Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1476750317736370
V. Narain, Pranay Ranjan, S. Vij, Aman Dewan
This paper describes the intervention strategy to improve water security in Sultanpur, a village in periurban Gurgaon, India. Most approaches to improving natural resource management in periurban contexts focus on mobilising the community; little attention is paid to reorienting the state or strengthening the user-bureaucracy interface. This paper describes the action research process that was followed to reorient civic agencies engaged in the provisioning of water and to break from a situation of distrust and prisoners' dilemma between water users and service providers. The paper argues that the creation and provision of a platform for direct engagement between water users and service providers can be a key tool for improving periurban water security. These platforms can provide support in building community resilience to face challenges such as climate variability and urbanisation, both of which threaten periurban water security. The action research emphasises on building the community's capacity to ask for improved water supply and to negotiate with state service providers, rather than augmenting water supply physically.
{"title":"Taking the road less taken: reorienting the state for periurban water security","authors":"V. Narain, Pranay Ranjan, S. Vij, Aman Dewan","doi":"10.1177/1476750317736370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317736370","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the intervention strategy to improve water security in Sultanpur, a village in periurban Gurgaon, India. Most approaches to improving natural resource management in periurban contexts focus on mobilising the community; little attention is paid to reorienting the state or strengthening the user-bureaucracy interface. This paper describes the action research process that was followed to reorient civic agencies engaged in the provisioning of water and to break from a situation of distrust and prisoners' dilemma between water users and service providers. The paper argues that the creation and provision of a platform for direct engagement between water users and service providers can be a key tool for improving periurban water security. These platforms can provide support in building community resilience to face challenges such as climate variability and urbanisation, both of which threaten periurban water security. The action research emphasises on building the community's capacity to ask for improved water supply and to negotiate with state service providers, rather than augmenting water supply physically.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"528 - 545"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750317736370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48351777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1476750317698027
K. Siu, Jiaxin Xiao
While many researchers have pointed out that public design can increase users’ sustainable practices, how to achieve good public designs is challenging. To explore the current public design barriers and solutions to household recycling in Hong Kong, our research group, in collaboration with two Caritas Community Centres, adopted participatory action research, including questionnaires, interviews, non-participant observations, collaborative workshops and on-site iterative prototyping process, to carry out a research project. In this project, local residents, recyclers, property management officers and cleaners in five public rental housing estates were recruited to voice their views on public design for recycling. Through the results of the spiral design exploration conducted at Sai Wan Estate, this study demonstrates the validity of action research to promote the participatory design for recycling. The paper concludes with a discussion of some barriers to and experience with applying these methods to improve the practice in the context of high-rise living environments. It also provides experience and insights into action research in public design for designers, researchers and policy makers.
{"title":"Public facility design for sustainability: Participatory action research on household recycling in Hong Kong","authors":"K. Siu, Jiaxin Xiao","doi":"10.1177/1476750317698027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317698027","url":null,"abstract":"While many researchers have pointed out that public design can increase users’ sustainable practices, how to achieve good public designs is challenging. To explore the current public design barriers and solutions to household recycling in Hong Kong, our research group, in collaboration with two Caritas Community Centres, adopted participatory action research, including questionnaires, interviews, non-participant observations, collaborative workshops and on-site iterative prototyping process, to carry out a research project. In this project, local residents, recyclers, property management officers and cleaners in five public rental housing estates were recruited to voice their views on public design for recycling. Through the results of the spiral design exploration conducted at Sai Wan Estate, this study demonstrates the validity of action research to promote the participatory design for recycling. The paper concludes with a discussion of some barriers to and experience with applying these methods to improve the practice in the context of high-rise living environments. It also provides experience and insights into action research in public design for designers, researchers and policy makers.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"448 - 468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750317698027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45138567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1476750317704047
Octavio López-Martínez, H. E. Cuanalo de la Cerda
Different initiatives have promoted the use of improved cook stoves around the world. Their goal has been to eradicate cooking over open flame inside dwellings because it is associated with health problems, inefficient resource use and greenhouse gas emissions. Most of these improved cook stoves initiatives depend heavily on expert-generated solutions, treating users as mere recipients. However, they have had little success in terms of adoption rates. Their failures are due to myriad factors, highlighting the complexity of this problem. In the rural community of Yaxcabá, Mexico, most households use wood as a cooking fuel in small fire pits. As an alternative approach to this problem, we proposed a project to create an improved cook stoves based on dialogue with community members. We used a systems approach to analyze the large number of variables involved in the problem. Following participatory action research approach, we worked with 17 participants forming two groups in a process of self-diagnosis, design, construction and evaluation of two improved cook stoves models. The participants stated that the resulting improved cook stoves offered multiple advantages over previous devices, particularly in sociocultural, environmental and comfort aspects.
{"title":"Participatory action research in the design, construction and evaluation of improved cook stoves in a rural Yucatec Maya community","authors":"Octavio López-Martínez, H. E. Cuanalo de la Cerda","doi":"10.1177/1476750317704047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317704047","url":null,"abstract":"Different initiatives have promoted the use of improved cook stoves around the world. Their goal has been to eradicate cooking over open flame inside dwellings because it is associated with health problems, inefficient resource use and greenhouse gas emissions. Most of these improved cook stoves initiatives depend heavily on expert-generated solutions, treating users as mere recipients. However, they have had little success in terms of adoption rates. Their failures are due to myriad factors, highlighting the complexity of this problem. In the rural community of Yaxcabá, Mexico, most households use wood as a cooking fuel in small fire pits. As an alternative approach to this problem, we proposed a project to create an improved cook stoves based on dialogue with community members. We used a systems approach to analyze the large number of variables involved in the problem. Following participatory action research approach, we worked with 17 participants forming two groups in a process of self-diagnosis, design, construction and evaluation of two improved cook stoves models. The participants stated that the resulting improved cook stoves offered multiple advantages over previous devices, particularly in sociocultural, environmental and comfort aspects.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"490 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750317704047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41430229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1476750317721303
H. Mitchell, H. Allan, T. Koch
Eight Guyanese expatriate women, who had been living in and around London for decades, came together driven by a participatory inquiry approach. Do we just have ‘a touch of sugar’ or is diabetes a serious affliction were questions asked. The study’s objective was to find answers to these questions. Three nurse academics, one a Guyanese/English woman herself, researched alongside participants. After several years of storytelling and group discussion (2010–2015), the women recognised that when they connected socially, the practical effect of togetherness was empowerment. Researching with participants fostered new understandings of diabetes and improved self-management of this chronic condition. This was achieved through the collaborative character of the inquiry and as a practical response to the problems women were facing. They continue to engage with each other and are reaching out to the wider UK Guyanese community. They have a strong voice about living well with diabetes and strongly reject the myth that diabetes is only ‘a touch of sugar’.
{"title":"Guyanese expatriate women ask: ‘Is it a touch of sugar?’","authors":"H. Mitchell, H. Allan, T. Koch","doi":"10.1177/1476750317721303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317721303","url":null,"abstract":"Eight Guyanese expatriate women, who had been living in and around London for decades, came together driven by a participatory inquiry approach. Do we just have ‘a touch of sugar’ or is diabetes a serious affliction were questions asked. The study’s objective was to find answers to these questions. Three nurse academics, one a Guyanese/English woman herself, researched alongside participants. After several years of storytelling and group discussion (2010–2015), the women recognised that when they connected socially, the practical effect of togetherness was empowerment. Researching with participants fostered new understandings of diabetes and improved self-management of this chronic condition. This was achieved through the collaborative character of the inquiry and as a practical response to the problems women were facing. They continue to engage with each other and are reaching out to the wider UK Guyanese community. They have a strong voice about living well with diabetes and strongly reject the myth that diabetes is only ‘a touch of sugar’.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"433 - 447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750317721303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47305696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1476750317704892
M. Currie, Janni Sorensen
Case studies are an effective vehicle for telling important stories that may have broader implications, but how is the research study made relevant, or generalizable, to other places or events? This paper discusses the upscaling of Action Research where Action Research was the starting point at the local level that led to additional layers with larger, regional scale implications. The story behind the development process and resulting built form of Windy Ridge, a relatively new subdivision in Charlotte, North Carolina dubbed a “Neighborhood Built to Fail,” presents a compelling story. We trace the development of knowledge around three topics originating in Action Research and how we scaled those topics up to have policy implications: (1) owner occupancy and absentee landlords; (2) stability, instability, and neighborhood resiliency; and (3) zoning changes and environmental justice issues. We reflect on implications for practitioners and academics based on several years of neighborhood partnership and how Action Research can reveal structural issues at work within communities. Action Research findings provided a research- and evidence-based platform from which to advocate for neighborhood change and the motivation for the extended research. This approach produced an expanding research model emanating from Action Research data and questions originating with residents.
{"title":"Upscaling Action Research and implications for community organizing practice","authors":"M. Currie, Janni Sorensen","doi":"10.1177/1476750317704892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317704892","url":null,"abstract":"Case studies are an effective vehicle for telling important stories that may have broader implications, but how is the research study made relevant, or generalizable, to other places or events? This paper discusses the upscaling of Action Research where Action Research was the starting point at the local level that led to additional layers with larger, regional scale implications. The story behind the development process and resulting built form of Windy Ridge, a relatively new subdivision in Charlotte, North Carolina dubbed a “Neighborhood Built to Fail,” presents a compelling story. We trace the development of knowledge around three topics originating in Action Research and how we scaled those topics up to have policy implications: (1) owner occupancy and absentee landlords; (2) stability, instability, and neighborhood resiliency; and (3) zoning changes and environmental justice issues. We reflect on implications for practitioners and academics based on several years of neighborhood partnership and how Action Research can reveal structural issues at work within communities. Action Research findings provided a research- and evidence-based platform from which to advocate for neighborhood change and the motivation for the extended research. This approach produced an expanding research model emanating from Action Research data and questions originating with residents.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"469 - 489"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750317704892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41368780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1476750317725799
Amie Thurber, Leslie V. Collins, M. Greer, D. McKnight, D. Thompson
Policies affecting those living in poverty are often created without the direct and meaningful participation of the people meant to be served. This has been especially the case with public housing. To contextualize the need for alternative approaches to inquiry, we begin by examining the history of public housing through the lens of oppression and present critical Participatory Action Research as an alternative approach to research and policy-making. We provide a case study of a critical Participatory Action Research project sited in a public housing project slated for redevelopment. We conclude that engaging “resident experts” in the research process heightened the validity and credibility of the findings, amplified residents' self-determination, and provided greater congruence between the researchers' social justice values and our research methods.
{"title":"Resident experts: The potential of critical Participatory Action Research to inform public housing research and practice","authors":"Amie Thurber, Leslie V. Collins, M. Greer, D. McKnight, D. Thompson","doi":"10.1177/1476750317725799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750317725799","url":null,"abstract":"Policies affecting those living in poverty are often created without the direct and meaningful participation of the people meant to be served. This has been especially the case with public housing. To contextualize the need for alternative approaches to inquiry, we begin by examining the history of public housing through the lens of oppression and present critical Participatory Action Research as an alternative approach to research and policy-making. We provide a case study of a critical Participatory Action Research project sited in a public housing project slated for redevelopment. We conclude that engaging “resident experts” in the research process heightened the validity and credibility of the findings, amplified residents' self-determination, and provided greater congruence between the researchers' social justice values and our research methods.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"414 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750317725799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47694123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-29DOI: 10.1177/1476750320974087
Yael Skorkowich, D. Arieli, Javier Simonovich, Pauline Gur, Bseel Atamleh
This research examines the Nice 2 Meet U intervention program which, unlike other programs promoting dialogue between Arab/Palestinian and Jewish students on Israeli campuses, was a grassroots program initiated and moderated by students. The program was designed jointly by the initiators, the participants and the researcher/advisor using action research. The objective of the current study was to describe the negotiations among all the partners with respect to a central dilemma: should the program include political discourse on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? The research proposes seeing the negotiations over designing grassroots conflict intervention programs as an arena in which the participants' academic, ethno-national and gender positions intersect and shape knowledge-power relations. Alongside the risks inherent in this process, it also offers potential for creating transformative spaces that challenge traditional patterns of power relations and encourage students to take part in changing the social atmosphere on campus.
{"title":"Whose program is this? Negotiations in designing a student-initiated and student-led Jewish-Arab/Palestinian dialogue program on campus","authors":"Yael Skorkowich, D. Arieli, Javier Simonovich, Pauline Gur, Bseel Atamleh","doi":"10.1177/1476750320974087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750320974087","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the Nice 2 Meet U intervention program which, unlike other programs promoting dialogue between Arab/Palestinian and Jewish students on Israeli campuses, was a grassroots program initiated and moderated by students. The program was designed jointly by the initiators, the participants and the researcher/advisor using action research. The objective of the current study was to describe the negotiations among all the partners with respect to a central dilemma: should the program include political discourse on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? The research proposes seeing the negotiations over designing grassroots conflict intervention programs as an arena in which the participants' academic, ethno-national and gender positions intersect and shape knowledge-power relations. Alongside the risks inherent in this process, it also offers potential for creating transformative spaces that challenge traditional patterns of power relations and encourage students to take part in changing the social atmosphere on campus.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"72 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750320974087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47439745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-26DOI: 10.1177/1476750320974429
M. Vaccaro
This paper draws on the lessons learned from the [in]visible project, a community-based research partnership that aimed to learn more about the experiences of women, without children in their care, who experience chronic homelessness in Hamilton, Ontario. Through involving 70 women as participants, we used narrative and arts-based research methods to learn about the experiences and housing needs of this population. The purpose of the [in]visible project was to involve women in identifying gaps in housing services and generate recommendations on how permanent housing for women should be developed. This paper demonstrates how the participation of the women in three distinct data analysis activities including arts-based think tanks, participatory theorizing, and the creation of a conference workshop supported the participation of women at all stages of the data analysis process. This paper contributes to limited scholarship on participatory data analysis by presenting pragmatic and low-barrier ways of ensuring the findings and the direction of advocacy efforts reflect the social justice and change priorities of the women involved.
{"title":"Reflections on ‘doing’ participatory data analysis with women experiencing long-term homelessness","authors":"M. Vaccaro","doi":"10.1177/1476750320974429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750320974429","url":null,"abstract":"This paper draws on the lessons learned from the [in]visible project, a community-based research partnership that aimed to learn more about the experiences of women, without children in their care, who experience chronic homelessness in Hamilton, Ontario. Through involving 70 women as participants, we used narrative and arts-based research methods to learn about the experiences and housing needs of this population. The purpose of the [in]visible project was to involve women in identifying gaps in housing services and generate recommendations on how permanent housing for women should be developed. This paper demonstrates how the participation of the women in three distinct data analysis activities including arts-based think tanks, participatory theorizing, and the creation of a conference workshop supported the participation of women at all stages of the data analysis process. This paper contributes to limited scholarship on participatory data analysis by presenting pragmatic and low-barrier ways of ensuring the findings and the direction of advocacy efforts reflect the social justice and change priorities of the women involved.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"332 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750320974429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42946322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-16DOI: 10.1177/1476750320971013
M. Meyer, L. Wood
This article explains my living educational theory in the form of a professional framework that I call PART, which conceptually unites the roles of the artist, researcher and teacher (ART) to foster critical, participatory (P), and socially engaged action. I discuss how I improved my practice over four action research cycles to be more in line with my professed values of creativity, connectedness and care, followed by six learning platforms conducted with pre-service art teachers and community children in a South African context. Evidence of the students’ transformational learning was gathered over six learning platforms. Reflecting on my observations, pedagogical strategies and on students’ visual images and critical reflections on their learning, I found that the professional framework changed pre-service art teachers’ views – they became more learner-centred, using art as a mediating tool to engage learners in thinking about critical social issues and developed collaborative and leadership skills. The fundamental principles of the framework, aimed at developing critically engaged and reflective practitioners, working in diverse learning environments could be applied to almost any discipline within teacher education.
{"title":"My living theory of a professional framework for art education","authors":"M. Meyer, L. Wood","doi":"10.1177/1476750320971013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750320971013","url":null,"abstract":"This article explains my living educational theory in the form of a professional framework that I call PART, which conceptually unites the roles of the artist, researcher and teacher (ART) to foster critical, participatory (P), and socially engaged action. I discuss how I improved my practice over four action research cycles to be more in line with my professed values of creativity, connectedness and care, followed by six learning platforms conducted with pre-service art teachers and community children in a South African context. Evidence of the students’ transformational learning was gathered over six learning platforms. Reflecting on my observations, pedagogical strategies and on students’ visual images and critical reflections on their learning, I found that the professional framework changed pre-service art teachers’ views – they became more learner-centred, using art as a mediating tool to engage learners in thinking about critical social issues and developed collaborative and leadership skills. The fundamental principles of the framework, aimed at developing critically engaged and reflective practitioners, working in diverse learning environments could be applied to almost any discipline within teacher education.","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"406 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750320971013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48629243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1177/1476750320972485
S. Allen, Victor J. Friedman
{"title":"An emerging conversation between action research and conflict transformation","authors":"S. Allen, Victor J. Friedman","doi":"10.1177/1476750320972485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750320972485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46969,"journal":{"name":"Action Research","volume":"19 1","pages":"3 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1476750320972485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48835539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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