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What is misinformation and disinformation? Understanding multi-stakeholders’ perspectives in the Asia Pacific 什么是错误信息和虚假信息?了解亚太地区多方利益相关者的观点
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2122776
Andrew Gibbons, A. Carson
ABSTRACT Misinformation and disinformation on digital platforms can cause serious harms by undermining the integrity of elections, destabilising political systems, and derailing public health messages. Yet, key decision-makers still struggle to agree on definitions of these terms. This dissensus can frustrate holistic approaches needed to tackle the harms caused by online falsehoods. This article focuses on the Asia Pacific and draws upon a comprehensive set of expert interviews in Singapore and Indonesia to investigate how digital platforms, civil society actors, academics, and journalists conceptualise misinformation and disinformation. We find existing definitions have been developed in ‘information silos’. In response, we map stakeholders’ key definitional indicators of misinformation and disinformation to identify overlap and difference and to explicate the role of harm in their conceptualisations. This framework is used to recast working definitions of misinformation and disinformation with the intention of assisting greater stakeholder collaboration needed to mitigate its societal harms.
摘要数字平台上的错误信息和虚假信息可能会破坏选举的完整性、破坏政治制度的稳定和破坏公共卫生信息,从而造成严重危害。然而,关键决策者仍然难以就这些术语的定义达成一致。这种分歧可能会阻碍解决网络虚假信息造成的危害所需的整体方法。本文关注亚太地区,并利用新加坡和印度尼西亚的一系列全面的专家采访,调查数字平台、民间社会行为者、学者和记者如何将错误信息和虚假信息概念化。我们发现现有的定义是在“信息孤岛”中发展起来的。作为回应,我们绘制了利益相关者对错误信息和虚假信息的关键定义指标,以确定重叠和差异,并解释伤害在其概念化中的作用。该框架用于重新定义错误信息和虚假信息的工作定义,目的是帮助利益相关者加强合作,以减轻其社会危害。
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引用次数: 5
Populist politics, COVID-19, and fake news: The case of Craig Kelly 民粹主义政治、新冠肺炎和假新闻:克雷格·凯利案
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2122775
Nicholas Barry, Raul Sanchez-Urribarri
ABSTRACT One of the marked features of the COVID-19 pandemic has been the proliferation of fake news about the virus. Although commentary on this issue has generally focused on the dissemination of online material by private citizens and organised groups, politicians have often played a major role as well, exacerbating divisions and impairing the effective implementation of measures against the pandemic. This article examines this issue, focusing on Australian politician Craig Kelly, with references to the cases of Donald Trump (US) and Jair Bolsonaro (Brazil). Despite operating in very different contexts, we find a high degree of similarity in the messages they conveyed, which echoed misleading claims being circulated online, and constituted a form of medical populism. These findings show that the problem of fake news is not simply about the activities of shadowy groups online; it is also enabled by the public comments of populist politicians.
COVID-19大流行的一个显著特征是有关该病毒的假新闻的泛滥。尽管对这一问题的评论一般侧重于公民和有组织团体在网上传播材料,但政治家往往也发挥了重要作用,加剧了分歧,妨碍了有效执行防治这一流行病的措施。本文研究了这个问题,重点关注澳大利亚政治家克雷格·凯利,并参考了唐纳德·特朗普(美国)和雅伊尔·博尔索纳罗(巴西)的案例。尽管在非常不同的背景下运作,我们发现他们传达的信息高度相似,这些信息与网上流传的误导性说法相呼应,构成了一种医疗民粹主义。这些发现表明,假新闻的问题不仅仅是网上隐秘团体的活动;民粹主义政客的公开言论也助长了这一趋势。
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引用次数: 1
Fake news and democracy: definitions, impact and response 假新闻与民主:定义、影响和回应
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2122778
A. Carson, S. Wright
ABSTRACT Nearly six years after the term ‘fake news’ rose to public prominence, concerns persist about its meaning, its impact and responses to it. Concerns include leaks by a Meta whistle-blower who alleged that the world’s most popular social media site, Facebook, was hardwired to spread online falsehoods; meanwhile numerous Commissions and reports have aired fears about fake news’ consequences for democratic health, both in Australia and globally. Australia has responded by adopting a self-regulatory Code of Conduct into misinformation and disinformation for digital platforms in 2021; while some neighbouring counties such as Singapore and Indonesia have introduced tough anti-fake news laws. This symposium of five articles aims to shed light on the latest global debates and findings about the relationship between fake news and democracy with a focus on how it is best defined, its impacts on the public, and responses to it in Australia and the region.
摘要在“假新闻”一词引起公众关注近六年后,人们仍然对其含义、影响和回应感到担忧。其中包括一名Meta告密者的泄密事件,他声称世界上最受欢迎的社交媒体网站Facebook天生就在网上传播虚假信息;与此同时,许多委员会和报告都表达了对假新闻对澳大利亚和全球民主健康后果的担忧。作为回应,澳大利亚在2021年对数字平台的错误信息和虚假信息采取了自律行为准则;而新加坡和印度尼西亚等一些邻国则出台了严厉的反假新闻法。这场由五篇文章组成的研讨会旨在阐明关于假新闻与民主之间关系的最新全球辩论和发现,重点是如何最好地定义假新闻,它对公众的影响,以及澳大利亚和该地区对此的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Australians’ shifting concerns about mis- and disinformation 澳大利亚人对错误信息和虚假信息的担忧
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2122777
Kieran McGuinness, C. Fisher, J. Lee
ABSTRACT Prior to COVID-19, trust in news was low, and Australian audiences were most concerned about mis- and disinformation from Australian political actors, followed closely by news outlets. Twelve months on trust in news had risen, and concern about misinformation from journalists and politicians had fallen dramatically. This shift followed increased news consumption and high satisfaction with the way governments managed the pandemic – prior to the immunisation roll out. This paper draws on data from five national Australian surveys conducted by the News & Media Research Centre at the University of Canberra. The data show that changes in news consumption, trust in news, and concern about mis- and disinformation coincided with a rally-round-the-flag effect in politician approval, but this varied depending on the political orientation and age of audiences. The findings suggest that a range of media-related factors may be possible contributors to political rallying effects and warrant further investigation.
摘要在新冠肺炎之前,人们对新闻的信任度很低,澳大利亚观众最担心的是来自澳大利亚政治行为者的错误和虚假信息,其次是新闻媒体。12个月来,人们对新闻的信任度上升,对记者和政客错误信息的担忧急剧下降。这一转变是在新闻消费增加以及对政府在疫苗接种之前管理疫情的方式高度满意之后发生的。本文引用了堪培拉大学新闻与媒体研究中心进行的五项澳大利亚全国性调查的数据。数据显示,新闻消费、对新闻的信任以及对错误和虚假信息的担忧的变化,与政客支持率的集会效应相吻合,但这取决于政治取向和受众年龄。调查结果表明,一系列与媒体相关的因素可能是政治集结效应的原因,需要进一步调查。
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引用次数: 0
Democracy and belief in conspiracy theories in New Zealand 新西兰的民主与阴谋论信仰
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2122773
M. Marques, S. Hill, E. J. R. Clarke, Matt N. Williams, Mathew Ling, J. Kerr, Karen M. Douglas, A. Cichocka, C. Sibley
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic supercharged the spread of fake news, misinformation, and conspiracy theories worldwide. Using a national probability sample of adults from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study during 2020 (17–99 years old; M = 48.59, SD = 13.86; 63% women, 37% men; N = 41,487), we examined the associations between agreement with general conspiracy beliefs and political indicators of intention to vote and satisfaction with government, alongside political factors including trust in politicians, political efficacy, identity centrality, and political ideology. Left-wing political ideology, trust in politicians, and political efficacy accounted for most of the explained variance in satisfaction with the government. General conspiracy belief was also a unique contributor to lower satisfaction with the government. We also found a curvilinear relationship between political ideology with heightened belief in conspiracies at both ideological extremes and the centre. Findings are discussed in terms of the consequences of conspiracy belief on democratic engagement.
2019冠状病毒病大流行加剧了假新闻、错误信息和阴谋论在全球的传播。使用2020年新西兰态度和价值观研究(17-99岁;M = 48.59, sd = 13.86;63%的女性,37%的男性;N = 41,487),我们研究了与一般阴谋信念的认同与投票意向和政府满意度等政治指标之间的关系,以及政治因素,包括对政治家的信任、政治效能、身份中心性和政治意识形态。左翼政治意识形态、对政治家的信任和政治效能占了对政府满意度的大部分解释差异。普遍的阴谋论也是民众对政府满意度较低的一个独特原因。我们还发现,政治意识形态与极端意识形态和中间意识形态对阴谋的高度信任之间存在曲线关系。研究结果在民主参与的阴谋信念的后果方面进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 4
‘Tackling inequality’: Australian Labor Party ideology and discourse under Bill Shorten “解决不平等”:Bill Shorten领导下的澳大利亚工党意识形态和话语
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2071211
Nick Falcinella
ABSTRACT While it is often claimed that the Australian Labor Party was ‘bolder’ under Bill Shorten than under both Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, the party’s discourse and ideology of this period has not yet been comprehensively examined. Framed in the 2019 election as ‘shifty’, Shorten is arguably best remembered for his lack of popularity; yet this obscures the degree of ideological transformation he oversaw. In this article, I analyse key speeches and policy documents to transcend superficial impressions and examine Shorten Labor’s revised discursive framings and ideological positions. While not without ideological contradiction, notably regarding Labor’s own neoliberal economic reform legacy, I find Shorten’s leadership represented a significant progressive reorientation of ALP ideology and discourse on both economic and social issues, particularly compared to Gillard. Specifically, Shorten Labor articulated a socially progressive and inclusive social democratic politics that was once-again prepared to critique markets and their role in producing inequality.
摘要尽管人们经常声称,在比尔·肖顿(Bill Shorten)的领导下,澳大利亚工党比在陆克文(Kevin Rudd)和朱莉娅·吉拉德(Julia Gillard)的领导之下“更大胆”,但该党在这一时期的话语和意识形态尚未得到全面审视。肖顿在2019年的选举中被认为是“狡猾的”,他可以说因缺乏人气而被人们铭记;然而,这掩盖了他所监督的意识形态变革的程度。在这篇文章中,我分析了关键的演讲和政策文件,以超越肤浅的印象,并考察了肖顿·工党修改后的话语框架和意识形态立场。虽然并非没有意识形态上的矛盾,特别是关于工党自己的新自由主义经济改革遗产,但我发现肖顿的领导代表了ALP意识形态和经济和社会问题话语的重大进步重新定位,尤其是与吉拉德相比。具体而言,Shorten Labor阐述了一种社会进步和包容性的社会民主政治,该政治再次准备批判市场及其在产生不平等中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
More partisans than parachutes, more successful than not: Indigenous candidates of the major Australian parties 党羽多于空降兵,成功多于失败:澳大利亚主要政党的土著候选人
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2065968
Michelle M Evans, D. McDonnell
ABSTRACT While the number of elected Indigenous representatives has increased over the past two decades, we know little about their pathways to candidature, which parties they stand for, the winnability of seats they stand in, and whether they are successful. Using election data from 2001 to 2021, and interviews with 50 (or 80%) of all Indigenous candidates between 2010 and 2019, this study provides answers to these questions. It finds, first, that Indigenous candidates are usually winners, as 53.2% of candidatures have resulted in an election victory. Second, most candidates are from the ALP and Indigenous women tend to do better than men. Third, despite some high-profile ‘parachutes’, most Indigenous candidates are ‘partisans’ (i.e. party members for at least a year before standing).
在过去的二十年中,虽然当选的原住民代表的数量有所增加,但我们对他们的候选人途径,他们代表的政党,他们所代表的席位的可赢性以及他们是否成功知之甚少。本研究利用2001年至2021年的选举数据,以及2010年至2019年期间对50名(或80%)土著候选人的访谈,为这些问题提供了答案。研究发现,首先,原住民候选人通常是赢家,因为53.2%的候选人在选举中获胜。其次,大多数候选人来自工党,土著女性往往比男性表现更好。第三,尽管有一些高调的“降落伞”,但大多数土著候选人都是“游击队员”(即在参选前至少加入一年的党员)。
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引用次数: 0
Farmer perceptions of climate change and adaptation during the 2017–2020 Australian drought 2017-2020年澳大利亚干旱期间农民对气候变化和适应的看法
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-07 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2049206
Gabrielle Miller, R. MacNeil
ABSTRACT Despite being the most tangibly impacted by the first-order effects of a warming climate, much of Australia’s agricultural regions have remained relatively conservative in their views on climate change and the need for adaptation. This paper aims to understand how the experience of an extreme climate event like the 2017–2020 drought might shift opinions and values on these issues within agricultural communities. Through in-depth interviews with 20 graziers across Northwest NSW during the worst days of the drought, we found that various psychological lock-ins, historical memories of resilience, and local cultural values appeared to be undermining the perception of their vulnerability, while enhancing perceptions of their ability to endure. Such discursive constructions appear to explain why a jarring climatic event like the 2017–2020 drought was failing to produce a noticeable shift in their views.
摘要尽管受气候变暖一阶效应的影响最为明显,但澳大利亚大部分农业地区对气候变化和适应需求的看法仍然相对保守。本文旨在了解2017-2020年干旱等极端气候事件的经历如何改变农业社区对这些问题的看法和价值观。在干旱最严重的日子里,我们对新南威尔士州西北部的20名牧场主进行了深入采访,发现各种心理锁定、恢复力的历史记忆和当地文化价值观似乎正在削弱人们对他们脆弱性的认知,同时增强人们对他们承受能力的认知。这种散漫的结构似乎解释了为什么像2017-2020年干旱这样的恶劣气候事件未能使他们的观点发生明显转变。
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引用次数: 3
Vaccine hesitancy and trust in government: a cross-national analysis 疫苗犹豫和对政府的信任:一项跨国分析
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-06 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2037511
David Denemark, Tauel Harper, K. Attwell
ABSTRACT This paper uses a 22-country cross-national analysis to test whether high levels of citizen trust in governmental civil servants prompt high levels of confidence in vaccine safety, effectiveness and importance. Because vaccine initiatives have long been the responsibility of national governments and the civil servants who coordinate their development, distribution and implementation, vaccine hesitancy or acceptance can be expected not just to reflect citizens’ judgements of the efficacy of the vaccines themselves, but also of the governments who control almost every aspect of the vaccination programs. As existing global surveys on vaccine hesitancy do not include measures of attitudes toward governmental trust, we merge two pre-COVID-19 international datasets – one that measures citizen attitudes toward governmental civil servants and the other that measures citizens’ views of vaccines – and find that citizen trust in their civil servants is a significant predictor of citizen confidence in vaccines’ safety, effectiveness, and importance.
摘要本文采用22个国家的跨国分析来检验公民对政府公务员的高度信任是否会促使人们对疫苗的安全性、有效性和重要性有高度的信心。由于疫苗倡议长期以来一直是国家政府和协调其开发、分发和实施的公务员的责任,疫苗的犹豫或接受不仅反映了公民对疫苗本身疗效的判断,也包括控制疫苗接种计划几乎所有方面的政府。由于现有的关于疫苗犹豫的全球调查不包括对政府信任态度的衡量,我们合并了两个新冠肺炎疫情前的国际数据集——一个测量公民对政府公务员的态度,另一个测量市民对疫苗的看法——发现公民对公务员的信任是公民对疫苗安全性、有效性和重要性信心的重要预测因素。
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引用次数: 6
The politicising spark? Exploring the impact of #MeToo on the gender equality discourse in Australian print media 政治火花?探讨#MeToo运动对澳大利亚纸媒性别平等话语的影响
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2045900
Olga Eisele, Elena Escalante-Block, Alena Kluknavská, H. Boomgaarden
ABSTRACT #MeToo has raised public awareness on issues of sexual harassment and misconduct at an unprecedented scale, nurturing hopes for sustainable change also in terms of gender equality. We use the concept of politicization to assess the potential for change which #MeToo might have induced in the broader print media discourse on gender equality issues. We analyse Australia as an arguably difficult case due to its conservative political and media system, thus offering political activism rather dire prospects of public resonance. We assess a total of two years of media coverage in the eight largest newspapers (October 2016 – September 2018), combining automated content analysis with manual claims analysis. Our results speak to the societal debate on gender equality as well as the potential of online social movements to change mainstream discourses and social realities.
摘要#MeToo以前所未有的规模提高了公众对性骚扰和不当行为问题的认识,培养了在性别平等方面实现可持续变革的希望。我们使用政治化的概念来评估#MeToo在更广泛的印刷媒体关于性别平等问题的讨论中可能引发的变化的潜力。我们将澳大利亚分析为一个可以说是困难的案例,因为其保守的政治和媒体体系,从而为政治激进主义提供了相当可怕的公众共鸣前景。我们评估了八家最大报纸为期两年的媒体报道(2016年10月至2018年9月),将自动内容分析与手动索赔分析相结合。我们的研究结果反映了关于性别平等的社会辩论,以及网络社会运动改变主流话语和社会现实的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
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Australian Journal of Political Science
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