategy for promoting lasting learning of spelling rules and facilitating transfer, though primarily among children with high prior knowledge. Future research should investigate whether providing children with a broader knowledge base through explicit instruction before the practice phase can help children with low prior knowledge to benefit more fully from interleaving.

Previous research has found that people miss a large proportion of targets that appear rarely. This Low Prevalence (LP) Effect has implications for applied tasks such as mammography. The current study investigated whether the LP effect can be reduced by feedback and internal incentives, which affect motivation. Experiment 1 found that miss errors were reduced when participants were given false feedback about missed cancers; however, this also led to increased false alarm rates. Experiment 2 found no reduction in miss errors and an increase in false alarms when participants were given false feedback about both miss error and false alarm rates. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the effect of signing a pledge on LP search. In Experiment 3, participants searched through a meaningless letter visual search task, whereas in Experiment 4 participants searched for a cancer in a mammogram. The results found that signing a pledge reduced the LP effect in the letter search task but not in the mammogram task. Experiment 5 found that the LP effect was reduced in the mammogram search task when the medical importance was emphasised to participants. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of motivational factors in LP search.

We report results from two experiments that examined the time course of vigilance decrements during a demanding multitasking scenario. Specifically, we implemented a novel paradigm in two experiments in which a total of 123 participants performed a go-no-go target detection continuous performance test (CPT) task simultaneously with a driving-based tracking task. Growth curve analyses of the temporal trajectories of performance of both tasks revealed vigilance decrement effects that varied across CPT and tracking measures, and between different target presentation rate conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of executive function, arousal, and motivation in such dual-task performance and support a multifaceted approach combining elements from the cognitive overload, cognitive underload, and opportunity-cost models of vigilance decrements. Insights from this work can inform the design and development of complex operator-system interfaces and thus increase safety and effectiveness for operators during mission-critical situations.

Real-world recognition requires our memory system to accommodate perceptual changes that occur after encoding; for example, eyewitnesses must recognize perpetrators across changes in appearance. However, it is not clear how this flexible recognition ability can be improved: Standard encoding strategies not only tend to be ineffective, but can in fact be detrimental for recognizing people across appearance changes. Given the effectiveness of visual imagery in creating and modifying memory representations, we examined whether counterfactual visual imagery could be used to manipulate flexible recognition by simulating an increase in encoding-retrieval similarity. Across two experiments, participants (n = 317) encoded faces with neutral expressions and were cued to imagine the faces with either happy or angry expressions. During later retrieval, participants saw lineups of old and new faces with either happy or angry expressions, and selected the old face and provided recognition confidence. Old/new recognition discriminability and confidence were higher when a face's expression at retrieval matched the expression that it was imagined in during encoding (i.e., congruent imagery); interestingly, however, there was Bayesian evidence for no benefit of imagery congruence for face-choice accuracy. Moreover, congruent imagery improved recognition for old arrays irrespective of whether participants correctly selected the old face, suggesting that the imagery manipulation influenced a diffuse sense of recognition without influencing the ability to attribute that sense of recognition to a specific stimulus. Together, these findings indicate that visual imagery can directionally manipulate recognition for changed faces and produces a novel dissociation between old/new recognition and forced-choice accuracy.

In a seminal paper, Moher (Psychol Sci 31(1):31-42, 10.1177/0956797619886809, 2020) reported that a salient distractor induced observers to quit the search early when the target was absent and increased the error rate when the target was present. This early quitting effect (EQE) was considered to impact real-world target detection. We were interested in how the EQE would be influenced when the similarity between the target and the salient distractor increased. This may more closely resemble real-world situations and may reveal underlying mechanisms of the EQE, as increased similarity could either raise costs of attention suppression, leading to the disappearance or even reversal of the EQE, or trigger the sense of effort in searching, resulting in the appearance of the EQE. Through two experiments, we demonstrate that the effect of a salient distractor on detecting a target was limited by the similarity of the target and the salient distractor. In Experiment 1, we conducted a task with a salient distractor that differed in color, size, and orientation from the target to replicate the EQE. We found that participants reacted faster in target-absent trials and less accurately in target-present trials, thus validating the experiment. However, when the similarity of the salient distractor and target was increased by sharing the same orientation feature in Experiment 2, the EQE did not occur. Specifically, regardless of target presence, a salient distractor delayed the search time and did not influence the error rate. These findings support that attention suppression, rather than the sense of search effort, is a subprocess of the EQE.

A collective intelligence factor (CI) was introduced by prior research to characterise the cognitive ability of groups. Surprisingly, individual intelligence did not predict CI. Instead, it correlated with individual social sensitivity, the equality of conversational turn-taking, and the proportion of females in a group. However, these findings may depend on the type of tasks completed by groups. Our study re-examined these relationships by (1) testing the robustness of the CI factor in dyads using well-structured tasks guided by the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence; (2) exploring the relationship between dyadic CI and metacognitive confidence, which is known to influence group processes and outcomes; and (3) identifying the psychological characteristics of distinct dyad types using latent profile analysis. We measured CI in 105 undergraduate dyads using three group tasks aligned with the broad abilities of the CHC model. Individual intelligence was assessed using Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. We also measured social sensitivity, proportion of females, equality of turn-taking, working memory, and personality. Results indicated that individual intelligence and confidence were the strongest predictors of dyadic CI for well-structured tasks, contrasting with previous findings emphasising social factors. While we replicated the relationship with social sensitivity, we did not replicate the findings for equality of turn-taking or gender composition. Latent profile analysis identified three psychological profiles: dyads performing consistently high individually and collectively, those performing consistently low, and those performing better collectively than individually. Our "smarter" dyads consisted of intelligent and confident individuals with higher social sensitivity. These findings suggest that, in dyads performing well-structured tasks, individual cognitive abilities and confidence play significant roles in CI. This challenges the emphasis on social factors and underscores the importance of task selection.

Cognitive conflict and risk-taking behaviors are linked in complex ways. This study examined whether threat sensitivity explains the relationship between conflict monitoring and risk-taking in young adults. A sample of 204 university students (ages 18-25, mean = 20.55, SD = 2.14) completed a computerized Stroop task (cognitive conflict), the RT-18 questionnaire (risk-taking), and the TF-44 Trait Fear Scale (dispositional threat sensitivity). Pearson correlations indicated that greater Stroop interference score (higher conflict) was associated with lower self-reported risk-taking and higher threat sensitivity. In turn, higher threat sensitivity predicted reduced risk-taking. Mediation analysis confirmed that cognitive conflict influenced risk-taking indirectly through threat sensitivity. The direct effect of conflict on risk-taking was non-significant, whereas the indirect path via threat sensitivity was significant, suggesting an indirect-only (complete) mediation. These results suggest that individuals experiencing higher internal conflict become more vigilant toward potential threats, which in turn deters them from risky actions. Understanding this pathway could guide interventions (i.e., cognitive control or anxiety-management training) to reduce maladaptive risk behaviors in young adults.

Trust serves an important purpose in organizations composed of numerous, specialized, interdependent roles. Supporting confidence that individuals will dutifully fulfill the responsibilities of those roles without causing harm to the organization, trust enables coordinated task execution across multiple roles and facilitates information exchange among individuals by reducing cognitive resources spent verifying information accuracy and reliability. Interactions play an important role in shaping and updating trust, but the mechanisms underlying the relationship between communication networks and trust dynamics remain poorly understood. This paper addresses that gap by directly examining the coevolution of communication networks and trust. During a multi-day military training exercise, participants (n=83) from three distinct units formed a coalition organization largely focused on collecting, analyzing, and acting on information gleaned from the operating environment of roughly 10k units under their command. Over the course of the exercise, each participant provided eight ratings of trust in their own unit and their coalition partners' units. Static and dynamic network models of the organization's communication networks assessed whether trust is an antecedent or product of communication. Results consistently show that when individuals report elevated trust in a unit, they become more likely to form and sustain relationships to members of that unit during the next time period. They also increase their rates of communication to those unit members. However, this relationship does not work in reverse: Increased communication to a unit does not precede increased trust in that unit. These findings suggest temporal directionality in the coevolution of trust and communication.