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Open-mindedness and ajar-mindedness in history of philosophy 哲学史上的开放与半开放
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12614
Michael Beaney

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引用次数: 1
Introduction to the symposium “What makes a philosopher (good or bad)? Philosophical virtues and vices: Past and present” “是什么造就了一个哲学家(好的还是坏的)?哲学的美德和恶习:过去和现在”研讨会简介
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12617
Lukas M. Verburgt

The main ambition of the eight articles in this collection is to bring together two currently distinct bodies of literature—on scholarly virtues and vices in the sciences and the humanities, and on epistemic virtues and vices—and to jointly connect them to recent work in (revisionary) historiography of philosophy. This introduction briefly reflects on this ambition, providing background and context, and offers a short overview of the eight articles.

这八篇文章的主要目标是将目前两种截然不同的文献——关于科学和人文学科的学术美德与罪恶,以及关于认识论的美德与罪恶——结合在一起,并将它们与最近在哲学(修正)史学方面的工作联系起来。这篇引言简要地反映了这一目标,提供了背景和上下文,并提供了八篇文章的简短概述。
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引用次数: 0
On the inseparability of reasoning and virtue: Madame de Maintenon's Maison royale de Saint-Louis 论理性与美德的不可分割性:曼特侬夫人的圣路易皇家之家
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12615
Lisa Shapiro

This paper engages with the curriculum at Madame de Maintenon's school for girls at Saint-Cyr to raise and address a set of questions: What is it to teach someone to reason? The curricular materials of Saint-Cyr suggest that learning to reason is a matter of practice. How is one to distinguish autonomous reason giving from habituation or automatic trained responses? How can practices in reason giving informed by social mores have objective validity? Moreover, if we think of the role of a philosopher as the cultivation of rational faculties and recognize that how this role is played is bound up with social norms, by what standards ought we to evaluate whether a philosophical educator is good or bad? Intertwined with the discussion is also a question about the limits of philosophy for the question.

本文探讨了德曼特侬夫人在圣西尔的女子学校的课程设置,提出并解决了一系列问题:如何教会一个人推理?圣西尔的课程材料表明,学习推理是一个实践的问题。如何区分自主推理与习惯化或自动训练反应?受社会习俗影响的理性给予实践如何具有客观有效性?此外,如果我们认为哲学家的角色是培养理性能力,并认识到如何发挥这一角色与社会规范密切相关,那么我们应该用什么标准来评估一个哲学教育家是好是坏?与讨论交织在一起的还有一个问题,即哲学对于这个问题的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
“Changing” one's mind: Historical epistemology as normative psychology “改变”人的思想:作为规范心理学的历史认识论
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12616
Massimiliano Simons

This article argues that historical epistemology offers the history of philosophy and science more than a mere tool to write the history of concepts. It does this, first of all, by rereading historical epistemology through Michel Foucault's “techniques of the self.” Second, it turns to the work of Léon Brunschvicg and Gaston Bachelard. In their work we see a proposal for what the subjectivity of scientists and philosophers should be. The article thus argues that their work is driven by a normative psychology: a set of prescriptions for which mental constitution a scholarly self has to have. In the Conclusion, it returns to existing analyses of “open-mindedness” as a virtue and explores in what way these cases challenge these analyses, as well as to what extent Foucault's “techniques of the self” can be applied to other cases in the history of French philosophy.

本文认为,历史认识论为哲学史和科学史提供的不仅仅是一个书写概念史的工具。首先,它通过米歇尔·福柯的“自我的技巧”来重新解读历史认识论。其次,它转向了lasson Brunschvicg和Gaston Bachelard的研究。在他们的著作中,我们看到了一个关于科学家和哲学家的主体性应该是什么的建议。因此,这篇文章认为,他们的工作是由一种规范心理学驱动的:一套处方,一个学者的自我必须具备心理素质。在结束语中,它回归到对“思想开放”作为一种美德的现有分析,并探讨这些案例以何种方式挑战这些分析,以及福柯的“自我技术”在多大程度上可以应用于法国哲学史上的其他案例。
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引用次数: 0
“Bad philosophy” and “derivative philosophy”: Labels that keep women out of the canon “坏哲学”和“衍生哲学”:让女性远离正典的标签
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12613
Sophia M. Connell, Frederique Janssen-Lauret

Efforts to include women in the canon have long been beset by reactionary gatekeeping, typified by the charge “That's not philosophy.” That charge doesn't apply to early and mid-analytic female philosophers—Welby, Ladd-Franklin, Bryant, Jones, de Laguna, Stebbing, Ambrose, MacDonald—with job titles like lecturer in logic and professor of philosophy and publications in Mind, the Journal of Philosophy, and Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. It's hopeless to dismiss their work as “not philosophy.” But comparable reactionary gatekeeping affects them, this paper argues, typified by the labels “bad philosophy” and “derivative philosophy.” Virtue and vice epistemology help explain why these women have been neglected and why their own approaches are epistemically virtuous. Their contemporaries and historians are deficient in scholarly virtues in labelling these women's work “bad” or derived from male mentors with no or specious justification. Their disparaged qualities—intellectual humility, modesty, critical self-reflection, disclosing biases—are often epistemic virtues.

长期以来,将女性纳入经典的努力一直受到反动守门人的困扰,典型的指责是“这不是哲学”。这一指控并不适用于早期和中期的女性分析哲学家——韦尔比、拉德-富兰克林、布莱恩特、琼斯、德拉古纳、斯特宾、安布罗斯、麦克唐纳——她们的头衔是逻辑学讲师和哲学教授,并出版了《心灵》、《哲学杂志》和《亚里士多德社会论文集》。把他们的工作斥为“不是哲学”是不可能的。但本文认为,类似的反动把关影响了他们,以“坏哲学”和“衍生哲学”的标签为典型。美德与罪恶认识论有助于解释为什么这些女性被忽视,以及为什么她们自己的方法在认识论上是美德的。她们的同代人和历史学家缺乏学术美德,给这些女性的作品贴上了“糟糕”的标签,或者是出自男性导师,却没有或似是而非的理由。他们被贬低的品质——智力上的谦逊、谦虚、批判性的自我反思、揭露偏见——往往是认知上的美德。
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引用次数: 1
Notes on contributors 贡献者说明
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12606
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引用次数: 0
Creativity and genius as epistemic virtues: Kant and early post-Kantians on the teachability of epistemic virtue 作为知识美德的创造力和天才:康德和早期后康德论知识美德的可教性
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12612
Paul Ziche

There is a classical paradox in education that also affects the epistemic virtues: the paradox inherent in the demand to develop general strategies for training persons to be free and creative individuals. This problem becomes particularly salient with respect to the epistemic virtue of creativity, the more so if we consider a radical form of creativity, namely, genius. This paper explores a historical constellation in which rigorous claims about the standards for knowledge and morality were developed, along with a highly influential notion of genius: the philosophy of Kant and of immediate post-Kantian philosophers. The paper shows how in this historical moment came together a new notion of “science,” a theory of “genius” and of virtues, and an analysis of the promises and difficulties inherent in educating a virtuous or creative individual. In this constellation of ideas, there also emerges a potentially fruitful account of how to teach intellectual creativity.

在教育中有一个经典的悖论,它也影响着认识论的美德:为培养自由和创造性的个体而制定一般策略的需求所固有的悖论。这个问题在创造力的认识论美德方面变得特别突出,如果我们考虑创造力的一种激进形式,即天才,就更加如此。本文探讨了一个历史星座,在这个星座中,关于知识和道德标准的严格主张,以及一个极具影响力的天才概念:康德哲学和直接后康德哲学家。这篇论文展示了在这一历史时刻,如何形成一种新的“科学”概念,一种关于“天才”和美德的理论,并分析了教育一个有美德或有创造力的人所固有的承诺和困难。在这一系列的想法中,也出现了一个关于如何培养智力创造力的潜在的富有成效的描述。
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引用次数: 1
The Icarus flight of speculation: Philosophers' vices as perceived by nineteenth-century historians and physicists 伊卡洛斯的投机逃亡:19世纪历史学家和物理学家眼中的哲学家的罪恶
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12611
Sjang ten Hagen, Herman Paul

Why did nineteenth-century German historians and physicists habitually warn against vices that they believed philosophers in particular embodied: speculation, absence of common sense, and excessive systematizing? Drawing on a rich array of sources, this article interprets this vice-charging as a rhetorical practice aimed at delineating empirical research from Naturphilosophie and Geschichtsphilosophie as practiced in the heyday of German Idealism. The strawman of “the philosopher” as invoked by historians and physicists served as a negative model for strongly empiricist scholars committed to virtues like precision, thoroughness, and conscientiousness. In their historical narratives, historians and physicists consistently depicted philosophy either as a relic from the past or as a phase that they had virtuously left behind. This boundary work was central to the self-positioning of both history and physics, which makes clear that the persona of the philosopher mattered not only to philosophers but also to scholars in adjacent disciplines.

为什么19世纪的德国历史学家和物理学家习惯性地对他们认为哲学家特别体现的恶习发出警告:思辨、缺乏常识和过度系统化?利用丰富的资料,本文将这种指责解释为一种修辞实践,旨在描绘德国唯心主义鼎盛时期自然哲学和geschichtphilosophie的实证研究。历史学家和物理学家所引用的“哲学家”的稻草人是强烈的经验主义学者致力于精确、彻底和尽责等美德的负面模型。在他们的历史叙述中,历史学家和物理学家一贯地将哲学描述为过去的遗物,或者是他们已经抛弃的一个阶段。这种边界工作对历史和物理学的自我定位至关重要,这清楚地表明,哲学家的角色不仅对哲学家很重要,而且对邻近学科的学者也很重要。
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引用次数: 0
The logical structure of Michael Williams's response to skepticism 迈克尔·威廉姆斯回应怀疑论的逻辑结构
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-25 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12607
Roger E. Eichorn

This paper aims to reconstruct the overarching logical structure of Michael Williams's response to philosophical skepticism. One goal is to forestall overhasty dismissals of his position based on failures to understand the logical relations among his various anti-skeptical claims and arguments. In many places, Williams suggests that the strategy he calls “theoretical diagnosis” is sufficient to defuse the skeptical challenge and that, accordingly, his anti-skeptical strategy consists solely in developing theoretical diagnoses. According to the account developed here, this claim is misleading—in need of significant qualification, if not outright false. Even so, the paper concludes that, in its essentials, Williams's response is structurally sound, given his understanding of the problem posed by skepticism. The paper ends with a brief assessment of the merits of that response.

本文旨在重构迈克尔·威廉姆斯回应哲学怀疑主义的总体逻辑结构。一个目标是防止人们因为无法理解他的各种反怀疑主张和论点之间的逻辑关系而过早地否定他的立场。在许多地方,威廉姆斯认为他称之为“理论诊断”的策略足以化解怀疑论的挑战,因此,他的反怀疑论策略仅在于发展理论诊断。根据这里发展的说法,这种说法是误导性的——如果不是完全错误的话,也需要重要的资格证明。即便如此,这篇论文的结论是,就其本质而言,考虑到威廉姆斯对怀疑论所带来的问题的理解,他的回应在结构上是合理的。论文最后简要评价了这一回应的优点。
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引用次数: 0
On critical African philosophy: Mapping the boundaries of a good philosophical tradition 批判非洲哲学:描绘优秀哲学传统的边界
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-25 DOI: 10.1111/meta.12610
Adeshina Afolayan

This essay deploys the existence of epistemic vices in the trajectory of Western philosophy to map the erasures and complicities that accompanied the emergence of contemporary African philosophy (CAP1). It argues that the complicity of CAP1 in the hyperspecialization and academic self-absorption that marked the professionalization of Western philosophy, makes it difficult to attend to the conditions for its own possibility. CAP1 arguably needs to make a critical turn into critical African philosophy (CAP2), understood as a metatheoretical and metaphilosophical framework for an internal transformation that is emancipatory. CAP2 is envisioned, first, as a critique of postcoloniality that rehumanizes the autonomous African subject; and, second, as an ethicopolitical project that explores the cracks between philosophy as theoretical practice and philosophy as praxis in opening up the spaces for postcolonial emancipation. The essay identifies three conditions that instigate the emancipatory possibility of philosophizing on the continent: the spatial/platial, demosophic, and political.

本文利用西方哲学发展轨迹中存在的认识上的缺陷,描绘出伴随当代非洲哲学出现的抹除和复杂性。它认为CAP1与标志着西方哲学专业化的高度专业化和学术自我专注的共通之处,使其难以顾及自身可能性的条件。可以说,CAP1需要批判性地转向批判性非洲哲学(CAP2),将其理解为一种解放的内部转型的元理论和元哲学框架。CAP2的设想是,首先,作为对后殖民主义的批判,使自主的非洲主体重新人性化;其次,作为一个伦理政治项目,探索作为理论实践的哲学与作为实践的哲学之间的裂缝,为后殖民解放开辟空间。这篇文章指出了在欧洲大陆上激发哲学思考的解放可能性的三个条件:空间/空间、人民哲学和政治。
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引用次数: 0
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