Anthropologie最新文献

The present study aims at characterizing the variability of the Late Pleistocene to Holocene western Indonesian archipelago ancient populations based on second molars , which are described by means of comparative morphology (ASUDAS), and metrics (BL and MD measurements). We furthermore test similarity and differentiation by metric and non-metric statistics analysis to observe group clustering among the samples. Results show two different dental types. The “Preneolithic” one is present on Early to Middle Holocene fossils, between 12 to 4.5 ka, and the “Neolithic-Paleometallic” type consists of Late Holocene remains, from 3.2 ka. This study opens new perspectives regarding the scenario of human occupation in the western Indonesian archipelago during those periods, and questions as well the chronological significance of some features classically described as ‘archaic’ or ‘derived’ in dental palaeoanthropology.

The prehistory of Indonesia covers a very long period of time, over 1.5 million years, punctuated by major events that highlight major changes in the evolution, adaptation and culture of human groups. These events are generally manifested by the dispersal of humans and the dissemination of cultural traditions to and within the archipelagos, including encounters between newcomers and indigenous populations. Other natural events have also impacted these movements and contacts, such as paleographic changes linked to sea level changes during the Quaternary. The compilation of interdisciplinary studies makes it possible to identify seven major stages, from the arrival of Homo erectus in the archipelagos until the protohistoric period marked by the presence of cultures linked to metal and megaliths a few centuries before our era. Indonesia then entered its historical period, notably with the introduction of Hindu-Buddhist influence around the 4th/5th centuries AD.

The region of Wallacea has become a hotspot of archaeological research due to significant new discoveries that are changing our understanding and theories about early human history. Anatomically modern humans (AMH) began to migrate and expand to Wallacea and Sahul in Oceania over 45,000 years ago, making this one of the earliest regions with a presence of AMH outside of Africa. Additionally, Sulawesi, the largest island in Wallacea, has yielded the oldest dates for rock paintings worldwide at around 44,000 years ago, predating rock art discovered in Europe. While U-series dating has been used to determine the early rock art, no ¹⁴C dates over 40,000 years ago had been reported from Sulawesi, so far. However, in our latest excavation at Goa Topogaro in Central Sulawesi, we obtained ¹⁴C dates that support the presence and spread of AMH in Sulawesi by at least 40,000 years ago, if not earlier. The Topogaro cave complex also yielded significant amounts of archaeological remains from various periods during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, as well as from historical times. Here, we present the major findings of our archaeological research in Goa Topogaro on the eastern coast of Sulawesi and discuss the evidence and timeline for the migration of AMH into Sulawesi Island and their adaptation to the insular environments of Wallacea during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

Since the end of the Ice Age or the beginning of the Holocene, Human occupation of the Archipelago has shown significant development, as seen in the discovery of the remains that occupy a wider geographical distribution in various parts of the area. Modern Human has entered this region in the Late Pleistocene, but there is a possibility of a new migration process entering Indonesia after the end of the Ice Age. Holocene Human remains are mostly found in the prehistoric dwelling caves of the karstic mountains, and the shell midden along the east coast of North Sumatra-Aceh. Based on those discoveries, it presents the remains affiliated with the Australo-melanesid population. And here, we will discuss on this human population of the Archipelago in paleoanthropological perspectives.

How did early Anatomically Modern Human (Homo sapiens sapiens) appear on earth and then spread rapidly across the globe to the present day? There are two main stages of Homo sapiens’ evolution: (1) the archaic Homo sapiens lived since their initial appearance up to 150,000 years ago, and (2) anatomically modern Homo sapiens from 150,000 years ago to the present. The multiregional model argues there was a gradual and continuous evolutionary process from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens in every region of Africa and Eurasia. In contrast the “Out of Africa” evolutionary model, known as the “replacement” theory argued that the genetic roots of Homo sapiens were around 150,000 to 100,000 years ago originated from one place in Africa, and spread out in different directions, flourished, and replaced local archaic populations. This paper will discuss the presence of early anatomically modern human remains in Southeast Asia including Indonesia from around the second half of the Upper Pleistocene including Wajak man, Lida Ajer and Punung remains, also Flores hominin.

Stone artifacts are a common finding at prehistoric occupation cave sites in Indonesia. Flake tools with various key functions are one of the cultural markers of the pre-Neolithic period, frequently recovered in the context of assemblages of animal bones, bone tools, and shell artifacts. Recently, excavation at a new cave site on the small island of Kangean, unearthed an extensive set of stone tools. Our analysis of this assemblage of stone tools from Arca Cave site, Kangean Island, identified specific characteristics in typology, technology, and environmental context. Dating to at least 6,000 years ago, the Kangean lithic assemblage is associated with the mid-Holocene period and possibly even earlier.

The Indonesian government plans to relocate the capital city from Jakarta to Sepaku in East Kalimantan. So far, the location is known as a vast industrial-scale plantation area and one of the selected places for the transmigration program during the 1970s. Being planned as a constructed capital city from scratch, of course several studies have been carried out by experts on multiple aspects of the project. However, it is still lacking an archaeological assessment to calculate the loss of cultural heritage and historical information of the area. While history is obviously essential in the realm of identity, no archaeological study designed to contribute to the cultural development of the future capital city of Indonesia has been proposed. Our project recommends an array of archaeological surveys, followed by the excavation of two newly discovered archaeological sites in Sepaku. The study reveals a cave habitation site dated to 9–7 ka and a more recent iron workshop from the XV–XVII century AD. The two sites significantly contribute to revealing a complex past on the site of this future capital city, a past that was previously assumed to be only quite recent; typically based on the historical notes of the Paser Sultanate from the XVI century AD and remnants of Dutch-Japan colonization.

Austronesian migration in the last 4500 years ago is a unique phenomenon in the history of human civilization, related to the vast area and the time of spreading. Not many papers summarize the Austronesian traces from a paleoanthropological perspective. This paper describes the Austronesian diaspora in the Indonesian Archipelago based on the physical characteristics and human remains (especially craniodental) found in the archaeological context. Human remains with neolithic burial context were found in several cave sites on the karstic mountains around 3500 years ago, while skeletal remains with a paleometallic burial context were found from several coastal jar burial sites dating back 2000 years ago. In the future, intensive research is needed to determine whether the two different burial characteristics result from cultural evolution or reflect two layers of migration.

The Hoabinhian is a Late Pleistocene and Holocene technocomplex in northern Sumatra and mainland Southeast Asia, characterized by the presence of unifacial pebbles (sumatraliths). In North Sumatra Hoabinhian sites are present as shell-middens in coastal areas and, in caves in mountainous areas. These sites have been established upstream and downstream of the river system since the Pleistocene. Recent ¹⁴C dating of several Hoabihian sites in North Sumatra show occupation between 12,000 and 3,000 years BP. At Loyang Mendale, Mabitce Cave, and Gedong Cave new data provide additional information on Hoabinhian sites in North Sumatra. Lithic tool morphology and technology show similarities to other Hoabinhian sites and indicate a process of adaptation to environmental conditions related to raw material sources and subsistence strategies. The new Hoabinhian sites in North Sumatra must now be reviewed and correlated with environmental aspects.

People were in the Americas before, during, and immediately after the Last Glacial Maximum. Multiple data converge toward a deep chronology model for Homo genre exploration, dispersal, occupation, and settlement across the continent. South America is not an exception. This paper is an attempt to think of South America record in terms of population dynamics within a Paleolithic reflection: What are the anthropological implications of a longer and therefore slower peopling process? What modes of expansion, rhythms, adaptations, routes could be traced base especially in lithic records? What kind of archaeological manifestations should we expect in the different environments that make up an immense and highly diverse geography? What modes of technological continuity and change could be linked to these manifestations? Although further research is still needed to address these questions, our goal is to contribute to posing the problem in the most holistic way possible, linking climate, environment, and techno-cultural data within and beyond South America, in order to model how populations might have expanded and contracted at different periods throughout this subcontinent.