{"title":"Palaeodemography of Early Iron Age Toutswe Communities in Botswana","authors":"M. Mosothwane, M. Steyn","doi":"10.2307/3889242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889242","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68634129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution Patterns of Organic Residues on Middle Stone Age Points from Sibudu Cave, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"M. Lombard","doi":"10.2307/3889241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68633763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modern view of science differs significantly from the narrow stereotype adopted by Processual and Post-Processual schools. Archaeology conforms to this wider view once we separate the aim of the disciplinefrom its social practice. Our basic aim-to improve knowledge about the past-requires that we evaluate competing theories. Following modern scientific methodology, we can evaluate through the use of ampliative criteria. Furthermore, because human reasons cause behavioural regularities, we need to study prehistoric values and ideals. We can study such cognitive aspects in the same way as natural scientists study unobservables, that is, through their material effects.
{"title":"BEYOND DATA: THE AIM AND PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGY","authors":"T. Huffman","doi":"10.2307/3889245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889245","url":null,"abstract":"The modern view of science differs significantly from the narrow stereotype adopted by Processual and Post-Processual schools. Archaeology conforms to this wider view once we separate the aim of the disciplinefrom its social practice. Our basic aim-to improve knowledge about the past-requires that we evaluate competing theories. Following modern scientific methodology, we can evaluate through the use of ampliative criteria. Furthermore, because human reasons cause behavioural regularities, we need to study prehistoric values and ideals. We can study such cognitive aspects in the same way as natural scientists study unobservables, that is, through their material effects.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68634258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During an archaeological impact assessment in 1997, three shell middens were identified along a dune ridge 1.5 km from the shore at Melkbosstrand, about 22 km north of central Cape Town. They were subsequently excavated and yielded evidence of occupation beginning c. AD 700. Remains consisted mostly of shell and bone, with a very informal stone artefact assemblage. All three sites yielded ceramics and sheep bone; at one site sheep was the animal most frequently identified to species level. On the edge of one midden, a stone hearth 1.8 m in diameter was uncovered. This site cluster was almost certainly occupied by herders and, as such, constitutes the closest herder sites to Cape Town investigated to date.
{"title":"Excavations at Melkbosstrand: Variability among herder sites on Table Bay, South Africa","authors":"J. Sealy, T. Maggs, A. Jerardino, J. Kaplan","doi":"10.2307/3889319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889319","url":null,"abstract":"During an archaeological impact assessment in 1997, three shell middens were identified along a dune ridge 1.5 km from the shore at Melkbosstrand, about 22 km north of central Cape Town. They were subsequently excavated and yielded evidence of occupation beginning c. AD 700. Remains consisted mostly of shell and bone, with a very informal stone artefact assemblage. All three sites yielded ceramics and sheep bone; at one site sheep was the animal most frequently identified to species level. On the edge of one midden, a stone hearth 1.8 m in diameter was uncovered. This site cluster was almost certainly occupied by herders and, as such, constitutes the closest herder sites to Cape Town investigated to date.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68636178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Conard, M. Soressi, J. Parkington, S. Wurz, R. Yates
The authors and three students met for workshops on several occasions in Cape Town and Stellenbosch with the goal of defining a taxonomic system for chipped stone artefacts that can be applied to materials from the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age. The motivation for defining a ‘unified taxonomy’ stems from the need to develop a system for classifying multicomponent surface assemblages. The proposed taxonomy revises southern African systems by applying ideas and methods from European approaches to lithic technology. Given that much confusion exists on the classification of cores and core reduction, the lithic workshops focused on this class of artefact. Most of the variation encountered when examining material from Anyskop, Blombos, Geelbek, Hollow Rock Shelter and Klasies River Mouth could be placed within the taxa of Inclined, Parallel and Platform cores. These categories form the basis of the proposed taxonomy with the additional taxa of Initial, Multidirectional, Indeterminate Broken, Bipolar and Other being necessary for a small proportion of the cores that fall outside the range of the three main taxa. Blind tests using assemblages of cores from Blombos, Geelbek and Anyskop yielded a satisfactory degree of reproducibility and lend credibility to the proposed taxonomy. This paper also considers other key variables of cores including: the morphology of end products, degree of reduction, numbers of striking and removal surfaces, and degree of platform preparation.
作者和三名学生在开普敦和Stellenbosch举行了几次研讨会，目的是为早期、中期和晚期石器时代的材料定义一个碎片石制人工制品的分类系统。定义“统一分类法”的动机源于需要开发一种对多组分表面组合进行分类的系统。拟议的分类学通过将欧洲的方法和方法应用于石器技术，修订了南部非洲的系统。考虑到岩心的分类和岩心还原存在许多混乱，石器工作坊集中在这类人工制品上。在检查Anyskop, Blombos, Geelbek, Hollow Rock Shelter和Klasies River Mouth的材料时遇到的大多数变化都可以放在倾斜，平行和平台岩心的分类群中。这些分类构成了提出的分类的基础，初始分类群、多向分类群、不确定破碎分类群、双极分类群和其他分类群是一小部分不在这三个主要分类群范围内的核心所必需的。使用Blombos, Geelbek和Anyskop岩心组合进行的盲测获得了令人满意的可重复性，并为所提出的分类提供了可信度。本文还考虑了岩心的其他关键变量，包括:最终产品的形貌、还原程度、撞击和去除表面的数量以及平台制备程度。
{"title":"A unified lithic taxonomy based on patterns of core reduction","authors":"N. Conard, M. Soressi, J. Parkington, S. Wurz, R. Yates","doi":"10.2307/3889318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889318","url":null,"abstract":"The authors and three students met for workshops on several occasions in Cape Town and Stellenbosch with the goal of defining a taxonomic system for chipped stone artefacts that can be applied to materials from the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age. The motivation for defining a ‘unified taxonomy’ stems from the need to develop a system for classifying multicomponent surface assemblages. The proposed taxonomy revises southern African systems by applying ideas and methods from European approaches to lithic technology. Given that much confusion exists on the classification of cores and core reduction, the lithic workshops focused on this class of artefact. Most of the variation encountered when examining material from Anyskop, Blombos, Geelbek, Hollow Rock Shelter and Klasies River Mouth could be placed within the taxa of Inclined, Parallel and Platform cores. These categories form the basis of the proposed taxonomy with the additional taxa of Initial, Multidirectional, Indeterminate Broken, Bipolar and Other being necessary for a small proportion of the cores that fall outside the range of the three main taxa. Blind tests using assemblages of cores from Blombos, Geelbek and Anyskop yielded a satisfactory degree of reproducibility and lend credibility to the proposed taxonomy. This paper also considers other key variables of cores including: the morphology of end products, degree of reduction, numbers of striking and removal surfaces, and degree of platform preparation.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68635996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The late iron age sequence in the Marico and early Tswana history","authors":"J. Boeyens","doi":"10.2307/3889303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889303","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68636206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on preliminary observations and interpretations pertaining to a previously little-researched area and time frame. Artefacts, namely a bored stone, a grinding stone, an iron adze and fragments of what is concluded to be a clay grain bin, found in association during recent excavations on Melora Hilltop in Limpopo Province, are discussed in terms of both their mundane and ritual connotations. The ritual importance of seemingly mundane artefacts is implied. Their association and location argue for a shrine or place of ancestral ritual in a domestic space, possibly belonging to a person of status.
{"title":"RITUAL PRACTICE IN A DOMESTIC SPACE: EVIDENCE FROM MELORA HILLTOP, A LATE IRON AGE STONE-WALLED SETTLEMENT IN THE WATERBERG, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"M. Lombard, I. Parsons","doi":"10.2307/3889304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889304","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on preliminary observations and interpretations pertaining to a previously little-researched area and time frame. Artefacts, namely a bored stone, a grinding stone, an iron adze and fragments of what is concluded to be a clay grain bin, found in association during recent excavations on Melora Hilltop in Limpopo Province, are discussed in terms of both their mundane and ritual connotations. The ritual importance of seemingly mundane artefacts is implied. Their association and location argue for a shrine or place of ancestral ritual in a domestic space, possibly belonging to a person of status.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68636224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pre-colonial settlement and subsistence along sandy shores south of Elands Bay, west coast, South Africa","authors":"A. Jerardino","doi":"10.2307/3889302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889302","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68636144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent genetic studies of living African peoples have suggested that the KhoiSan in particular are of very ancient stock and that they share some ancient genetic features with living East Africans. Archaeological and linguistic evidence for an ancient KhoiSan presence in East Africa has been used to support these arguments. A re-examination of the archaeological evidence does not support this stance. In particular, the bulk of the osteological evidence for KhoiSan presence in East Africa is flawed because it is drawn from a typological context where individual osteologicalfeatures were interpreted as KhoiSan and the total morphological pattern was not considered. More recent studies of archaeological specimens and living East Africans have not confirmed any KhoiSan linkage with East Africa. Linguistic evidence is also equivocal and the clicks found in East Africa may represent the remains of ancient linguistic phonemes rather than remnants of KhoiSan languages. Without the support of archaeological and linguistic evidence, the genetic similarities of East and South Africans should be seen as a more distant commonality of underlying genetic features of all Africans rather than a specific KhoiSan genetic identity. (The terminology used in this paper conforms to that of Jenkins & Tobias [1977]. The spelling of KhoiSan was adopted by the session on Nomenclature of People at the Origins of Humanity Workshop at Stellenbosch in September 2002 as part of the HSRC Africa Genome Initiative.)
{"title":"THE MYTH OF THE EAST AFRICAN 'BUSHMEN'","authors":"A. Morris","doi":"10.2307/3889305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889305","url":null,"abstract":"Recent genetic studies of living African peoples have suggested that the KhoiSan in particular are of very ancient stock and that they share some ancient genetic features with living East Africans. Archaeological and linguistic evidence for an ancient KhoiSan presence in East Africa has been used to support these arguments. A re-examination of the archaeological evidence does not support this stance. In particular, the bulk of the osteological evidence for KhoiSan presence in East Africa is flawed because it is drawn from a typological context where individual osteologicalfeatures were interpreted as KhoiSan and the total morphological pattern was not considered. More recent studies of archaeological specimens and living East Africans have not confirmed any KhoiSan linkage with East Africa. Linguistic evidence is also equivocal and the clicks found in East Africa may represent the remains of ancient linguistic phonemes rather than remnants of KhoiSan languages. Without the support of archaeological and linguistic evidence, the genetic similarities of East and South Africans should be seen as a more distant commonality of underlying genetic features of all Africans rather than a specific KhoiSan genetic identity. (The terminology used in this paper conforms to that of Jenkins & Tobias [1977]. The spelling of KhoiSan was adopted by the session on Nomenclature of People at the Origins of Humanity Workshop at Stellenbosch in September 2002 as part of the HSRC Africa Genome Initiative.)","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68635790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although it has been postulated that the scavenging of beached whales played an important role in the subsistence strategy of Later Stone Age people in southern Africa, there exists limited material evidence to support this hypothesis. At the locality Pottery in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, new analysis has demonstrated a clear association between 34 pieces of whale barnacle (Coronula diadema) and a roasting platform consisting of burned calcrete. This relationship confirms that LSA people scavenged whales from the shores of southern Africa, while processing the meat and rendering the blubber at inland locations.
{"title":"SCAVENGING AND PROCESSING OF WHALE MEAT AND BLUBBER BY LATER STONE AGE PEOPLE OF THE GEELBEK DUNES, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"A. W. Kandel, N. Conard","doi":"10.2307/3889306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889306","url":null,"abstract":"Although it has been postulated that the scavenging of beached whales played an important role in the subsistence strategy of Later Stone Age people in southern Africa, there exists limited material evidence to support this hypothesis. At the locality Pottery in the Geelbek Dunes of the Western Cape, new analysis has demonstrated a clear association between 34 pieces of whale barnacle (Coronula diadema) and a roasting platform consisting of burned calcrete. This relationship confirms that LSA people scavenged whales from the shores of southern Africa, while processing the meat and rendering the blubber at inland locations.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2003-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68635901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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