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Oxidative torrefaction and torrefaction-based biorefining of biomass: a critical review 生物质氧化焙烧和基于焙烧的生物精炼:综述
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.3.4
U. M. A. Devaraja, Chamini Lakshika Wickramarathna Dissanayake, D. Gunarathne, Wei-hsin Chen
Torrefaction is a vital pretreatment technology for thermochemical biorefinery applications like pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. Oxidative torrefaction, an economical version of torrefaction, has recently gained much attention in the renewable energy field. Recent literature on inert and oxidative torrefaction was critically reviewed in this work to provide necessary guidance for future research and commercial implementations. The critical performance parameters of torrefaction for thermochemical biorefinery applications, such as solid yield, energy yield, carbon enhancement, higher heating value (HHV) enhancement, and energy-mass co-benefit index (EMCI), were also analyzed. Agricultural waste, woody biomass, and microalgae were considered. The analysis reveals that woody biomass could equally benefit from oxidative or inert torrefaction. In contrast, inert torrefaction was found more suitable for agricultural wastes and microalgae. Using flue gas as the oxidative torrefaction medium and waste biomass as the feedstock could achieve a circular economy, improving the sustainability of oxidative torrefaction for thermochemical biorefineries. The significant challenges in oxidative torrefaction include high ash content in torrefied agricultural waste, the oxidative thermal runaway of fibrous biomass during torrefaction, temperature control, and scale-up in reactors. Some proposed solutions to address these challenges are combined washing and torrefaction pretreatment, balancing oxygen content, temperature, and residence time, depending on the biomass type, and recirculating torrefaction gases.
在热解、气化、液化等热化学生物炼制应用中,焙烧是一项重要的预处理技术。氧化焙烧作为一种经济的焙烧方式,近年来在可再生能源领域受到了广泛的关注。在这项工作中,对惰性和氧化焙烧的最新文献进行了严格的审查,为未来的研究和商业实施提供必要的指导。分析了热化学生物炼制应用中焙烧的关键性能参数,如固体产率、能量产率、碳增强、高热值(HHV)增强和能量质量协同效益指数(EMCI)。考虑了农业废弃物、木质生物质和微藻。分析表明木质生物质可以同样受益于氧化或惰性烘烤。相比之下,惰性焙烧法更适合于农业废弃物和微藻。利用烟气作为氧化焙烧介质,废生物质作为原料,可以实现循环经济,提高热化学生物精炼厂氧化焙烧的可持续性。氧化焙烧技术面临的重大挑战包括:焙烧农业废弃物的高灰分含量、纤维生物质在焙烧过程中的氧化热失控、温度控制以及反应器的放大。针对这些挑战,一些建议的解决方案是将洗涤和焙烧预处理结合起来,根据生物质类型平衡氧含量、温度和停留时间,以及循环焙烧气体。
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引用次数: 16
On quantifying sources of uncertainty in the carbon footprint of biofuels: crop/feedstock, LCA modelling approach, land-use change, and GHG metrics 关于量化生物燃料碳足迹的不确定性来源:作物/原料、生命周期评价建模方法、土地利用变化和温室气体指标
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.2.2
M. Brandão, R. Heijungs, A. Cowie
Biofuel systems may represent a promising strategy to combat climate change by replacing fossil fuels in electricity generation and transportation. First-generation biofuels from sugar and starch crops for ethanol (a gasoline substitute) and from oilseed crops for biodiesel (a petroleum diesel substitute) have come under increasing levels of scrutiny due to the uncertainty associated with the estimation of climate change impacts of biofuels, such as due to indirect effects on land use. This analysis estimates the magnitude of some uncertainty sources: i) crop/feedstock, ii) life cycle assessment (LCA) modelling approach, iii) land-use change (LUC), and iv) greenhouse gas (GHG) metrics. The metrics used for characterising the different GHGs (global warming potential-GWP and global temperature change potential-GTP at different time horizons) appeared not to play a significant role in explaining the variance in the carbon footprint of biofuels, as opposed to the crop/feedstock used, the inclusion/exclusion of LUC considerations, and the LCA modelling approach (p<0.001). The estimated climate footprint of biofuels is dependent on the latter three parameters and, thus, is context-specific. It is recommended that these parameters be dealt with in a manner consistent with the goal and scope of the study. In particular, it is essential to interpret the results of the carbon footprint of biofuel systems in light of the choices made in each of these sources of uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis is recommended to overcome their influence on the result.
生物燃料系统可能是一种很有前途的战略,通过在发电和运输中取代化石燃料来应对气候变化。由于生物燃料对气候变化影响的估计存在不确定性,例如对土地利用的间接影响,用糖和淀粉作物生产乙醇(一种汽油替代品),用油籽作物生产生物柴油(一种石油柴油替代品)的第一代生物燃料受到越来越多的审查。该分析估计了一些不确定性来源的大小:i)作物/原料,ii)生命周期评估(LCA)建模方法,iii)土地利用变化(LUC),以及iv)温室气体(GHG)指标。用于表征不同温室气体的指标(不同时间段的全球变暖潜能值和全球温度变化潜能值)似乎在解释生物燃料碳足迹的差异方面没有发挥重要作用,而不是所使用的作物/原料、纳入/排除土地利用变化的考虑因素,以及生命周期评价建模方法(p<0.001)。生物燃料的估计气候足迹取决于后三个参数,因此是特定于具体情况的。建议以符合研究目标和范围的方式处理这些参数。特别是,根据每种不确定性来源的选择来解释生物燃料系统的碳足迹结果至关重要,建议进行敏感性分析,以克服其对结果的影响。
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引用次数: 38
Fractionation of fatty acid methyl esters via urea inclusion and its application to improve the low-temperature performance of biodiesel 尿素包合法分离脂肪酸甲酯及其在提高生物柴油低温性能中的应用
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.2.3
Junli Liu, B. Tao
Biodiesel is viewed as the alternative to petroleum diesel, but its poor low-temperature performance constrains its utilization. Cloud point (CP), the onset temperature of thermal crystallization, appropriately shows the low-temperature performance. The effective way to reduce CP is to remove saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Compared to current methods, this work describes an extraordinary approach to fractionating FAMEs by forming solid urea inclusion compounds (UICs). Urea inclusion fractionation reduces the CPs by removing high melting-point linear saturated FAME components. Urea inclusion fractionation in this study was performed under various processing conditions: mass ratios of urea to FAMEs and solvents to FAMEs, various solvents, FAMEs from various feedstocks, and processing temperatures. Supersaturation of urea in the solution is the driving force, and it significantly affects yield, composition, CP, separation efficiency, and selectivity. Through a single urea inclusion fractionation process, FAMEs, except palm oil FAMEs, resulted in CP reduction ranging from 20 to 42 oC with a yield of 77–80% depending on the compositions. CP of palm oil FAMEs could reach as low as -17 oC with a yield of 46% after twice urea inclusion fractionation. According to the model prediction, the cetane number after urea inclusion fractionation decreased about 0.7–2 but was still higher than the minimum biodiesel requirement. Oxidation stability after urea inclusion decreased according to the proposed model, but this can be mitigated by adding antioxidants. Emission evaluation after urea inclusion fractionation indicated decreased hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. However, it resulted in the increasing emission of nitrogen oxides.
生物柴油被认为是石油柴油的替代品,但其低温性能差制约了其利用。浊点(CP)是热结晶的起始温度,适当地表现出低温性能。去除饱和脂肪酸甲酯是降低CP的有效途径。与目前的方法相比,这项工作描述了一种通过形成固体尿素包合物(UICs)来分馏FAME的非凡方法。尿素包合物分馏通过去除高熔点线性饱和FAME组分来减少CP。本研究中的尿素包合分馏是在各种加工条件下进行的:尿素与FAME和溶剂与FAME的质量比、各种溶剂、来自各种原料的FAME和加工温度。尿素在溶液中的过饱和是驱动力,它显著影响产率、组成、CP、分离效率和选择性。通过单一尿素包合分馏工艺,除棕榈油FAME外,FAME可在20至42℃范围内降低CP,产率为77–80%,具体取决于成分。经过两次尿素包合分馏,棕榈油FAME的CP可低至-17℃,产率为46%。根据模型预测,尿素包合分馏后的十六烷值降低了约0.7–2,但仍高于生物柴油的最低要求。根据所提出的模型,尿素包合后的氧化稳定性降低,但可以通过添加抗氧化剂来缓解。尿素包合物分馏后的排放评估表明碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和颗粒物减少。然而,它导致氮氧化物的排放量增加。
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引用次数: 12
Bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation over acid activated-zeolite with different Si/Al ratio 不同硅铝比酸活化沸石对生物油的加氢脱氧
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.2.4
S. Gea, I. Irvan, K. Wijaya, A. Nadia, A. Pulungan, J. Sihombing, Rahayu Rahayu
Bio-oil includes significant levels of oxygenate molecules, which might induce component instability and reduce its physicochemical qualities. To counteract this, the component must undergo a hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction. Due to the presence of acidic active sites, zeolites have been shown to have high hydrogenation and deoxygenation capabilities. However, natural zeolite has a large number of impurities and low acidity density. Consequently, before being employed as an HDO catalyst, pretreatments such as preparation and activation are required. In this study, the catalyst used was an active natural zeolite whose acidity level varied depending on the Si/Al ratio after dealumination with 3, 5, and 7 M hydrochloric acid, proceeded by calcination with nitrogen gas flow (designated as Z3, Z5, and Z7, respectively). The results showed that dealumination and calcination of zeolite generally caused changes in its physical characteristics and components. The Z5 catalyst showed the best catalytic performance in the HDO process of bio-oil. The higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil increased from 12 to 18 MJ/kg, the viscosity value doubled, the degree of deoxygenation increased to 77%, and the water content reduced dramatically to about one-third of that of raw bio-oil. Moreover, control compounds, such as carboxylic acids, decreased slightly, but the amount of phenol increased to about twice the content in raw bio-oil.
生物油中含有大量的氧分子,这可能会导致成分不稳定,降低其物理化学品质。为了抵消这一点,该组分必须进行氢化脱氧(HDO)反应。由于酸性活性位点的存在,沸石已被证明具有较高的加氢和脱氧能力。但天然沸石杂质较多,酸性密度低。因此,在用作HDO催化剂之前,需要进行预处理,如制备和活化。在本研究中,使用的催化剂是一种活性天然沸石,在用3、5和7 M盐酸脱铝后,用氮气流(分别指定为Z3、Z5和Z7)煅烧后,其酸度随Si/Al比而变化。结果表明,沸石的脱铝和煅烧一般会引起沸石物理特性和组分的变化。Z5催化剂在生物油HDO过程中表现出最好的催化性能。生物油的高热值(HHV)从12 MJ/kg提高到18 MJ/kg,粘度值增加了一倍,脱氧程度提高到77%,含水量大幅降低到生物油原液的1 / 3左右。此外,羧酸等对照化合物的含量略有下降,但苯酚的含量增加到原料生物油含量的两倍左右。
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引用次数: 6
The imbalance of food and biofuel markets amid Ukraine-Russia crisis: A systems thinking perspective 乌克兰-俄罗斯危机中粮食和生物燃料市场的不平衡:一个系统思考的视角
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.2.5
Zahra Shams Esfandabadi, Meisam Ranjbari, S. Scagnelli
The Ukraine war has immensely affected both food and energy systems due to the significant role of Russia in supplying natural gas and fertilizers globally and the extensive contribution of both Russia and Ukraine in exporting grains and oilseeds to the international markets. Hence, the Ukraine-Russia conflict has resulted in a shortage of crops and grains in the food market, especially in Europe, causing speculations if these resources should still be used for biofuel production (1st Generation). However, the International Energy Agency has warned that lowering biofuel mandates could result in rising petroleum demand and supply concerns. In light of these unfolding events, a systems thinking approach is required to monitor and analyze the implications of this crisis for food and biofuel markets as a whole to alleviate the concerns faced and plan sustainably. In this vein, based on the trade-offs between food system elements and the biofuel supply chain, as well as the potential effects of the war on the food and energy systems worldwide, a causal loop diagram is developed in the present work. According to the insights provided, the key to preventing food insecurity and keeping biofuel mandates on an increasing trend simultaneously amid the Ukraine war is to switch from the 1st Generation biofuels to higher generations. This transition would reduce not only the pressure on the food market to move toward zero hunger (SDG 2) but also pave the way to move towards a circular economy and clean and affordable energy (SDG 7) during the post-war era.
由于俄罗斯在全球供应天然气和化肥方面的重要作用以及俄罗斯和乌克兰在向国际市场出口谷物和油籽方面的广泛贡献,乌克兰战争极大地影响了粮食和能源系统。因此,乌克兰与俄罗斯的冲突导致粮食市场上的作物和谷物短缺,特别是在欧洲,引发了人们的猜测,即这些资源是否仍应用于生物燃料生产(第一代)。然而,国际能源署(iea)警告称,降低生物燃料要求可能导致石油需求和供应担忧加剧。鉴于这些正在发生的事件,需要一种系统思考的方法来监测和分析这场危机对整个粮食和生物燃料市场的影响,以减轻所面临的担忧并进行可持续规划。在这种情况下,基于粮食系统要素和生物燃料供应链之间的权衡,以及战争对全球粮食和能源系统的潜在影响,本研究开发了一个因果循环图。根据所提供的见解,在乌克兰战争期间,防止粮食不安全并同时保持生物燃料要求的增长趋势的关键是从第一代生物燃料转向更高级的生物燃料。这一转变不仅将减轻粮食市场向零饥饿(可持续发展目标2)迈进的压力,还将为战后向循环经济和清洁、负担得起的能源(可持续发展目标7)迈进铺平道路。
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引用次数: 72
Exergy sustainability analysis of biomass gasification: a critical review 生物质气化的能源可持续性分析:综述
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.1.5
H. Shahbeig, Alireza Shafizadeh, M. Rosen, B. Sels
Biomass gasification technology is a promising process to produce a stable gas with a wide range of applications, from direct use to the synthesis of value-added biochemicals and biofuels. Due to the high capital/operating costs of the technology and the necessity for prudent management of thermal energy exchanges in the biomass gasification process, it is important to use advanced sustainability metrics to ensure that environmental and other sustainability factors are addressed beneficially. Consequently, various engineering techniques are being used to make decisions on endogenous and exogenous parameters of biomass gasification processes to find the most efficient, viable, and sustainable operations and conditions. Among available approaches, exergy methods have attracted much attention due to their scientific rigor in accounting for the performance, cost, and environmental impact of biomass gasification systems. Therefore, this review is devoted to critically reviewing and numerically scrutinizing the use of exergy methods in analyzing biomass gasification systems. First, a bibliometric analysis is conducted to systematically identify research themes and trends in exergy-based sustainability assessments of biomass gasification systems. Then, the effects of biomass composition, reactor type, gasifying agent, and operating parameters on the exergy efficiency of the process are thoroughly investigated and mechanistically discussed. Unlike oxygen, nitrogen, and ash contents of biomass, the exergy efficiency of the gasification process is positively correlated with the carbon and hydrogen contents of biomass. A mixed gasifying medium (CO2 and steam) provides higher exergy efficiency values. The downdraft fixed-bed gasifier exhibits the highest exergy efficiency among biomass gasification systems. Finally, opportunities and limitations of exergy methods for analyzing sustainability aspects of biomass gasification systems are outlined to guide future research in this domain.
生物质气化技术是一种很有前途的生产稳定气体的工艺,具有广泛的应用,从直接使用到合成增值的生物化学品和生物燃料。由于该技术的高资本/运营成本以及对生物质气化过程中的热能交换进行谨慎管理的必要性,使用先进的可持续性指标来确保环境和其他可持续性因素得到有利解决是很重要的。因此,各种工程技术被用来决定生物质气化过程的内生和外源参数,以找到最有效、可行和可持续的操作和条件。在现有的方法中,火用方法因其在考虑生物质气化系统的性能、成本和环境影响方面的科学严谨性而备受关注。因此,本综述致力于对火用方法在分析生物质气化系统中的应用进行批判性回顾和数值审查。首先,进行文献计量分析,系统地确定基于火用的生物质气化系统可持续性评估的研究主题和趋势。然后,深入研究了生物质组成、反应器类型、气化剂和操作参数对该工艺(火用)效率的影响,并从机理上进行了讨论。与生物质的氧、氮和灰分含量不同,气化过程的火用效率与生物质的碳和氢含量呈正相关。混合的气化介质(CO2和蒸汽)提供了更高的(火用)效率值。在生物质气化系统中,下吸式固定床气化器表现出最高的(火用)效率。最后,概述了分析生物质气化系统可持续性方面的火用方法的机会和局限性,以指导该领域的未来研究。
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引用次数: 29
Microalgae growth and diversity in anaerobic digestate compared to synthetic media 与合成培养基相比,厌氧消化液中微藻的生长和多样性
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.1.2
Hande Ermis, Ünzile Güven-Gülhan, Tunahan Çakır, M. Altınbaş
Economizing microalgal cultivation is a considerable milestone targeted by efforts put into microalgal biorefineries. In light of that, the present study was aimed to explore the potential of using anaerobic liquid digestate (ALD) as culture media to grow microalgae and compared it with three different synthetic media (i.e., N8, BBM, and M8) in terms of biomass yield, fatty acid composition, and nutrient utilization/recovery. Moreover, a mixed culture of wild-type microalgae was employed in this study owing to the ability of mixed cultures to survive extreme conditions, eliminating the risk of losing the culture easily, as it mostly happens with pure cultures. The highest nutrient yield coefficients were achieved when the mixed microalgae culture was cultivated in ALD, where the yield coefficient for nitrogen (YN) and yield coefficient for phosphorus (YP) were 10.7 mg biomass mg-1 N and 98 mg biomass mg-1 P, respectively. The highest lipid content (34%) and the highest concentrations of C16:0 (114 mg L-1) and C18:0 (60.9 mg L-1) were also recorded when the mixed microalgae culture was cultivated in ALD. Furthermore, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content also increased significantly in ALD, a beneficial phenomenon as PUFAs in microalgae allow them to adapt more effectively to extreme conditions. Based on the microbial community analysis performed using the multi-marker metabarcoding approach, Diphylleia rotans, Synechocystis PCC-6803, Cyanobium gracile PCC 6307, and Chlorella sorokiniana were identified as the most abundant species in the ALD growth. Overall, based on the findings of the present study, ALD could be used as a promising cultivation medium for microalgae, offering a process integration approach to combine anaerobic digestion and algae cultivation as an effective way to simultaneously treat the high-strength dark-colored ALD and valorize it into profitable byproducts.
节约微藻培养是微藻生物炼制工作的一个重要里程碑。有鉴于此,本研究旨在探索使用厌氧液体消化物(ALD)作为培养基培养微藻的潜力,并将其与三种不同的合成培养基(即N8、BBM和M8)在生物量产量、脂肪酸组成和营养利用/回收方面进行比较。此外,本研究采用了野生型微藻的混合培养物,因为混合培养物能够在极端条件下生存,消除了容易失去培养物的风险,就像大多数纯培养物一样。当混合微藻培养物在ALD中培养时,获得了最高的养分产量系数,其中氮产量系数(YN)和磷产量系数(YP)分别为10.7mg生物质mg-1N和98mg生物质mg-1 P。当在ALD中培养混合微藻培养物时,还记录了最高的脂质含量(34%)和最高浓度的C16:0(114mg L-1)和C18:0(60.9mg L-1)。此外,ALD中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量也显著增加,这是一种有益的现象,因为微藻中的PUFA使它们能够更有效地适应极端条件。基于使用多标记代谢编码方法进行的微生物群落分析,轮状白喉杆菌、聚胞囊菌PCC-6803、薄氰藻PCC 6307和索氏小球藻被确定为ALD生长中最丰富的物种。总之,根据本研究的发现,ALD可以作为一种很有前途的微藻培养基,提供了一种将厌氧消化和藻类培养相结合的过程集成方法,作为同时处理高强度深色ALD并将其增值为有利可图的副产品的有效方法。
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引用次数: 10
Producing hydrogen-rich syngas via microwave heating and co-gasification: a systematic review 微波加热和共气化生产富氢合成气的系统综述
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2022.9.1.4
I. Rosyadi, S. Suyitno, Albert Xaverio Ilyas, Afif Faishal, Andres Budiono, Mirza Yusuf
Co-gasification contributes significantly to the generation of hydrogen-rich syngas since it not only addresses the issue of feedstock variation but also has synergistic benefits. In this article, recent research on hydrogen concentration and yield, tar content, gasification efficiency, and carbon conversion efficiency is explored systematically. In feedstocks with high water content, steam gasification and supercritical hydrothermal gasification technologies are ideal for producing hydrogen at a concentration of 57%, which can be increased to 82.9% using purification technology. Carbonized coals, chars, and cokes have high microwave absorption when used as feedstocks. Moreover, coconut activated carbon contains elements that provide a high tan δ value and are worthy of further development as feedstocks, adsorbents or catalysts. Meanwhile, the FeSO4 catalyst has the greatest capacity for storing microwave energy and producing dielectric losses; therefore, it can serve as both a catalyst and microwave absorber. Although microwave heating is preferable to conventional heating, the amount of hydrogen it generates remains modest, at 60% and 32.75% in single-feeding and co-feeding modes, respectively. The heating value of syngas produced using microwaves is 17.44 MJ/m³, much more than that produced via conventional heating. Thus, despite a lack of research on hydrogen-rich syngas generation based on co-gasification and microwave heating, such techniques have the potential to be developed at both laboratory and industrial scales. In addition, the dielectric characteristics of feedstocks, beds, adsorbents, and catalysts must be further investigated to optimize the performance of microwave heating processes.
共气化对富氢合成气的产生有重要贡献,因为它不仅解决了原料变化的问题,而且具有协同效益。本文系统地探讨了近年来在氢气浓度和产率、焦油含量、气化效率和碳转化效率等方面的研究进展。在高含水量的原料中,蒸汽气化和超临界水热气化技术产氢浓度为57%,采用净化技术可将其提高到82.9%。作为原料,碳化煤、焦炭和焦炭具有较高的微波吸收量。此外,椰子活性炭含有高tan δ值的元素,值得进一步开发作为原料,吸附剂或催化剂。同时,FeSO4催化剂具有最大的储存微波能量和产生介电损耗的能力;因此,它既可以作为催化剂,又可以作为微波吸收剂。虽然微波加热优于传统加热,但它产生的氢气量仍然不大,在单次加料和共加料模式下分别为60%和32.75%。微波产生的合成气热值为17.44 MJ/m³,大大高于传统加热产生的合成气热值。因此,尽管缺乏基于共气化和微波加热的富氢合成气产生的研究,但这种技术具有在实验室和工业规模上发展的潜力。此外,必须进一步研究原料、床层、吸附剂和催化剂的介电特性,以优化微波加热过程的性能。
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引用次数: 11
Yeast cell factories for sustainable whey-to-ethanol valorisation towards a circular economy 酵母细胞工厂的可持续乳清到乙醇的价值向循环经济
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2021.8.4.4
Patrícia Carvalho, Carlos E. Costa, Sara L. Baptista, L. Domingues
Cheese whey is the major by-product of the dairy industry, and its disposal constitutes an environmental concern. The production of cheese whey has been increasing, with 190 million tonnes per year being produced nowadays. Therefore, it is emergent to consider different routes for cheese whey utilization. The great nutritional value of cheese whey turns it into an attractive substrate for biotechnological applications. Currently, cheese whey processing includes a protein fractionating step that originates the permeate, a lactose-reach stream further used for valorisation. In the last decades, yeast fermentation has brought several advances to the search for biorefinery alternatives. From the plethora of value-added products that can be obtained from cheese whey, ethanol is the most extensively explored since it is the alternative biofuel most used worldwide. Thus, this review focuses on the different strategies for ethanol production from cheese whey using yeasts as promising biological systems, including its integration in lignocellulosic biorefineries. These valorisation routes encompass the improvement of the fermentation process as well as metabolic engineering techniques for the introduction of heterologous pathways, resorting mainly to Kluyveromyces sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The solutions and challenges of the several strategies will be unveiled and explored in this review.
奶酪乳清是乳制品工业的主要副产品,其处理构成了环境问题。奶酪乳清的产量一直在增加,目前每年生产1.9亿吨。因此,迫切需要考虑不同的奶酪乳清利用途径。干酪乳清的巨大营养价值使其成为一种有吸引力的生物技术应用基质。目前,奶酪乳清加工包括一个蛋白质分馏步骤,该步骤产生渗透物,乳糖到达流进一步用于增值。在过去的几十年里,酵母发酵为寻找生物精炼替代品带来了一些进展。从奶酪乳清中可以获得的大量增值产品中,乙醇是最广泛探索的,因为它是世界上使用最多的替代生物燃料。因此,本文综述了利用酵母作为有前景的生物系统从干酪乳清中生产乙醇的不同策略,包括将其整合到木质纤维素生物精炼厂中。这些增值途径包括改进发酵过程以及引入异源途径的代谢工程技术,主要依靠克鲁维酵母和酿酒酵母菌株。这几项战略的解决方案和挑战将在本次审查中公布和探讨。
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引用次数: 11
A review on the effects of ethanol/gasoline fuel blends on NOX emissions in spark-ignition engines 乙醇/汽油混合燃料对火花点火式发动机NOX排放影响的研究进展
IF 13 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.18331/brj2021.8.4.2
P. Iodice, A. Amoresano, Giuseppe Langella
Ethanol can be used as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines to increase the octane number and oxygen content of ethanol/gasoline blends, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels and the exhaust emissions of incomplete combustion products. Although it is widely agreed that ethanol can reduce CO and HC exhaust emissions, the literature on ethanol and NOX emissions is far from conclusive; hence there is a need for an in-depth, updated review of ethanol/gasoline blends in SI engines and the relative production of NOX emissions. In light of that, the present work aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on the current state of ethanol combustion in SI engines to shed definitive light on the potential changes in NOX emissions under various operating conditions. The first part of this paper discusses the feasibility of ethanol as an alternative transportation fuel, including world production and ethanol production processes. The physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline are then compared to analyze their effects on combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions. Then, the pathways of NOX formation inside the cylinder of SI engines are discussed in depth. Finally, we review and critically discuss the effects of ethanol concentration in blends and different engine parameters on NOX formation.
乙醇可用作火花点火式(SI)发动机的替代燃料,以增加乙醇/汽油混合物的辛烷值和氧含量,从而减少对化石燃料的依赖和不完全燃烧产物的废气排放。尽管人们普遍认为乙醇可以减少一氧化碳和碳氢化合物的排放,但关于乙醇和氮氧化物排放的文献远未得出结论;因此,需要对SI发动机中的乙醇/汽油混合物和NOX排放的相对产生进行深入、更新的审查。有鉴于此,本工作旨在提供一份关于SI发动机中乙醇燃烧现状的全面文献综述,以明确说明各种运行条件下NOX排放的潜在变化。本文的第一部分讨论了乙醇作为替代运输燃料的可行性,包括世界生产和乙醇生产过程。然后比较了乙醇和汽油的物理化学性质,分析了它们对燃烧效率和废气排放的影响。然后,对直喷式发动机气缸内NOX的形成途径进行了深入的探讨。最后,我们回顾并批判性地讨论了混合物中乙醇浓度和不同发动机参数对NOX形成的影响。
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引用次数: 13
期刊
Biofuel Research Journal-BRJ
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