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Gendered mundanities: gender bias in student evaluations of teaching in political science 性别世俗:学生对政治学教学评价中的性别偏见
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-27 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2043241
K. Gelber, Katie Brennan, David Duriesmith, E. Fenton
ABSTRACT Much research has been undertaken on gender bias in student evaluations of teaching (SETs) in universities, with inconsistent findings. We undertake a qualitative analysis of the comments in four years of SETs in a school of political science and international relations in a highly regarded Australian university. We ask, can the same evaluations produce different results when analysed qualitatively rather than quantitatively? And do students evaluate male-identified and female-identified teachers differently, and if so what are the differences? We show that qualitative analysis can reveal gender bias that is invisible in quantitative analysis. We find that female-identified staff are evaluated more positively than their male counterparts for undertaking time-intensive, stereotypically feminine, emotional labour. Male-identified staff are evaluated more positively for their technical expertise and teaching style. This suggests SETs evaluate gender-stereotypical behaviour rather than only teaching quality, and has significant implications for their use in universities.
摘要:针对高校学生教学评价中的性别偏见问题进行了大量研究,但研究结果并不一致。我们对澳大利亚一所著名大学的政治科学与国际关系学院四年的set课程的评论进行了定性分析。我们要问,同样的评价在定性分析而不是定量分析时是否会产生不同的结果?学生对男性教师和女性教师的评价是否不同?如果有,差异是什么?我们发现定性分析可以揭示定量分析中看不见的性别偏见。我们发现,与男性员工相比,女性员工在从事耗时、典型的女性化、情绪化的劳动时,获得了更积极的评价。男性教职员工的技术专长和教学风格得到了更积极的评价。这表明set评估的是性别刻板行为,而不仅仅是教学质量,这对它们在大学中的使用具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 6
Prime-ministerial leadership rankings: the Australian experience 总理领导力排名:澳大利亚经验
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2040426
Paul Strangio
ABSTRACT Leadership ranking exercises, which have a storied history in the United States, have recently gained a foothold in Westminster democracies. In 2020, the author conducted a major survey of Australian political scientists and historians to gauge their opinion of the leadership performance of the nation’s past prime ministers. Read in tandem with the results of earlier surveys, particularly that conducted out of Monash University in 2010, the 2020 rankings indicate that expert opinion about who have been Australia’s most successful prime ministers is largely settled. The 2020 results also suggest that the experts believe that the policy legacy of a leader is a more important indicator of prime-ministerial success than is the longevity of office.
摘要领导力排名在美国有着悠久的历史,最近在威斯敏斯特民主国家站稳了脚跟。2020年,作者对澳大利亚政治学家和历史学家进行了一项重大调查,以评估他们对该国前任总理领导表现的看法。结合早期的调查结果,特别是2010年莫纳什大学的调查结果来看,2020年的排名表明,关于谁是澳大利亚最成功的总理的专家意见基本上已经确定。2020年的结果还表明,专家们认为,领导人的政策遗产是衡量总理成功与否的更重要指标,而不是任期的长短。
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引用次数: 0
‘Lessons in statecraft’?: Political memoirs, tax reform, and the National Taxation Summit 1985 “治国之道”?:政治回忆录、税制改革和1985年全国税务首脑会议
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2040425
Joshua Black
ABSTRACT Former politicians produce political memoirs for a variety of reasons, many of which are self-serving. However, given that active politicians who aspire to emulate or at least learn from the example of their predecessors often read political memoirs, we need to understand how these books conceptualise the policy process. In this article, I argue that political memoirs are a manifestation of their author’s (mis)conceptions of the policy process itself. Adopting the Hawke Government’s Taxation Summit of 1985 as a case study, I comparatively analysed the way that six political memoirs and autobiographies account for that policy process, examining the varying significance that each author ascribes to policymaking agents, chiefly the leadership, the executive, the bureaucracy, the intra-party factions, and external community interest groups. I conclude that memoirs are conditioned by genre conventions, and by their author’s specific vantage point within the policy network.
摘要前政治家撰写政治回忆录的原因多种多样,其中许多都是出于私利。然而,考虑到那些渴望效仿或至少向前任学习的积极政治家经常阅读政治回忆录,我们需要了解这些书是如何将政策过程概念化的。在这篇文章中,我认为政治回忆录是作者对政策过程本身(错误)概念的表现。以1985年霍克政府税务峰会为例,我比较分析了六本政治回忆录和自传对这一政策过程的描述,考察了每一位作者对决策主体的不同意义,主要是领导层、行政部门、官僚机构、党内派系和外部社区利益集团。我的结论是,回忆录受到类型惯例的制约,也受到作者在政策网络中的特定优势的制约。
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引用次数: 4
Egalitarian nationhoods: a political theory in defence of the voice to parliament in the Uluru Statement from the Heart 平等主义国家:在《发自内心的乌鲁鲁声明》中为议会辩护的政治理论
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2022.2028720
H. Hobbs, Benjamin T. Jones
ABSTRACT The 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart called for a constitutionally enshrined Voice to parliament, and a Makarrata Commission to supervise a process of treaty-making and truth-telling. The recommendations were rejected by the Turnbull government and appear unlikely to be implemented under a Morrison government. Initially, the main objection to the Voice from government MPs was that it would upset the balance of Australia’s bicameral system by creating a third chamber. Other concerns include the potential of an Indigenous Voice to divide Australians and create special privileges for a particular group. Drawing on Chaim Gans’ theory of egalitarian Zionism, this article introduces the idea of egalitarian nationhoods. It argues that the Voice does not provide privilege but equality in allowing First Nations to enjoy self-determination and collective rights, something most non-Indigenous Australians take for granted.
2017年《来自内心的乌鲁鲁声明》(Uluru Statement from The Heart)呼吁向议会发出宪法规定的声音,并成立一个马卡拉塔委员会(Makarrata Commission)来监督条约制定和真相讲述的过程。这些建议被特恩布尔政府拒绝,似乎不太可能在莫里森政府下实施。最初,政府议员反对声音的主要原因是,它将创建第三个议院,从而打破澳大利亚两院制的平衡。其他担忧还包括,“土著之声”可能会分裂澳大利亚人,并为某个特定群体创造特权。本文借鉴查伊姆·甘斯的平等主义犹太复国主义理论,介绍了平等主义国家的概念。它认为,“声音”没有提供特权,而是平等地允许第一民族享有自决权和集体权利,这是大多数非土著澳大利亚人认为理所当然的事情。
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引用次数: 1
Foreign interference and digital democracy: is digital era governance putting Australia at risk? 外国干涉与数字民主:数字时代的治理是否将澳大利亚置于危险之中?
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-07 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2021.2023093
M. Dowling
ABSTRACT As liberal democracies intensify their efforts to digitise democracy, more governance services and processes are shifting online. Malign foreign entities (MFEs) are exploiting this phenomenon of digital era governance (DEG) to weaken democracies through information warfare operations. Australia is not immune to this, yet there is limited research exploring the relationship between digital democracy and foreign interference in the Australian context. Addressing this lacuna, this paper identifies the ways in which DEG might inadvertently produce opportunities for MFEs to target the Nation’s core democratic infrastructure. Through the implicit application of a tri-theoretical framework of DEG, democratic theory, and institutional theory, I argue that DEG has induced a series of new vulnerabilities in Australia’s political processes and institutions that challenge the legitimacy of decision-making inputs and outputs. MFEs may exploit these potential vulnerabilities by tapping into key digitally-amplified problems such as inauthenticity, data insecurity, and disinformation, thereby threatening Australia’s democratic sovereignty.
随着自由民主国家加强民主数字化的努力,越来越多的治理服务和流程正在转移到网上。恶意的外国实体(mfe)正在利用这种数字时代治理(DEG)现象,通过信息战行动削弱民主。澳大利亚也不能幸免,但在澳大利亚的背景下,探索数字民主与外国干预之间关系的研究有限。针对这一空白,本文确定了DEG可能无意中为mfe瞄准国家核心民主基础设施创造机会的方式。通过隐性应用DEG、民主理论和制度理论的三理论框架,我认为DEG在澳大利亚的政治进程和制度中引发了一系列新的脆弱性,这些脆弱性挑战了决策投入和产出的合法性。mfe可能会利用这些潜在的漏洞,利用数字放大的关键问题,如不真实性、数据不安全性和虚假信息,从而威胁澳大利亚的民主主权。
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引用次数: 1
What COVID-19 revealed about gender equality policy framing COVID-19揭示了性别平等政策框架
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2021.2023094
Carol Johnson
Abstract COVID-19 has shone a spotlight on many areas of inequality. Despite its public commitment to gender equality, Australia’s Morrison government has been accused of implementing economic stimulus policies in response to the pandemic that are often ‘gender blind’ and disadvantage women. This article examines both the Morrison government’s gender equality policies and key criticisms of its economic measures. It argues that the government’s claimed ‘gender blindness’ results not so much from an opposition to gender equality policy as from a particular neoliberal framing of it.
2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)让人们关注到许多不平等领域。尽管澳大利亚莫里森政府公开承诺实现性别平等,但人们指责其为应对疫情而实施的经济刺激政策往往“无视性别”,并使妇女处于不利地位。本文考察了莫里森政府的性别平等政策和对其经济措施的主要批评。它认为,政府所谓的“性别盲目性”与其说是来自对性别平等政策的反对,不如说是来自一种特定的新自由主义框架。
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引用次数: 2
The relationship between neoliberal ideology and state practice: corporate power in the Australian mining industry 新自由主义意识形态与国家实践的关系:澳大利亚采矿业的企业权力
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2021.2014397
Henry Maher
ABSTRACT This article explores the relationship between neoliberal ideology and ‘actually existing neoliberalism’. Critical scholarship on neoliberalism identifies significant discrepancies between neoliberal ideology and neoliberal state practice in advanced economies, but struggles to account for the exact relationship between ideology and practice. Through a critical reading of neoliberal thinker Milton Friedman, I propose two hypotheses. Firstly, I argue that access to power resources determine which social actors are able to successfully resist neoliberal reform, and therefore that attention to power relations can account for the variegated, uneven development of neoliberalism. Secondly, I suggest neoliberal reforms limiting the role of government have allowed corporate actors to accrue unprecedented economic and political power, which is leveraged by corporations to create increasingly pro-corporate, but often anti-neoliberal, forms of economic regulation. I test my hypotheses by examining the regulation of the mining industry in Australia from 2009 to 2019, finding strong support for both claims.
摘要本文探讨了新自由主义意识形态与“实际存在的新自由主义”之间的关系。关于新自由主义的批判性学术发现了发达经济体中新自由主义意识形态和新自由主义国家实践之间的重大差异,但很难解释意识形态和实践之间的确切关系。通过对新自由主义思想家米尔顿·弗里德曼的批判性解读,我提出了两个假设。首先,我认为,获得权力资源的机会决定了哪些社会行动者能够成功抵制新自由主义改革,因此,对权力关系的关注可以解释新自由主义多样化、不均衡发展的原因。其次,我认为,限制政府作用的新自由主义改革使企业行为者获得了前所未有的经济和政治权力,企业利用这种权力来创造越来越亲企业但往往是反新自由主义的经济监管形式。我通过研究2009年至2019年澳大利亚采矿业的监管来检验我的假设,发现这两种说法都得到了有力的支持。
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引用次数: 4
Public opinion on Indigenous issues and constitutional recognition: three decades of liberalisation 关于土著问题的舆论和宪法承认:自由化三十年
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2021.2014398
R. Levy, I. McAllister
ABSTRACT Over the last decade, the debate about Australia’s relationship with Indigenous people has entered a new phase with the prospect of a referendum to amend the Constitution. In this paper we use a wide range of survey data going back to the 1970s to examine public opinion towards Indigenous issues and likely voting in any future referendum to recognise Indigenous Australians. Our results show a long-term liberalisation in public opinion which can be traced mainly to period effects within the electorate. This liberalisation in opinion is the major explanation for the large majority who would currently support a change in the Constitution to recognise Indigenous peoples. Our results have significant policy implications for how governments approach the inherent difficulties surrounding Indigenous recognition.
摘要在过去的十年里,关于澳大利亚与土著人民关系的辩论进入了一个新的阶段,即将举行公民投票修改宪法。在这篇论文中,我们使用了20世纪70年代的广泛调查数据,来调查公众对土著问题的看法,以及在未来任何公民投票中可能投票承认澳大利亚土著的情况。我们的研究结果表明,公众舆论的长期自由化主要可以追溯到选民内部的时期效应。这种意见上的自由化是目前支持修改宪法以承认土著人民的绝大多数人的主要解释。我们的研究结果对政府如何处理土著人承认的固有困难具有重要的政策意义。
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引用次数: 0
Unsettling emotions: settler innocence in Australia Day debates 令人不安的情绪:澳大利亚日辩论中的定居者清白
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-12-09 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2021.2012125
Elliott Johnston
ABSTRACT Contestation over the date of Australia Day is waged yearly as a passionate culture war between conservatives who wish to ‘save the date’ and progressives arguing to ‘change the date’. This article argues that despite clear ideological differences, settler engagements with both movements reflect a common emotional commitment to preserving a positive self-understanding as innocent and benevolent political actors. Both movements are therefore similarly invested in the maintenance and justification of settler authority, though by way of very different strategies. It follows that broader relations between settlers and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are at least partially constituted by dynamics of collective settler emotion that are felt deeply in relation to disputed qualities of Australian nationhood, sovereignty and culture. This analysis further reveals the pressing need to move beyond the narrow boundaries of ‘conservative’ and ‘progressive’ settler identity in which discussions of Indigenous politics are all too often trapped.
关于澳大利亚国庆日日期的争论每年都会在希望“保留日期”的保守派和主张“改变日期”的进步派之间展开,这是一场激烈的文化战争。本文认为,尽管存在明显的意识形态差异,定居者与这两个运动的接触反映了一种共同的情感承诺,即保持作为无辜和仁慈的政治行动者的积极自我理解。因此,这两个运动都同样致力于维护和证明定居者的权威,尽管采用了非常不同的策略。因此,定居者与土著和托雷斯海峡岛民之间更广泛的关系至少部分是由集体定居者情感的动态构成的,这种情感在与澳大利亚国家、主权和文化的有争议的性质有关时深深感受到。这一分析进一步揭示了迫切需要超越“保守”和“进步”定居者身份的狭隘界限,因为土著政治的讨论经常被困在这个界限中。
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引用次数: 0
Did Australia listen to Indigenous people on constitutional recognition? A big data analysis 澳大利亚是否听取了土著人民关于宪法承认的意见?大数据分析
IF 1.2 3区 社会学 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1080/10361146.2021.2009764
J. Parkinson, Núria Franco-Guillén, Sebastian de Laile
ABSTRACT This paper uses novel electronic tools to identify the degree to which Australia was listening to Indigenous peoples in a ‘national conversation’ about constitutional recognition between 2015 and late 2017. The results show that while there was a superficial overlap in themes, there were important differences of framing. Recognition remained a largely formal, elite and non-Indigenous concern, with First Nations focusing on treaties, sovereignty, listening and respect. Interaction was noticeably aggressive, but not exclusively so. Non-Indigenous people avoided discussing racism, and talked more frequently about history, framing issues in the past tense; First Nations talked about the here and now. And despite more focus on everyday racism, Indigenous peoples were consistently more positive and proud, rejecting ‘plight’ constructions.
本文使用新颖的电子工具来确定澳大利亚在2015年至2017年底关于宪法承认的“全国对话”中听取土著人民意见的程度。结果表明,虽然在主题上存在表面的重叠,但在框架上存在重要的差异。承认在很大程度上仍然是正式的、精英的和非土著的问题,第一民族关注的是条约、主权、倾听和尊重。互动明显带有攻击性,但并非完全如此。非土著居民避免讨论种族主义,更多地谈论历史,用过去时来框定问题;第一民族谈论的是此时此地。尽管人们更多地关注日常的种族主义,但土著人民始终更加积极和自豪,拒绝“困境”结构。
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引用次数: 0
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Australian Journal of Political Science
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