Rohit K. Sharma, C. A. O’Neill, H. Ramos, Bibek Thapa, Vanessa Barcelo-Bovea, K. Gaur, K. Griebenow
Inexpensive but resourceful sources of lipids, for example, used cooking oil (UCO) and brown grease (BG), which often contain large amounts of free fatty acids (FFA), are difficult to convert into biodiesel economically and in good yield. Candida rugosa lipase nanoparticles (cNP) were formed first and subsequently cross-linked nanoparticles (CLNP) were obtained by crosslinking of them. Alternatively, cNP were conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles (mNP) to achieve a cNP-mNP conjugate. All three formulations were employed in three different organic solvents (n-heptane, 1,4-dioxane, and t-butanol) to produce biodiesel using BG and UCO in the transesterification reaction with ethanol and methanol. The radii of nanoparticles (NP) were 5.5, 75, 100, 85 nm for mNP, cNP, CLNP, and cNP-mNP, respectively, as measured by scanning/transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The catalytic efficiency (Kcat/KM) of cNP, CLNP, and cNP-mNP was increased ca. -25, -68, -176 folds in n-heptane and -35, -131, -262 folds in 1,4-dioxane compared to the lyophilized lipase in the model transesterification reaction of p-nitrophenyl palmitate (PNPP) with ethanol. In biodiesel formation, the best performance with 100% conversion of BG was achieved under optimum conditions with cNP-mNP, ethanol at a 1:3 molar ratio of lipid-to-alcohol, NP at a 1:0.1 weight ratio of lipid-to-enzyme, and water at a 1:0.04 weight ratio of enzyme-to-water at 30 oC for 35 h. The operational stability of the CLNP and cNP-mNP was sustained even after five consequent biodiesel batch conversions while 50% and 82% residual activity (storage stability) were retained after 40 d.
{"title":"Candida rugosa lipase nanoparticles as robust catalyst for biodiesel production in organic solvents","authors":"Rohit K. Sharma, C. A. O’Neill, H. Ramos, Bibek Thapa, Vanessa Barcelo-Bovea, K. Gaur, K. Griebenow","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Inexpensive but resourceful sources of lipids, for example, used cooking oil (UCO) and brown grease (BG), which often contain large amounts of free fatty acids (FFA), are difficult to convert into biodiesel economically and in good yield. Candida rugosa lipase nanoparticles (cNP) were formed first and subsequently cross-linked nanoparticles (CLNP) were obtained by crosslinking of them. Alternatively, cNP were conjugated to magnetic nanoparticles (mNP) to achieve a cNP-mNP conjugate. All three formulations were employed in three different organic solvents (n-heptane, 1,4-dioxane, and t-butanol) to produce biodiesel using BG and UCO in the transesterification reaction with ethanol and methanol. The radii of nanoparticles (NP) were 5.5, 75, 100, 85 nm for mNP, cNP, CLNP, and cNP-mNP, respectively, as measured by scanning/transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The catalytic efficiency (Kcat/KM) of cNP, CLNP, and cNP-mNP was increased ca. -25, -68, -176 folds in n-heptane and -35, -131, -262 folds in 1,4-dioxane compared to the lyophilized lipase in the model transesterification reaction of p-nitrophenyl palmitate (PNPP) with ethanol. In biodiesel formation, the best performance with 100% conversion of BG was achieved under optimum conditions with cNP-mNP, ethanol at a 1:3 molar ratio of lipid-to-alcohol, NP at a 1:0.1 weight ratio of lipid-to-enzyme, and water at a 1:0.04 weight ratio of enzyme-to-water at 30 oC for 35 h. The operational stability of the CLNP and cNP-mNP was sustained even after five consequent biodiesel batch conversions while 50% and 82% residual activity (storage stability) were retained after 40 d.","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41676980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. F. Ferreira, L. S. Buller, M. Berni, S. V. Bajay, T. Forster‐Carneiro
Brazil is currently focused on its energy matrix transition in favor of increasing of the share of renewable energy carriers for both enhanced energy security and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the country`s pulp and paper industry whose different wastes teams are not generally exploited, could play a critical role. Accordingly, the main objective of this work is to develop a conceptual ‘systemic’ biorefinery framework integrating the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with energy recovery through biogas production and its conversion into heat and power in stationary engines and boilers, respectively. Based on the results obtained through the present case study, it was revealed that the adoption of UASB reactors by the paper mill industry could properly addresses the environmental concerns faced while could contribute to the national agenda favoring an increasing share of renewable energies in the country`s energy matrix. The financial analysis showed that the investment required for the implementation of UASB reactors within a biorefinery platform would be minor vs. the investment in the whole mill and would be returned in 6.4 yr with a high return on investment even when operated at half of operational capacity. Moreover, through the developed UASB reactor-based biorefinery, the Brazilian pulp and paper industry as a whole could avoid 1.06 ×105 CO2eq tons, effectively contributing to the decarbonization of the country`s economy.
{"title":"An integrated approach to explore UASB reactors for energy recycling in pulp and paper industry: a case study in Brazil","authors":"S. F. Ferreira, L. S. Buller, M. Berni, S. V. Bajay, T. Forster‐Carneiro","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil is currently focused on its energy matrix transition in favor of increasing of the share of renewable energy carriers for both enhanced energy security and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the country`s pulp and paper industry whose different wastes teams are not generally exploited, could play a critical role. Accordingly, the main objective of this work is to develop a conceptual ‘systemic’ biorefinery framework integrating the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with energy recovery through biogas production and its conversion into heat and power in stationary engines and boilers, respectively. Based on the results obtained through the present case study, it was revealed that the adoption of UASB reactors by the paper mill industry could properly addresses the environmental concerns faced while could contribute to the national agenda favoring an increasing share of renewable energies in the country`s energy matrix. The financial analysis showed that the investment required for the implementation of UASB reactors within a biorefinery platform would be minor vs. the investment in the whole mill and would be returned in 6.4 yr with a high return on investment even when operated at half of operational capacity. Moreover, through the developed UASB reactor-based biorefinery, the Brazilian pulp and paper industry as a whole could avoid 1.06 ×105 CO2eq tons, effectively contributing to the decarbonization of the country`s economy.","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43512986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"https://www.biofueljournal.com/article_88261.html","authors":"K. A. Salam","doi":"10.18331/brj2019.6.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/brj2019.6.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67612816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. M. Ahmed, P. M. Fernández, L. D. Figueroa, Hipólito F. Pajot
Countries producing olive oil generate a considerable amount of olive mill wastewater (OMWW), one of the most harmful agro-industrial effluents with a powerful polluting capacity. In fact, owing to its high pollution load, this effluent is extremely toxic to the whole soil-air-water ecosystem as well as to the living organisms inhabiting it (i.e., plants, animals, aquatic organisms, microorganisms, etc.). Currently, OMWW is discarded but since it includes carbohydrates, organic acids and mineral nutrients, as well as elevated contents of phenolics and other natural antioxidants compounds, it could be considered as a potential source of high value-added natural products. Therefore, the valorization of different waste streams including OMWW into fine biochemicals and the recovery of valuable metabolites via biotechnological processes is probably the main challenge faced by the olive oil industry. In light of that, the aim of the present review article is to summarize the state-of-the-art in relation to the exploitation possibilities and the use of OMWW to generate added-value compounds of great significance for the biofuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical, food, and agriculture industries. Valorization of this significant waste steam in particular through a biorefinery platform could substantially enhance the environmental sustainability aspects of the whole industry while simultaneously contributing to the improvement of its economic viability.
{"title":"Exploitation alternatives of olive mill wastewater: production of value-added compounds useful for industry and agriculture","authors":"P. M. Ahmed, P. M. Fernández, L. D. Figueroa, Hipólito F. Pajot","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Countries producing olive oil generate a considerable amount of olive mill wastewater (OMWW), one of the most harmful agro-industrial effluents with a powerful polluting capacity. In fact, owing to its high pollution load, this effluent is extremely toxic to the whole soil-air-water ecosystem as well as to the living organisms inhabiting it (i.e., plants, animals, aquatic organisms, microorganisms, etc.). Currently, OMWW is discarded but since it includes carbohydrates, organic acids and mineral nutrients, as well as elevated contents of phenolics and other natural antioxidants compounds, it could be considered as a potential source of high value-added natural products. Therefore, the valorization of different waste streams including OMWW into fine biochemicals and the recovery of valuable metabolites via biotechnological processes is probably the main challenge faced by the olive oil industry. In light of that, the aim of the present review article is to summarize the state-of-the-art in relation to the exploitation possibilities and the use of OMWW to generate added-value compounds of great significance for the biofuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical, food, and agriculture industries. Valorization of this significant waste steam in particular through a biorefinery platform could substantially enhance the environmental sustainability aspects of the whole industry while simultaneously contributing to the improvement of its economic viability.","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.18331/brj2019.6.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/brj2019.6.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42031326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biomass is currently the most widespread form of renewable energy and its exploitation is further increasing due to the concerns over the devastative impacts of fossil fuel consumption, i.e., climate change, global warming and their negative impacts on human health. In line with that, the present articles reviews the different sources of biomass available, along with their chemical composition and properties. Subsequently, different conversion technologies (i.e., thermo-chemical, biochemical, and physico-chemical conversions) and their corresponding products are reviewed and discussed. In the continuation, the global status of biomass vs. the other renewable energies is scrutinized. Moreover, biomass-derived energy production was analyzed from economic and environmental perspectives. Finally, the challenges faced to further expand the share of biomass-derived energy carriers in the global energy market are presented.
{"title":"A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion","authors":"A. Tursi","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass is currently the most widespread form of renewable energy and its exploitation is further increasing due to the concerns over the devastative impacts of fossil fuel consumption, i.e., climate change, global warming and their negative impacts on human health. In line with that, the present articles reviews the different sources of biomass available, along with their chemical composition and properties. Subsequently, different conversion technologies (i.e., thermo-chemical, biochemical, and physico-chemical conversions) and their corresponding products are reviewed and discussed. In the continuation, the global status of biomass vs. the other renewable energies is scrutinized. Moreover, biomass-derived energy production was analyzed from economic and environmental perspectives. Finally, the challenges faced to further expand the share of biomass-derived energy carriers in the global energy market are presented.","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48815908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strain selection and isolation of lipid-rich microalgae are among the two most important steps for screening isolates with maximum biofuel productivity. In this work, we introduce a novel direct sampling technique that allows native strains to be selected for rapid growth under defined conditions followed by direct selection of product-rich species, two desirable characteristics of algae for mass culture. This sampling strategy directly selects the lipid-rich strains visualized under an inverted fluorescence microscope using an X-Y-Z micromanipulator. The enrichment step can be manipulated to select for strains with specific technological applications. Direct sampling of lipid-rich cells avoids the tedious task of screening isolates while using relatively inexpensive equipment.
{"title":"A rapid sampling technique for isolating highly productive lipid-rich algae strains from environmental samples","authors":"Suting Huang, Jo L. Goh, H. Ahmadzadeh, M. Murry","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Strain selection and isolation of lipid-rich microalgae are among the two most important steps for screening isolates with maximum biofuel productivity. In this work, we introduce a novel direct sampling technique that allows native strains to be selected for rapid growth under defined conditions followed by direct selection of product-rich species, two desirable characteristics of algae for mass culture. This sampling strategy directly selects the lipid-rich strains visualized under an inverted fluorescence microscope using an X-Y-Z micromanipulator. The enrichment step can be manipulated to select for strains with specific technological applications. Direct sampling of lipid-rich cells avoids the tedious task of screening isolates while using relatively inexpensive equipment.","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42187380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalidah Al-Qayim, W. Nimmo, Kevin J. Hughe, M. Pourkashanian
Biomass is a clean alternative fuel to coal in terms of carbon, NOx, and SO2 emissions in the power generation sector. However, ash deposition problems have been a concern with biomass fuels due to the high alkali and residual sulphur contents in the ash forming particles. In this study, the influence of oxy-fuel firing conditions of wood pellets combustion on ash partitioning and deposit formation, were investigated experimentally on a 250-kW pilot scale pulverized furnace and theoretically through chemical equilibrium modelling using the FactSage program. Oxy-fuel combustion case was compared with air-fuel case in this assessment. The results of this study showed that wood pellets had a low tendency for radiation zone slagging, but, had a high fouling tendency in the convective passes. It is possible that oxy-fuel combustion inhibited the release of volatile elements to the gas phase in the initial stages of the combustion, thus reducing the alkali sulphates slagging, increasing however, the alkali sulphate fouling tendencies on the convective passes. Moreover, the effect of the oxy-fuel environment on the ash formation was significant. The chemical equilibrium modelling showed reasonable predictions of the ash behaviour of wood pellets in terms of alkali behaviour and explained to some extent the influence of the oxy environment on ash deposit formation.
{"title":"Effect of oxy-fuel combustion on ash deposition of pulverized wood pellets","authors":"Khalidah Al-Qayim, W. Nimmo, Kevin J. Hughe, M. Pourkashanian","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass is a clean alternative fuel to coal in terms of carbon, NOx, and SO2 emissions in the power generation sector. However, ash deposition problems have been a concern with biomass fuels due to the high alkali and residual sulphur contents in the ash forming particles. In this study, the influence of oxy-fuel firing conditions of wood pellets combustion on ash partitioning and deposit formation, were investigated experimentally on a 250-kW pilot scale pulverized furnace and theoretically through chemical equilibrium modelling using the FactSage program. Oxy-fuel combustion case was compared with air-fuel case in this assessment. The results of this study showed that wood pellets had a low tendency for radiation zone slagging, but, had a high fouling tendency in the convective passes. It is possible that oxy-fuel combustion inhibited the release of volatile elements to the gas phase in the initial stages of the combustion, thus reducing the alkali sulphates slagging, increasing however, the alkali sulphate fouling tendencies on the convective passes. Moreover, the effect of the oxy-fuel environment on the ash formation was significant. The chemical equilibrium modelling showed reasonable predictions of the ash behaviour of wood pellets in terms of alkali behaviour and explained to some extent the influence of the oxy environment on ash deposit formation.","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45538294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrigendum to “First-order estimates of the costs, input-output energy analysis, and energy returns on investment of conventional and emerging biofuels feedstocks” [Biofuel Res J 5 (4) (2018) 894-899]","authors":"K. Christiansen, D. R. Raman, Guiping Hu, R. Anex","doi":"10.18331/BRJ2019.6.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2019.6.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48972510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.18331/brj2019.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18331/brj2019.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46938,"journal":{"name":"Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44394457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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