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The purpose of metaphysics: Apology of excess 形而上学的目的过度的辩解
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12707
Olena Yatsenko

This article consistently elaborates the extra-contextual nature of metaphysical knowledge. Metaphysicsis seen as a semantic construction of culture that produces a certain type of thinking, memory, and identification: that is, subjectivity, and sociality as an ethical and axiological model of interaction with the world and the Other. The paper argues that metaphysics is a kind of orientation in space and that culture is a semiotic way of world orientation, or collection of spaces into an intelligible structure, a specific characteristic of human existence in the universe. Indeed, metaphysics through the space of culture allows one to experience the universe empirically as unity, to assume the presence of meaning. Based on the analysis, the paper summarizes the definition of the phenomenon of culture as a specifically human way of mastering space and controlling time, consciousness as a topology of reflective practices, and virtual reality technology as a space of pure metaphysics.

本文一贯阐述形而上学知识的超语境性质。形而上学被视为文化的一种语义建构,它产生了某种类型的思维、记忆和认同:即主体性,以及作为与世界和他者互动的伦理和公理模式的社会性。本文认为,形而上学是一种空间定向,而文化则是一种世界定向的符号学方式,或者说是将空间集合为一种可理解的结构,是人类在宇宙中存在的具体特征。事实上,形而上学通过文化的空间使人能够经验性地体验到宇宙的统一性,假定意义的存在。在分析的基础上,本文总结了文化现象的定义,即文化是人类掌握空间和控制时间的特殊方式,意识是反思实践的拓扑结构,虚拟现实技术是纯粹的形而上学空间。
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引用次数: 0
Moral testimony and epistemic privilege 道德证词和认识特权
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12706
James Chamberlain

How should we, as philosophers, respond to the pure moral testimony of people in marginalized positions? Some philosophers argue that marginalized people have an epistemic advantage concerning their experiences of marginalization, such that, if we are non-marginalized, then we should defer to their moral testimony concerning these experiences. We might accept this as a requirement for ordinary conversation but doubt that any such requirement obtains when we do philosophy, since philosophy requires a critical stance. This paper argues that philosophers should also defer in such cases. It concludes that non-marginalized philosophers can only properly address certain moral propositions concerning the experiences of marginalized people if they engage in ongoing philosophical discussions with such people, starting from a position of trust.

作为哲学家,我们应该如何回应处于边缘地位的人的纯粹道德证词?一些哲学家认为,边缘人在他们的边缘化经历方面具有认识论上的优势,因此,如果我们没有被边缘化,那么我们就应该尊重他们关于这些经历的道德证词。我们可能会接受这一点,将其作为普通对话的要求,但怀疑在我们从事哲学研究时是否也有这样的要求,因为哲学需要批判的立场。本文认为,在这种情况下,哲学家也应该服从。本文的结论是,非边缘化哲学家只有从信任的立场出发,与边缘化人群进行持续的哲学讨论,才能恰当地处理与他们的经历相关的某些道德命题。
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引用次数: 0
The poverty of postmodernist constructivism: And a case for naturalism out of Hume, Darwin, and Wittgenstein 后现代主义建构主义的贫困:从休谟、达尔文和维特根斯坦论证自然主义
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12705
Ariel Peckel

This essay develops a naturalist framework based on Hume, Darwin, and Wittgenstein against postmodernist constructivism. That framework claims universal features of human biology, cognition, and behavior to explain our cultural histories, running contrary to two core constructivist doctrines of postmodernist scholarship: mutual opacity and epistemic violence. Mutual opacity posits the incommensurability of systems rooted in differing contexts, cultures, and group identities, while epistemic violence morally impugns the extension of the knowledge claims of any such system beyond its strictly localized boundaries. This is the extension that universalist approaches, like naturalism, are recriminated against owing to their claims to discover encompassing standpoint-independent and transcultural features of human constitution and modes of life. Comparative evaluation of these approaches exposes the failure of postmodernist constructivism to explain parallel practices, conventions, and institutions across human cultural histories, which universalist naturalism succeeds at, while moreover revealing how this failure undermines its agendas of social justice.

这篇文章以休谟、达尔文和维特根斯坦为基础,针对后现代主义建构主义提出了一个自然主义框架。该框架主张以人类生物学、认知和行为的普遍特征来解释我们的文化历史,这与后现代主义学术的两个核心建构主义学说--相互不透明性和认识暴力--背道而驰。相互不透明性假定了植根于不同背景、文化和群体身份的系统的不可通约性,而认识论暴力则从道德上指责任何此类系统的知识主张超越其严格的本地化边界。这就是普遍主义方法(如自然主义)所指责的延伸,因为它们声称发现了人类构成和生活方式中独立于立场和跨文化的特征。对这些方法的比较评估揭示了后现代主义建构主义在解释人类文化史上的平行实践、惯例和制度方面的失败,而普遍主义自然主义却在这方面取得了成功,同时还揭示了这种失败是如何破坏其社会正义议程的。
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引用次数: 0
Virtuous leadership: Ambiguities, challenges, and precedents 美德领导:模糊性、挑战和先例
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-09-08 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12704
John Haldane

Virtuous leadership is the focus of a growing body of academic literature but is little discussed by contemporary philosophers. Current treatments tend to over-generalisation: assimilating diverse features to a few broad categories and applying simplified ethical theories. This essay argues that virtue and character education need to be keyed to specific activities, that “virtuous leadership” is in danger of being confused with extrinsic activism, and that the history of ethics in health care provides an instructive example of thinking ethically about practice. Questions commonly posed in the literature—What specific virtues are required for leadership? How may these be formed?—are unduly simple and often rest on faulty assumptions about the nature of leadership and of the structure of virtuous action. Philosophers engaged in advising professionals about the virtues of leadership would do well to consider how the relevant points apply to their own practice.

美德领导力是越来越多学术文献关注的焦点,但当代哲学家却鲜有论及。目前的论述倾向于过度概括:将各种特征归纳为几大类,并应用简化的伦理理论。本文认为,美德和品格教育需要与具体活动相结合,"美德领导力 "有可能与外在行动主义相混淆,而医疗保健领域的伦理史则为从伦理角度思考实践问题提供了一个具有启发性的范例。文献中通常提出的问题--领导力需要哪些具体的美德?如何形成这些美德?这些问题过于简单,而且往往建立在对领导力本质和美德行为结构的错误假设之上。哲学家们在向专业人士提供有关领导美德的建议时,最好考虑一下如何将相关观点应用到自己的实践中。
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引用次数: 0
The Fundamental Argument without any garbage 没有垃圾的基本论点
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12703
Joe Milburn

Rik Peels's (2017) Fundamental Argument is an important argument against epistemic scientism. The crucial premise of the Fundamental Argument is that if nonscientific sources of belief did not provide us with knowledge, neither could the sciences. But, the sciences do provide us with knowledge. Thus, epistemic scientism is false. This paper defends Peels's argument against recent criticisms. In particular, Hietanen and colleagues criticize Peels's argument for resting on what they call the “garbage in, garbage out” principle (GIGO). This paper strengthens their attacks on the GIGO principle. It shows, however, that we don't need the GIGO principle to motivate the crucial premise of the Fundamental Argument. Instead, it argues that the crucial premise is true for the following reasons: scientific knowledge is the result of successful inquiry; at some point we lacked scientific knowledge; and, we cannot successfully inquire without some prior knowledge.

里克-皮尔斯(2017)的 "基本论证 "是反对认识论科学主义的重要论据。基本论证的关键前提是,如果非科学的信仰来源不能为我们提供知识,那么科学也不能。但是,科学确实为我们提供了知识。因此,认识论科学主义是错误的。本文针对最近的批评为皮尔斯的论点进行了辩护。尤其是,希塔宁及其同事批评皮尔斯的论点建立在他们所谓的 "垃圾进,垃圾出 "原则(GIGO)之上。本文加强了他们对 GIGO 原则的攻击。然而,本文表明,我们并不需要 GIGO 原则来激发基本论证的关键前提。相反,本文认为关键前提是真实的,理由如下:科学知识是成功探究的结果;在某些时候,我们缺乏科学知识;没有一些先验知识,我们就无法成功探究。
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引用次数: 0
The practical turn in philosophy: A revival of the ancient art of living through modern philosophical practice 哲学的实践转向通过现代哲学实践复兴古老的生活艺术
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12702
Xiaojun Ding, Peter Harteloh, Tianqun Pan, Feng Yu

Philosophical practice, an art of living rooted in ancient traditions, is enriched by modern techniques such as individual counseling, Socratic group dialogues, and organizational consulting. Philosophical counseling, a key aspect of this practice, employs traditional philosophical frameworks and rational reasoning to address clients' concerns, distinguishing itself from psychotherapy while respecting individual autonomy. The growing Western interest in Asian philosophies also underscores a shared pursuit of wisdom, spirituality, and meaning. This paper examines the development, key features, and leading proponents of philosophical practice, its relationship with academic philosophy, and the tensions between their differing aims and methods. The outlook for philosophical counseling is promising, offering an alternative to medical approaches for existential issues and expanding its scope to personal guidance, conflict resolution, and life-skill development. Its future trajectory hinges on societal trends toward secularization, the de-medicalization of mental health, and the increasing recognition of philosophy's intrinsic practical value.

哲学实践是一门植根于古老传统的生活艺术,并通过个人咨询、苏格拉底式小组对话和组织咨询等现代技术得以丰富。哲学咨询是这种实践的一个重要方面,它采用传统哲学框架和理性推理来解决客户关心的问题,有别于心理治疗,同时尊重个人的自主性。西方对亚洲哲学日益增长的兴趣也凸显了对智慧、灵性和意义的共同追求。本文探讨了哲学实践的发展、主要特点、主要支持者、哲学实践与学术哲学的关系,以及两者不同目标和方法之间的紧张关系。哲学咨询的前景是光明的,它为解决生存问题提供了医学方法之外的另一种方法,并将其范围扩大到个人指导、冲突解决和生活技能发展。其未来的发展轨迹取决于世俗化的社会趋势、心理健康的非医疗化以及对哲学内在实用价值的日益认可。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophical research in Brazil: A structural topic modeling approach with a focus on temporal and gender trends 巴西的哲学研究:以时间和性别趋势为重点的结构性主题建模方法
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12700
Marcos Fanton, Hugo Ribeiro Mota, Carolina de Melo Bomfim Araújo, Mitieli Seixas da Silva, Raquel Canuto

This paper employs structural topic modeling (STM) to describe the academic philosophy landscape in Brazil. Based on a public national database, a corpus consisting of 12,515 abstracts of monographs defended in philosophy graduate programs between 1991 and 2021 was compiled. The final STM model identified 74 meaningful research topics, clustered into 7 thematic categories. This study discusses the prevalence of the most significant topics and categories, their trends across three decades, and their (positive or negative) association with the supervisor's gender. Results show the first empirical evidence that Brazilian philosophical research exhibits a greater focus on philosophers than on specific themes or problems. Moreover, by visualizing the variations in topic prevalence over time, it was possible to track the rise or decline of the major interest categories and topics. Finally, results also show which topics are more influenced or less influenced by gender.

本文采用结构主题建模(STM)来描述巴西的哲学学术景观。基于国家公共数据库,本文汇编了 1991 年至 2021 年间哲学研究生项目中通过答辩的 12,515 篇专著摘要。最终的 STM 模型确定了 74 个有意义的研究课题,分为 7 个主题类别。本研究讨论了最重要的主题和类别的普遍性、它们在三十年间的发展趋势,以及它们与导师性别的(正或负)关联。研究结果表明,巴西的哲学研究更多地关注哲学家,而不是具体的主题或问题,这是第一个实证证据。此外,通过可视化主题流行率随时间的变化,可以追踪主要兴趣类别和主题的兴衰。最后,研究结果还显示了哪些主题受性别的影响更大,哪些更小。
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引用次数: 0
The logical structure of modular semantic theories of software systems 软件系统模块化语义理论的逻辑结构
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12701
Nicola Angius, Petros Stefaneas

This paper studies the structure of semantic theories over modular computational systems and applies the algebraic Theory of Institutions to provide a logical representation of such theories. A modular semantic theory is here defined by a cluster of semantic theories, each for a single program's module, and by a set of relations connecting models of different semantic theories. A semantic theory of a single module is provided in terms of the set of ∑-models mapped from the category Th of ∑-theories and generating a hierarchy of structures from an abstract model to a concrete model of data. The collection of abstract models representing different modules of a program is formalised as the category of institutions INS, where theory morphisms express refinements, integrations, and compositions between couples of modules. Finally, it is required that a morphism in INS at any level occurs iff the same morphism occurs at the lower level alongside the Th hierarchy.

本文研究了模块化计算系统的语义理论结构,并应用机构代数理论为此类理论提供了逻辑表示。在这里,模块化语义理论是由一组语义理论和一组连接不同语义理论模型的关系来定义的,每组语义理论针对一个程序模块。单个模块的语义理论由Σ-模型集提供,Σ-模型集由Σ-理论类别 Th 映射而来,并生成从抽象模型到具体数据模型的结构层次。代表程序不同模块的抽象模型集合被形式化为机构 INS 类别,其中的理论形态表达了模块耦合之间的细化、整合和组合。最后,要求 INS 中任何层次的形态发生时,如果 Th 层次结构中较低层次也发生了同样的形态,则表示该形态发生。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond gatekeeping: Philosophical sources, Indigenous philosophy, and the Huarochirí Manuscript 超越把关:哲学来源、土著哲学和《瓦罗奇里手稿
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12695
Jorge Sanchez-Perez

This paper argues for a broad definition of philosophical sources and how Indigenous traditional knowledge fits that definition. It concludes by showing how, following the previous two points, an Indigenous document such as the Huarochirí Manuscript can be considered a philosophical source by academic philosophers. The paper has three sections: the first deals with the methodological point of addressing what can be considered as philosophy. This section presents a conversational approach to philosophy. This approach, although broad, properly captures the practices of inquiring about philosophical issues as is commonly done in Western academic circles, but without excluding the practices of non-Western cultures from being labelled as philosophical. The second section argues for the analytical distinction between a philosophical source, a philosophical text, and a philosophical insight. It shows that what makes a philosophical source such are the philosophical insights that it can provide. The final section shows how the Huarochirí Manuscript has merits making it worthy of being considered a philosophical source and thus a relevant academic source for those working in the field of philosophy.

本文论证了哲学来源的广义定义,以及土著传统知识如何符合该定义。最后,本文说明了根据上述两点,《瓦罗奇里手稿》等土著文献如何被学术哲学家视为哲学来源。本文分为三个部分:第一部分从方法论的角度论述了什么可以被视为哲学。这一部分提出了一种对话式的哲学方法。这种方法虽然宽泛,但却恰当地捕捉到了西方学术界通常对哲学问题进行探究的做法,同时也没有将非西方文化的做法排除在哲学之外。第二部分论证了哲学来源、哲学文本和哲学见解之间的分析区别。它表明,哲学渊源之所以是哲学渊源,是因为它能够提供哲学见解。最后一节说明了《瓦罗奇里手稿》的优点如何使其值得被视为哲学来源,从而成为哲学领域工作者的相关学术资料。
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引用次数: 0
Aristotle's tyche (τύχη) and contemporary debates about luck 亚里士多德的 tyche (τύχη) 和当代关于运气的辩论
IF 0.4 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12699
Louis Groarke

This paper proposes an interpretation of Aristotle's understanding of tyche (τύχη), a Greek term that can be alternatively translated as luck, fortune, or fate. The paper disentangles various threads of argument in the primary sources to argue for a realist understanding of what we moderns call “luck.” In short, it contends that Aristotle's account of these issues is mostly correct and merits close attention when canvassing recent philosophical debates about luckology. Aristotle argues that science pertains to the general rule; it is not about the particular. Particular events have contingent content that exceeds the scope of science. Even if we could predict all future events with ultimate accuracy, we would still be left wondering why good or bad things happen to specific people. Although luck is not a scientific category, it has an existential reality that leaves momentous events open to metaphysical and even religious interpretation.

本文对亚里士多德对 tyche(τύχη)的理解进行了阐释,"tyche "是一个希腊术语,可译为运气、财富或命运。本文对原始资料中的各种论证线索进行了梳理,以论证对我们现代人所说的 "运气 "的现实主义理解。简而言之,本文认为亚里士多德对这些问题的论述大多是正确的,在讨论近期关于运气学的哲学争论时值得密切关注。亚里士多德认为,科学与一般规则有关;它与特殊性无关。特定事件的偶然性内容超出了科学的范围。即使我们能够最终准确地预测所有未来事件,我们仍然会疑惑为什么好事或坏事会发生在特定的人身上。虽然运气不是一个科学范畴,但它具有存在的现实性,使重大事件可以得到形而上学甚至宗教的解释。
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引用次数: 0
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