Diana Zavala-Rojas, Danielly Sorato, L. Hareide, K. Hofland
This article describes the design and compilation of the Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires (MCSQ), the first publicly available corpus of international survey questionnaires. Version 3.0 (Rosalind Franklin) is compiled from questionnaires from the European Social Survey, the European Values Study, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and the Wage Indicator Survey in the (British) English source language and their translations into eight languages (Catalan, Czech, French, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian). Documents in the corpus were translated with the objective of maximising data comparability across cultures. After contextualising aims and procedures in survey translation, this article presents examples of two types of problematic translation outcomes in survey questionnaires: The first type relates to the choice of idiomatic terms or fixed expressions in the source text. The second type relates to cases where the semantic variation of translation choices exceeds the scope allowed to maintain the psychometric properties across languages. With these examples, we aim to demonstrate how corpus linguistics can be used to analyse past translation outcomes and to improve the methodology for translating questionnaires.
{"title":"The Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires: A tool for refining survey translation","authors":"Diana Zavala-Rojas, Danielly Sorato, L. Hareide, K. Hofland","doi":"10.7202/1092191ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092191ar","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the design and compilation of the Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires (MCSQ), the first publicly available corpus of international survey questionnaires. Version 3.0 (Rosalind Franklin) is compiled from questionnaires from the European Social Survey, the European Values Study, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and the Wage Indicator Survey in the (British) English source language and their translations into eight languages (Catalan, Czech, French, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian). Documents in the corpus were translated with the objective of maximising data comparability across cultures. After contextualising aims and procedures in survey translation, this article presents examples of two types of problematic translation outcomes in survey questionnaires: The first type relates to the choice of idiomatic terms or fixed expressions in the source text. The second type relates to cases where the semantic variation of translation choices exceeds the scope allowed to maintain the psychometric properties across languages. With these examples, we aim to demonstrate how corpus linguistics can be used to analyse past translation outcomes and to improve the methodology for translating questionnaires.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74431011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ever since the publication of Laviosa’s (1998a; 1998b) pioneering work, the study of lexico-syntactic simplification has held centre stage in corpus translation research concerned with the typical features of translated texts. The simplification hypothesis states that translated texts are simpler than non-translated texts. The convergence hypothesis, also discussed by Laviosa (1998a; 1998b), but less so in follow-up studies, is that translated texts are more homogeneous than original texts, that is they display less variance. To date, simplification has mostly been operationalised in CBTS as type-token ratio, lexical density, core vocabulary coverage, list head coverage and average sentence length. Relying on these parameters, previous research has produced mixed results, with simplification varying across translation modalities, language pairs and registers. The present article sets out to revisit the simplification and convergence hypotheses through the lens of NLP-informed readability research. In particular, we rely on a larger set of simplification indicators and make use of multivariate statistical techniques. We present a simplification study of Europarl corpus data in French translated from English and in non-translated French. The results show that translated French is simpler than original French, lexically and syntactically. We also find evidence of convergence that shows that translators smooth out cross-speaker lexical heterogeneity in translated parliamentary proceedings.
{"title":"Revisiting simplification in corpus-based translation studies: Insights from readability research","authors":"Thomas François, M. Lefer","doi":"10.7202/1092190ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092190ar","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since the publication of Laviosa’s (1998a; 1998b) pioneering work, the study of lexico-syntactic simplification has held centre stage in corpus translation research concerned with the typical features of translated texts. The simplification hypothesis states that translated texts are simpler than non-translated texts. The convergence hypothesis, also discussed by Laviosa (1998a; 1998b), but less so in follow-up studies, is that translated texts are more homogeneous than original texts, that is they display less variance. To date, simplification has mostly been operationalised in CBTS as type-token ratio, lexical density, core vocabulary coverage, list head coverage and average sentence length. Relying on these parameters, previous research has produced mixed results, with simplification varying across translation modalities, language pairs and registers. The present article sets out to revisit the simplification and convergence hypotheses through the lens of NLP-informed readability research. In particular, we rely on a larger set of simplification indicators and make use of multivariate statistical techniques. We present a simplification study of Europarl corpus data in French translated from English and in non-translated French. The results show that translated French is simpler than original French, lexically and syntactically. We also find evidence of convergence that shows that translators smooth out cross-speaker lexical heterogeneity in translated parliamentary proceedings.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80309832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article est situé au croisement de deux domaines de recherche en traductologie : la traductologie de corpus et la recherche sur la traduction journalistique. Il intègre les acquis de ces deux courants pour développer une approche qui permet d’identifier la présence de la traduction dans un journal historique de langue française, la Gazette de France (1632-1792). À travers une série d’études de cas inspirées par les soi-disant « universaux » de traduction, il teste l’hypothèse commune que le cahier de la Gazette de France qui s’intitule Nouvelles ordinaires se compose de dépêches traduites à partir de gazettes en langues germaniques. En confirmant cette hypothèse, les résultats apportent un appui supplémentaire aux recherches sur l’histoire de la presse et soulignent la valeur herméneutique de l’universel de l’interférence.
本文立足于语料库翻译学和新闻翻译研究这两个研究领域。他结合了这两种趋势的成果，发展了一种方法，使我们能够在法语历史期刊《法兰西公报》(1632-1792)中识别翻译的存在。通过一系列受所谓翻译“普遍性”启发的案例研究，他检验了一个普遍的假设，即名为Nouvelles ordinaire的《法国公报》(cahier de la Gazette de France)是由从公报翻译成日耳曼语言的电报组成的。通过证实这一假设，研究结果为新闻史的研究提供了额外的支持，并强调了干涉的普遍性的解释学价值。
{"title":"La traductologie de corpus et la traduction journalistique historique1","authors":"Mairi McLaughlin","doi":"10.7202/1092195ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092195ar","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article est situé au croisement de deux domaines de recherche en traductologie : la traductologie de corpus et la recherche sur la traduction journalistique. Il intègre les acquis de ces deux courants pour développer une approche qui permet d’identifier la présence de la traduction dans un journal historique de langue française, la Gazette de France (1632-1792). À travers une série d’études de cas inspirées par les soi-disant « universaux » de traduction, il teste l’hypothèse commune que le cahier de la Gazette de France qui s’intitule Nouvelles ordinaires se compose de dépêches traduites à partir de gazettes en langues germaniques. En confirmant cette hypothèse, les résultats apportent un appui supplémentaire aux recherches sur l’histoire de la presse et soulignent la valeur herméneutique de l’universel de l’interférence.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82480430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Au cours de la dernière décennie, les langages contrôlés (LC) ont toujours été l’objet d’une attention accrue en traduction automatique (TA). La majorité des études ont porté sur l’impact des LC sur la qualité du produit final de la TA, mais très peu d’entre elles se sont intéressées à l’impact de la TA sur l’accessibilité des textes cibles pour les personnes à besoins particuliers. Cet article vise à combler cette lacune. Il cherche à déterminer, par le biais d’une étude linguistique comparative, si les systèmes de TA génériques constituent une option viable pour produire, à partir de textes simplifiés sources, des textes cibles faciles à lire et à comprendre (FALC). Nous avons testé trois outils génériques de TA (DeepL, Google Translate et Yandex) avec des textes FALC de trois domaines différents, dans quatre paires de langues. Les résultats montrent que DeepL est l’outil le plus performant et que l’espagnol et les textes administratifs restent ceux qui occasionnent le plus de problèmes pour la TA. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de l’accessibilité linguistique, les problèmes aux niveaux lexical et stylistique sont les plus nombreux. Même si la TA ne produit pas encore des textes FALC acceptables, notre étude en souligne le potentiel et met l’accent sur la difficulté de créer du contenu multilingue accessible pour tous.
{"title":"La traduction automatique des textes faciles à lire et à comprendre (FALC) : une étude comparative","authors":"Silvia Rodríguez Vázquez, Abigail Kaplan, Pierre Bouillon, Cornelia Griebel, Razieh Azari","doi":"10.7202/1092189ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092189ar","url":null,"abstract":"Au cours de la dernière décennie, les langages contrôlés (LC) ont toujours été l’objet d’une attention accrue en traduction automatique (TA). La majorité des études ont porté sur l’impact des LC sur la qualité du produit final de la TA, mais très peu d’entre elles se sont intéressées à l’impact de la TA sur l’accessibilité des textes cibles pour les personnes à besoins particuliers. Cet article vise à combler cette lacune. Il cherche à déterminer, par le biais d’une étude linguistique comparative, si les systèmes de TA génériques constituent une option viable pour produire, à partir de textes simplifiés sources, des textes cibles faciles à lire et à comprendre (FALC). Nous avons testé trois outils génériques de TA (DeepL, Google Translate et Yandex) avec des textes FALC de trois domaines différents, dans quatre paires de langues. Les résultats montrent que DeepL est l’outil le plus performant et que l’espagnol et les textes administratifs restent ceux qui occasionnent le plus de problèmes pour la TA. En ce qui concerne l’évaluation de l’accessibilité linguistique, les problèmes aux niveaux lexical et stylistique sont les plus nombreux. Même si la TA ne produit pas encore des textes FALC acceptables, notre étude en souligne le potentiel et met l’accent sur la difficulté de créer du contenu multilingue accessible pour tous.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76565149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Éditorial","authors":"Georges L. Bastin","doi":"10.7202/1092187ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092187ar","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85730490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’articulation entre la théorie et la pratique a toujours été problématique en traductologie. Or, dès le départ, une des promesses de la traductologie de corpus a été de proposer une méthode pour articuler fermement la théorie à la pratique. Dès le départ aussi, la traductologie de corpus a ranimé l’ambition théorique de mettre au jour des lois et des universaux. Le poids de la statistique en traductologie de corpus semble ainsi l’avoir en partie détournée de son inspiration empirique et de la promesse d’une articulation entre théorie et pratique. À rebours de cette tendance, nous présentons ici les résultats d’une étude qui s’inscrit dans le champ d’une « traductologie critique fondée sur corpus » et permet de renouer avec l’une des promesses initiales de la traductologie de corpus, pour mettre en valeur certains problèmes spécifiques à une situation et à un contexte de traduction donnés. À partir d’une analyse statistique exploratoire dans le logiciel R des synthèses des rapports du GIEC et de leurs traductions en français et en espagnol, sur la période allant de 1990 à 2014, nous montrons qu’une traductologie de corpus exploratoire et critique apporte un éclairage sur le travail empirique des traducteurs institutionnels, notamment par l’analyse des choix terminologiques et de reformulation.
{"title":"Pour une traductologie de corpus exploratoire : méthodologie d’analyse d’un corpus de rapports du GIEC et de leurs traductions","authors":"A. Talbot, Camille Biros, Caroline Rossi","doi":"10.7202/1092193ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092193ar","url":null,"abstract":"L’articulation entre la théorie et la pratique a toujours été problématique en traductologie. Or, dès le départ, une des promesses de la traductologie de corpus a été de proposer une méthode pour articuler fermement la théorie à la pratique. Dès le départ aussi, la traductologie de corpus a ranimé l’ambition théorique de mettre au jour des lois et des universaux. Le poids de la statistique en traductologie de corpus semble ainsi l’avoir en partie détournée de son inspiration empirique et de la promesse d’une articulation entre théorie et pratique. À rebours de cette tendance, nous présentons ici les résultats d’une étude qui s’inscrit dans le champ d’une « traductologie critique fondée sur corpus » et permet de renouer avec l’une des promesses initiales de la traductologie de corpus, pour mettre en valeur certains problèmes spécifiques à une situation et à un contexte de traduction donnés. À partir d’une analyse statistique exploratoire dans le logiciel R des synthèses des rapports du GIEC et de leurs traductions en français et en espagnol, sur la période allant de 1990 à 2014, nous montrons qu’une traductologie de corpus exploratoire et critique apporte un éclairage sur le travail empirique des traducteurs institutionnels, notamment par l’analyse des choix terminologiques et de reformulation.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90072368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares phraseological tendencies in translated vs. non-translated English through functionally classified 3-word sequences. The study builds on previous research that compared 3-grams in fiction texts originally written in English with fiction texts translated from Norwegian. The current investigation adds English translations from two additional languages – German and Swedish – with the aim of establishing to what extent the tendencies noted for English translations from Norwegian extend to English translations from other languages. Thus the study contributes to the discussion of translation universals and translation as a third code. At the level of 3-gram functions, it has been uncovered that English originals and translations share similar functional characteristics in eight of the fourteen categories identified. Of the remaining six, four show statistically significant differences between originals and translations, regardless of source language. Based on a more qualitative study of four specific 3-grams from two of these categories, it is concluded, in line with the previous studies, that the most likely explanations are source language(s) shining through and the (potentially universal) tendency for translators to use a smaller and more fixed set of expressions in their translations.
{"title":"The function of recurrent word-combinations in English translations from three different languages","authors":"S. O. Ebeling","doi":"10.7202/1092194ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092194ar","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares phraseological tendencies in translated vs. non-translated English through functionally classified 3-word sequences. The study builds on previous research that compared 3-grams in fiction texts originally written in English with fiction texts translated from Norwegian. The current investigation adds English translations from two additional languages – German and Swedish – with the aim of establishing to what extent the tendencies noted for English translations from Norwegian extend to English translations from other languages. Thus the study contributes to the discussion of translation universals and translation as a third code. At the level of 3-gram functions, it has been uncovered that English originals and translations share similar functional characteristics in eight of the fourteen categories identified. Of the remaining six, four show statistically significant differences between originals and translations, regardless of source language. Based on a more qualitative study of four specific 3-grams from two of these categories, it is concluded, in line with the previous studies, that the most likely explanations are source language(s) shining through and the (potentially universal) tendency for translators to use a smaller and more fixed set of expressions in their translations.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79002388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As corpus-based translation studies continues to expand, researchers have employed data analytic techniques from neighbouring disciplines, such as corpus linguistics, to explore a wider variety of research questions. The field has evolved from early frequency-based approaches to corpus-based translation studies to now include more advanced statistical analyses to understand the complex web of variables encapsulated by the translation process. Big data analytic techniques that originated in data analytics and related quantitative fields could be usefully applied to research questions in translation and interpreting studies. To assess their applicability, this article first outlines what distinguishes big data from general corpora in translation and interpreting studies, identifying how data volume, variety, and velocity are applicable properties to be considered in corpus-based translation and interpreting studies research. Then, the article presents three types of big data analysis techniques, namely crosslingual and multilingual data analysis, sentiment analysis, and visual analysis. These analyses are presented in conjunction with potential research areas that would benefit from these complementary analytical approaches. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of big data analytics in corpus translation studies, while charting the trajectory of a more quantitative, corpus-based approach to translation studies.
{"title":"Quantitative questions on big data in translation studies","authors":"C. Mellinger","doi":"10.7202/1092197ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1092197ar","url":null,"abstract":"As corpus-based translation studies continues to expand, researchers have employed data analytic techniques from neighbouring disciplines, such as corpus linguistics, to explore a wider variety of research questions. The field has evolved from early frequency-based approaches to corpus-based translation studies to now include more advanced statistical analyses to understand the complex web of variables encapsulated by the translation process. Big data analytic techniques that originated in data analytics and related quantitative fields could be usefully applied to research questions in translation and interpreting studies. To assess their applicability, this article first outlines what distinguishes big data from general corpora in translation and interpreting studies, identifying how data volume, variety, and velocity are applicable properties to be considered in corpus-based translation and interpreting studies research. Then, the article presents three types of big data analysis techniques, namely crosslingual and multilingual data analysis, sentiment analysis, and visual analysis. These analyses are presented in conjunction with potential research areas that would benefit from these complementary analytical approaches. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of big data analytics in corpus translation studies, while charting the trajectory of a more quantitative, corpus-based approach to translation studies.","PeriodicalId":46977,"journal":{"name":"META","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89378935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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