International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion最新文献

Traffic fatalities from 2015 to 2019 in Uttar Pradesh (UP), India show that pedestrians and cyclists have the largest share of total road fatalities. This study analyzed the pedestrian's perceptions of risk in the medium-sized city-Bulandshahr-UP, India regarding the traffic and road features. Perception of risk provides important information in identifying potential risks and explaining travel choices by pedestrians. The study locations were selected based on identified blackspots i.e. clustering of actual fatal crashes during 2015-2019 in UP. The types of locations at the blackspots were intersections below flyover, four-way signalized intersections, midblocks and foot of flyovers. An empirical analysis is presented in the study by taking pedestrians' ranking of the selected risk factors like traffic speed, free left turn at intersections, unmarked crosswalks, median width, traffic volume and the number of lanes and using the Rank-ordered logit model. Traffic speed and median width were ranked as the two highest risk factors by pedestrians. The results also indicated that increased numbers of lanes are more likely to be perceived riskier by older age groups of pedestrians and females at intersections below flyovers and midblocks. A comparison of different locations shows that all the factors were significant at four-way signalized intersections, indicating more perceived risk by pedestrians at intersections. These significant results can be used by practitioners to design safer intersections and midblocks at selected locations for pedestrians in UP, India.

The main goal of this study is to investigate the unobserved heterogeneity in VRU-MV crash data and to determine the relatively important contributing factors of injury severity. For this end, a latent class analysis (LCA) coupled with random parameters logit model (LCA-RPL) is developed to segment the VRU-MV crashes into relatively homogeneous clusters and to explore the differences among clusters. The random-forest-based SHapley Additive exPlanation (RF-SHAP) approach is used to explore the relative importance of the contributing factors for injury severity in each cluster. The results show that, vulnerable group (VG), intersection or not (ION) and road type (RT) clearly distinguish the crash clusters. Moto-vehicle type and functional zone have significant impact on the injury severity among all clusters. Several variables (e.g. ION, crash type [CT], season and RT) demonstrate a significant effect in a specific sub-cluster model. Results of this study provide specific and insightful countermeasures that target the contributing factors in each cluster for mitigating VRU-MV crash injury severity.

Strengthening crash surveillance is an urgent priority for road safety in low- and middle-income countries. We reviewed the online availability and completeness of First Information Reports (FIRs; police reports) of road traffic crashes in India. We developed a relational database to record information extracted from FIRs, and implemented it for one state (Chhattisgarh, 2017-2019). We found that FIRs can be downloaded in bulk from government websites of 15 states and union territories. Another 14 provide access online but restrict bulk downloading, and 7 do not provide online access. For Chhattisgarh, 87% of registered FIRs could be downloaded. Most FIRs reported the date, time, collision-type, and vehicle-types, but important crash characteristics (e.g. infrastructure attributes) were missing. India needs to invest in building the crash surveillance capacity for research and safety management. However, in the interim, maintaining a national database of a sample of FIRs can provide useful policy guidance.

Studies on pedestrian deaths and injuries at the urban level in Africa mostly provide overall aggregated figures and do not examine variation in the sub-urban units. Using cluster analysis, this study sought to determine if the observed pattern in the distribution of pedestrian injuries and deaths among parishes in Kampala city is significant. Pedestrian crash data from 2015 to 2019 were collected from the Uganda Traffic Police database. Serious and fatal pedestrian injury rates were mapped by parish using ArcMap and cluster analyses conducted. Results from spatial autocorrelation (Moran's Index of 0.18 and 0.17 for fatal and serious injury rates respectively) showed that the distributions were clustered within parishes crossed by highways and located in the inner city respectively. Z-scores of 3.32 (p < 0.01) for serious injury rates and 3.71 (p < 0.01) for fatal injury rates indicated that the clustering was not random. This study's main contribution was providing a detailed spatial distribution of pedestrian fatal and serious injury rates for Kampala; a city in a low developing country in Africa at the micro-scale of a parish. This foundational exploratory paper formed the first step of a broader study examining built environment factors explaining this pattern.

Trauma disproportionately affects vulnerable road users, especially the elderly. We analyzed the spatial distribution of elderly pedestrians struck by vehicles in the urban area of Maringa city, from 2014 to 2018. Hotspots were obtained by kernel density estimation and wavelet analysis. The relationship between spatial relative risks (RR) of elderly run-overs and the built environment was assessed through Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Incidents were more frequent in the central and southeast regions of the city, where the RR was up to 2.58 times higher. The QCA test found a significant association between elderly pedestrian victims and the presence of traffic lights, medical centers/hospitals, roundabouts and schools. There is an association between higher risk of elderly pedestrians collisions and specific elements of built environments in Maringa, providing fundamental data to help guide public policies to improve urban mobility aimed at protecting vulnerable road users and planning an age-friendly city.

Lack of data on exposure for walking and cycling poses a significant barrier to understanding the injury risk of these road users. Though this data paucity is most prevalent across low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), it remains a challenge in many high-income countries as well. A new and simple method has been proposed to estimate population-level cycling distance travelled, with New Delhi, India as a case study. I used two independent estimates to calculate this distance. First, a ratio of motorcycle volume counts to that of cycle volume counts across major roads, and second, the total annual distance travelled by motorcycles. I validate this method using data from London, where cycling distance estimates are available from city-wide traffic volume counts as well as household travel survey. Combining the distance estimates with annual fatalities of corresponding road users, I found that cyclists have about 2 times greater fatality risk per kilometre than motorcycle occupants and about 40 times greater risk than car occupants. To encourage greater use of cycling, there is an urgent need to narrow this gap between the safety of cyclists and that of car occupants. The proposed method can be used to monitor cycling usage and its risk for many settings where traffic surveillance systems do not exist.

This review aimed to evaluate and synthesize information on the effects of first-aid education in road traffic crashes on knowledge, attitudes, and skills among non-healthcare professionals. A qualitative study was designed according to the Prepared Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards to evaluate three outcomes, knowledge, skills, and attitude. The search strategy was performed in five databases (Science Direct, Scopus, CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and Google Scholar) to retrieve primary studies published between January 2011 and December 2021. In addition, the full texts of randomized controlled trials conducted on adults were included. Among the 2,399 articles retrieved from the databases, 2,388 were discarded, and only five studies met the inclusion criteria and were used in the final analysis and synthesis. Three of the five studies suggested that knowledge and skills are crucial in differentiating outcome factors between intervention and control groups regarding the effectiveness of first aid education. However, two studies on attitude and behaviour toward first-aid found no discernible change between the intervention and the control group. Therefore, our review revealed that only a well-structured first aid education is crucial to leverage the knowledge and skills of non-healthcare professionals before first aid provision, not attitude or behaviours.

Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of contact for individuals following self-harm. The majority of previous research relies on hospital-based data, yet only a minority of individuals who self-harm in the community present to healthcare services. The study design is cross-sectional survey design. Data from the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast (NIHR ARC NWC) Household Health Survey, a community-based public health survey in North West England, was collected using stratified random sampling. Three thousand four hundred twelve people were recruited in 2018 from relatively disadvantaged areas. The sample included 1490 men and 1922 women aged 18 to 100 years (M = 49.37, SD = 18.91). Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine demographic, health and socioeconomic predictors of self-harm and ED attendance for self-harm. Age (18-24 years), lower financial status, depression, anxiety and physical and mental health co-morbidity was associated with significantly higher levels of self-harm. People aged 18-24 years, with physical and mental health co-morbidity and lower levels of social support had significantly higher levels of attending EDs for self-harm. Improving people's financial situations, social connectivity, mental and physical health may help to reduce individual risk for self-harm and strain on health services.

The most cost-effective way to improve the performance of a new road is to integrate road safety into the early phase of the project design. Therefore, the information obtained from the design phase is simply used to get an overview of the project in place. This article proposes a simplified analytical tool to target road safety problems proactively, even before inspection visits. The study area contains 110 segments of 100 m long (inspection intervals) of a highway under construction, sited in Algeria in the locality of Ghazaouet, Wilaya of Tlemcen. The methodology adopted consists of combining the International Road Assessment Program (iRAP) and the multiple linear regression method to obtain a simplified analytical model, which allows the prediction of road risk for each section of 100 m. The results obtained showed a 98% correlation between the model values and the real values obtained by the iRAP approach. As a complement to the iRAP method, this approach facilitates the anticipatory assessment of road risks by road safety auditors. Eventually, this tool will support and guide auditors to be acquainted with the recent trends in the domain of road safety.