The graves of a middle-aged male individual and a juvenile (possibly female) were excavated at Malle, a Late Iron Age stone-walled site near Marikana in the North- West Province. The features of the graves at Malle correspond with burial practices recordedfor a stone-walled site near Brits (Site ZKOOI) and those recorded for a site close to Malle, namely Makgope (Site NTGOO1). At these three sites, all associated with Sotho-Tswana farming communities, men were buried in flexed, upright sitting positions in cattle kraal enclosures. Some of these burials featured funerary goods including (deliberately) broken pots and the remains of domestic stock such as cattle andpossibly sheep or goats. The possibly female juvenile from Malle was buried in a similarfashion, but this grave was located outside the cattle kraal. Individuals buried in a horizontal, flexed position were also excavated at Olifantspoort, a Sotho-Tswana settlement close to the Bankeveld sites. Both horizontal and vertical burial postures amongst the Sotho-Tswana have been described and illustrated in ethnographic accounts.
{"title":"TWO BURIALS AT MALLE, A LATE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT IN THE BANKEVELD IN THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE","authors":"J. Pistorius, M. Steyn, W. Nienaber","doi":"10.2307/3888856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888856","url":null,"abstract":"The graves of a middle-aged male individual and a juvenile (possibly female) were excavated at Malle, a Late Iron Age stone-walled site near Marikana in the North- West Province. The features of the graves at Malle correspond with burial practices recordedfor a stone-walled site near Brits (Site ZKOOI) and those recorded for a site close to Malle, namely Makgope (Site NTGOO1). At these three sites, all associated with Sotho-Tswana farming communities, men were buried in flexed, upright sitting positions in cattle kraal enclosures. Some of these burials featured funerary goods including (deliberately) broken pots and the remains of domestic stock such as cattle andpossibly sheep or goats. The possibly female juvenile from Malle was buried in a similarfashion, but this grave was located outside the cattle kraal. Individuals buried in a horizontal, flexed position were also excavated at Olifantspoort, a Sotho-Tswana settlement close to the Bankeveld sites. Both horizontal and vertical burial postures amongst the Sotho-Tswana have been described and illustrated in ethnographic accounts.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
San paintings of therianthropes, beings that combine human and non-human features, are described and analysed in order to formulate a theory concerning the meaning of these paintings for the people who made and viewed them. The range of therianthrope paintings is described Four explanations, or theories, concerning the therianthropes are discussed and evaluated in relation to San religious rites and beliefs and the physical forms taken by therianthropes in the art. These explanations or theories focus respectively on animal-masked/costumed shamans, shamans transformed into animals or other creatures while in altered states, the spirits of dead shamans and the human-animal beings of San myths. Physical as well as deeper, structural, conceptual correspondences between these classes of beings in San religious thought indicate that they are all related and relevant to the way in which we should interpret the therianthropes. The kingdoms are artificial constructions designed by human beings in an effort to cope with the tremendous diversity of the living world. They are not rules of nature. (Keeton 1972: 703)
{"title":"Therianthropes in San rock art","authors":"P. Jolly","doi":"10.2307/3888859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888859","url":null,"abstract":"San paintings of therianthropes, beings that combine human and non-human features, are described and analysed in order to formulate a theory concerning the meaning of these paintings for the people who made and viewed them. The range of therianthrope paintings is described Four explanations, or theories, concerning the therianthropes are discussed and evaluated in relation to San religious rites and beliefs and the physical forms taken by therianthropes in the art. These explanations or theories focus respectively on animal-masked/costumed shamans, shamans transformed into animals or other creatures while in altered states, the spirits of dead shamans and the human-animal beings of San myths. Physical as well as deeper, structural, conceptual correspondences between these classes of beings in San religious thought indicate that they are all related and relevant to the way in which we should interpret the therianthropes. The kingdoms are artificial constructions designed by human beings in an effort to cope with the tremendous diversity of the living world. They are not rules of nature. (Keeton 1972: 703)","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical perspectives in Rock art research","authors":"I. Domingo, Claire Smith, K. Helskog","doi":"10.2307/3888861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Archaeology in the Service of the Community: Repatriation of the Remains of Nontetha Bungu","authors":"W. Nienaber, M. Steyn","doi":"10.2307/3888858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3888858","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3888858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68624296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dunefield Midden is a Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer campsite displaying a series of short occupations between c. 900 BP and c. 600 BP that post-dates afar earlier one. The lithic assemblage can be split into two chronologically distinct components: (I) an almost exclusively quartz scatter that is highly expedient in manufacture and completely dominated by backed pieces and bipolar cores; (2) an older, much smaller, wind-abraded scatter comprising a wider variety of both raw materials and tool classes that indicates a more formalized industry. The former displays discrete stoneworking areas while the latter has no clear spatial structure. In keeping with the expedience of the flaked assemblage, a high degree of re-use is evident on the hammerstones, anvils and grindstones. All results have been examined via a density-based spatial analysis. The possibility of not recovering cultural remains or spatial patterning in small excavations of large shell middens is considered.
{"title":"PATTERNS IN STONE: THE LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM DUNEFIELD MIDDEN, WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"J. Orton","doi":"10.2307/3889104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889104","url":null,"abstract":"Dunefield Midden is a Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer campsite displaying a series of short occupations between c. 900 BP and c. 600 BP that post-dates afar earlier one. The lithic assemblage can be split into two chronologically distinct components: (I) an almost exclusively quartz scatter that is highly expedient in manufacture and completely dominated by backed pieces and bipolar cores; (2) an older, much smaller, wind-abraded scatter comprising a wider variety of both raw materials and tool classes that indicates a more formalized industry. The former displays discrete stoneworking areas while the latter has no clear spatial structure. In keeping with the expedience of the flaked assemblage, a high degree of re-use is evident on the hammerstones, anvils and grindstones. All results have been examined via a density-based spatial analysis. The possibility of not recovering cultural remains or spatial patterning in small excavations of large shell middens is considered.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68630409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Symbolic and utilitarian interpretations have been proposedfor red ochre use in the African Middle Stone Age, but these have rarely been developed. . This paper reviews the hypotheses, recasts them in more explicit form and addresses the need for basic data for quantifying and describing ochre assemblages andfor synthesizing observations across a range of sites. Percentages of utilized material, by geological form and streak, from Late Pleistocene shelter sequences in southern Africa are used to investigate past selective preferences. Materials with saturated red streaks are disproportionately represented among utilized pieces, particularly among crayons. The findings are most consistent with use as pigment in a costly signalling strategy involving ritualized display. Theoretical and substantive grounds are given for inferring that the context for such display was probably collective ritual.
{"title":"Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Ritualised Display or Hide Preservative?","authors":"Ian Watts","doi":"10.2307/3889102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889102","url":null,"abstract":"Symbolic and utilitarian interpretations have been proposedfor red ochre use in the African Middle Stone Age, but these have rarely been developed. . This paper reviews the hypotheses, recasts them in more explicit form and addresses the need for basic data for quantifying and describing ochre assemblages andfor synthesizing observations across a range of sites. Percentages of utilized material, by geological form and streak, from Late Pleistocene shelter sequences in southern Africa are used to investigate past selective preferences. Materials with saturated red streaks are disproportionately represented among utilized pieces, particularly among crayons. The findings are most consistent with use as pigment in a costly signalling strategy involving ritualized display. Theoretical and substantive grounds are given for inferring that the context for such display was probably collective ritual.","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68630603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hampson, W. Challis, G. Blundell, Conraad De Rosner
Little is known about the rock art of regions outside the more famous ones such as the Drakensberg and Cederberg. Mpumalanga Province in eastern South Africa is a case in point. While preliminary work has been undertaken in the southern Kruger National Park, very little of this material has been published. Recently, over 100 sites in and around
{"title":"THE ROCK ART OF BONGANI MOUNTAIN LODGE AND ITS ENVIRONS, MPUMALANGA PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA: AN INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEMS OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN ROCK-ART REGIONS","authors":"J. Hampson, W. Challis, G. Blundell, Conraad De Rosner","doi":"10.2307/3889103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889103","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about the rock art of regions outside the more famous ones such as the Drakensberg and Cederberg. Mpumalanga Province in eastern South Africa is a case in point. While preliminary work has been undertaken in the southern Kruger National Park, very little of this material has been published. Recently, over 100 sites in and around","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68630680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because foragers became pastoralists so late in southern Africa, their well-preserved remains can help us better understand the original herders of this world. The dominant thinking is that becoming herders is hard. Hunters share meat, herders keep it to themselves. Perhaps only a few hunters ever bridged this gap: the socially important habit of sharing meat may have held the rest back. Following this line of thinking, herding must have reached the southern tip of Africa with migrating herders because, otherwise, too many hunters would have had to bridge the gap for sheep to arrive by diffusion. This paper explores the opposite view: that becoming herders may not have been so hard. Faunal remains from two rockshelters in southeastern Botswana suggest that hunters could have first treated domestic stock as socially unimportant meat, not subject to rules of sharing. Continued hunting and sharing of large and medium game could have fulfilled social obligations, while privately owned domestic stock
{"title":"FAUNAL REMAINS IN THE TRANSITION FROM HUNTING TO HERDING IN SOUTHEASTERN BOTSWANA","authors":"K. Sadr, I. Plug","doi":"10.2307/3889030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3889030","url":null,"abstract":"Because foragers became pastoralists so late in southern Africa, their well-preserved remains can help us better understand the original herders of this world. The dominant thinking is that becoming herders is hard. Hunters share meat, herders keep it to themselves. Perhaps only a few hunters ever bridged this gap: the socially important habit of sharing meat may have held the rest back. Following this line of thinking, herding must have reached the southern tip of Africa with migrating herders because, otherwise, too many hunters would have had to bridge the gap for sheep to arrive by diffusion. This paper explores the opposite view: that becoming herders may not have been so hard. Faunal remains from two rockshelters in southeastern Botswana suggest that hunters could have first treated domestic stock as socially unimportant meat, not subject to rules of sharing. Continued hunting and sharing of large and medium game could have fulfilled social obligations, while privately owned domestic stock","PeriodicalId":46844,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BULLETIN","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3889030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68628980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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