{"title":"The mammals of ancient Egypt","authors":"D. Osborn, J. Osbornová","doi":"10.2307/3888862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888862","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Zimbabwean past, farming societies utilized mineral resources for their own use and for exchange to local and regional populations, as well as to markets beyond African borders. Successful agriculture was constrained by environmental hazards, principally unpredictable and often inadequate rainfall. Farming communities managed this predicament in various ways. It is likely that some groups used mineral resources found in the vicinity of their settlements to produce materials or items to exchange. The social contexts that defined the nature of mineral production and exchange altered between the mid-first and mid-second millennium AD, as social ranks emerged and political and economic systems became increasingly complex. The thesis is a commentary on how the motivation of society to broaden its resource base, to improve the benefits to households and to society in general, contributed to the emergence of leaders and, ultimately, of an elite class. The focus of the research is on iron and copper production because the author has examined gold production thoroughly in a previous study. Four published papers outline the history of iron and copper production in Zimbabwe. The papers provide case studies of the scale and social context of iron and copper production and exchange.
{"title":"Excavations at Copper Queen Mine, northwestern Zimbabwe.","authors":"L. Swan","doi":"10.2307/3888857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888857","url":null,"abstract":"In the Zimbabwean past, farming societies utilized mineral resources for their own use and for exchange to local and regional populations, as well as to markets beyond African borders. Successful agriculture was constrained by environmental hazards, principally unpredictable and often inadequate rainfall. Farming communities managed this predicament in various ways. It is likely that some groups used mineral resources found in the vicinity of their settlements to produce materials or items to exchange. The social contexts that defined the nature of mineral production and exchange altered between the mid-first and mid-second millennium AD, as social ranks emerged and political and economic systems became increasingly complex. The thesis is a commentary on how the motivation of society to broaden its resource base, to improve the benefits to households and to society in general, contributed to the emergence of leaders and, ultimately, of an elite class. The focus of the research is on iron and copper production because the author has examined gold production thoroughly in a previous study. Four published papers outline the history of iron and copper production in Zimbabwe. The papers provide case studies of the scale and social context of iron and copper production and exchange.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"64-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"People, Contact and the Environment in the African Past","authors":"C. Kusimba, F. Chami, G. Pwiti, C. Radimilahy","doi":"10.2307/3888860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888860","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The graves of a middle-aged male individual and a juvenile (possibly female) were excavated at Malle, a Late Iron Age stone-walled site near Marikana in the North- West Province. The features of the graves at Malle correspond with burial practices recordedfor a stone-walled site near Brits (Site ZKOOI) and those recorded for a site close to Malle, namely Makgope (Site NTGOO1). At these three sites, all associated with Sotho-Tswana farming communities, men were buried in flexed, upright sitting positions in cattle kraal enclosures. Some of these burials featured funerary goods including (deliberately) broken pots and the remains of domestic stock such as cattle andpossibly sheep or goats. The possibly female juvenile from Malle was buried in a similarfashion, but this grave was located outside the cattle kraal. Individuals buried in a horizontal, flexed position were also excavated at Olifantspoort, a Sotho-Tswana settlement close to the Bankeveld sites. Both horizontal and vertical burial postures amongst the Sotho-Tswana have been described and illustrated in ethnographic accounts.
{"title":"TWO BURIALS AT MALLE, A LATE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT IN THE BANKEVELD IN THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE","authors":"J. Pistorius, M. Steyn, W. Nienaber","doi":"10.2307/3888856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888856","url":null,"abstract":"The graves of a middle-aged male individual and a juvenile (possibly female) were excavated at Malle, a Late Iron Age stone-walled site near Marikana in the North- West Province. The features of the graves at Malle correspond with burial practices recordedfor a stone-walled site near Brits (Site ZKOOI) and those recorded for a site close to Malle, namely Makgope (Site NTGOO1). At these three sites, all associated with Sotho-Tswana farming communities, men were buried in flexed, upright sitting positions in cattle kraal enclosures. Some of these burials featured funerary goods including (deliberately) broken pots and the remains of domestic stock such as cattle andpossibly sheep or goats. The possibly female juvenile from Malle was buried in a similarfashion, but this grave was located outside the cattle kraal. Individuals buried in a horizontal, flexed position were also excavated at Olifantspoort, a Sotho-Tswana settlement close to the Bankeveld sites. Both horizontal and vertical burial postures amongst the Sotho-Tswana have been described and illustrated in ethnographic accounts.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical perspectives in Rock art research","authors":"I. Domingo, Claire Smith, K. Helskog","doi":"10.2307/3888861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
San paintings of therianthropes, beings that combine human and non-human features, are described and analysed in order to formulate a theory concerning the meaning of these paintings for the people who made and viewed them. The range of therianthrope paintings is described Four explanations, or theories, concerning the therianthropes are discussed and evaluated in relation to San religious rites and beliefs and the physical forms taken by therianthropes in the art. These explanations or theories focus respectively on animal-masked/costumed shamans, shamans transformed into animals or other creatures while in altered states, the spirits of dead shamans and the human-animal beings of San myths. Physical as well as deeper, structural, conceptual correspondences between these classes of beings in San religious thought indicate that they are all related and relevant to the way in which we should interpret the therianthropes. The kingdoms are artificial constructions designed by human beings in an effort to cope with the tremendous diversity of the living world. They are not rules of nature. (Keeton 1972: 703)
{"title":"Therianthropes in San rock art","authors":"P. Jolly","doi":"10.2307/3888859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888859","url":null,"abstract":"San paintings of therianthropes, beings that combine human and non-human features, are described and analysed in order to formulate a theory concerning the meaning of these paintings for the people who made and viewed them. The range of therianthrope paintings is described Four explanations, or theories, concerning the therianthropes are discussed and evaluated in relation to San religious rites and beliefs and the physical forms taken by therianthropes in the art. These explanations or theories focus respectively on animal-masked/costumed shamans, shamans transformed into animals or other creatures while in altered states, the spirits of dead shamans and the human-animal beings of San myths. Physical as well as deeper, structural, conceptual correspondences between these classes of beings in San religious thought indicate that they are all related and relevant to the way in which we should interpret the therianthropes. The kingdoms are artificial constructions designed by human beings in an effort to cope with the tremendous diversity of the living world. They are not rules of nature. (Keeton 1972: 703)","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Archaeology in the Service of the Community: Repatriation of the Remains of Nontetha Bungu","authors":"W. Nienaber, M. Steyn","doi":"10.2307/3888858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888858","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dunefield Midden is a Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer campsite displaying a series of short occupations between c. 900 BP and c. 600 BP that post-dates afar earlier one. The lithic assemblage can be split into two chronologically distinct components: (I) an almost exclusively quartz scatter that is highly expedient in manufacture and completely dominated by backed pieces and bipolar cores; (2) an older, much smaller, wind-abraded scatter comprising a wider variety of both raw materials and tool classes that indicates a more formalized industry. The former displays discrete stoneworking areas while the latter has no clear spatial structure. In keeping with the expedience of the flaked assemblage, a high degree of re-use is evident on the hammerstones, anvils and grindstones. All results have been examined via a density-based spatial analysis. The possibility of not recovering cultural remains or spatial patterning in small excavations of large shell middens is considered.
{"title":"PATTERNS IN STONE: THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM DUNEFIELD MIDDEN, WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"J. Orton","doi":"10.2307/3889104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889104","url":null,"abstract":"Dunefield Midden is a Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer campsite displaying a series of short occupations between c. 900 BP and c. 600 BP that post-dates afar earlier one. The lithic assemblage can be split into two chronologically distinct components: (I) an almost exclusively quartz scatter that is highly expedient in manufacture and completely dominated by backed pieces and bipolar cores; (2) an older, much smaller, wind-abraded scatter comprising a wider variety of both raw materials and tool classes that indicates a more formalized industry. The former displays discrete stoneworking areas while the latter has no clear spatial structure. In keeping with the expedience of the flaked assemblage, a high degree of re-use is evident on the hammerstones, anvils and grindstones. All results have been examined via a density-based spatial analysis. The possibility of not recovering cultural remains or spatial patterning in small excavations of large shell middens is considered.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":"57 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68630409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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