In response to urgent environmental sustainability and carbon reduction issues, the global transportation sector is actively promoting the use of electric vehicles to replace high-carbon emitting fuel vehicles. In the Taiwan two-wheeler market, for example, electric-scooter (e-scooter) products are increasingly meeting the needs of consumers due to their continuous lightweight and aesthetically designed improvements, as well as the provision of convenient battery swapping services. By the end of 2022, 2% of consumers in the overall scooter market had opted for e-scooters instead of fuel scooters, indicating that their needs were being satisfied. To further meet the consumer demand for e-scooters, Taiwan launched shared e-scooter services in 2018, enabling consumers to ride e-scooters by paying reasonable vehicle usage fees in a "rent-to-own" model to meet their transportation needs. As of the end of 2022, more than 8,000 e-scooters were made available for the public to share, satisfying the needs of consumers requiring short-distance transportation using e-scooters. From another perspective, the usage rate of private e-scooters is not high in Taiwan, with an average usage time of 54 minutes per private e-scooter. Since shared e-scooters are available for all users to consume, they can effectively reduce the idle rate of e-scooters and increase their usage rate, further meeting consumer needs. The primary goal of launching these products and services is to focus on sustainable transportation, as the simultaneous provision of these two service models can meet the needs of consumers with different transportation and usage habits, ultimately aiming to replace fuel vehicles.This research aims to gather subjective feedback from consumers through a rating scale to understand the extent to which e-scooters and shared e-scooters are meeting consumer needs, as well as the issues encountered during their usage, while prioritizing user experience and satisfaction by exploring the perceived feelings of users in their interaction with e-scooter products or shared e-scooter services. Participants with prior experience of using e-scooters or shared e-scooters will be recruited to complete the questionnaire. The final results of this study aim to provide recommendations for enhancing the services based on consumer feedback and gain insights into the demand for e-scooters and shared e-scooters, including analyzing the differences in demand for these products and proposing suggestions to better meet consumer needs. By addressing the challenges faced by consumers in using e-scooters and shared e-scooters, the results of this research will contribute to the development of more user-friendly and efficient transportation solutions, ultimately promoting the adoption of sustainable transportation options in Taiwan and globally, and supporting the reduction of carbon emissions while improving the quality of life for the public.
{"title":"Analyzing user experience of e-scooter usage: A human-computer interaction perspective on personal vs shared e-scooters","authors":"Huang Fei-Hui, Wen-chou Huang","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004276","url":null,"abstract":"In response to urgent environmental sustainability and carbon reduction issues, the global transportation sector is actively promoting the use of electric vehicles to replace high-carbon emitting fuel vehicles. In the Taiwan two-wheeler market, for example, electric-scooter (e-scooter) products are increasingly meeting the needs of consumers due to their continuous lightweight and aesthetically designed improvements, as well as the provision of convenient battery swapping services. By the end of 2022, 2% of consumers in the overall scooter market had opted for e-scooters instead of fuel scooters, indicating that their needs were being satisfied. To further meet the consumer demand for e-scooters, Taiwan launched shared e-scooter services in 2018, enabling consumers to ride e-scooters by paying reasonable vehicle usage fees in a \"rent-to-own\" model to meet their transportation needs. As of the end of 2022, more than 8,000 e-scooters were made available for the public to share, satisfying the needs of consumers requiring short-distance transportation using e-scooters. From another perspective, the usage rate of private e-scooters is not high in Taiwan, with an average usage time of 54 minutes per private e-scooter. Since shared e-scooters are available for all users to consume, they can effectively reduce the idle rate of e-scooters and increase their usage rate, further meeting consumer needs. The primary goal of launching these products and services is to focus on sustainable transportation, as the simultaneous provision of these two service models can meet the needs of consumers with different transportation and usage habits, ultimately aiming to replace fuel vehicles.This research aims to gather subjective feedback from consumers through a rating scale to understand the extent to which e-scooters and shared e-scooters are meeting consumer needs, as well as the issues encountered during their usage, while prioritizing user experience and satisfaction by exploring the perceived feelings of users in their interaction with e-scooter products or shared e-scooter services. Participants with prior experience of using e-scooters or shared e-scooters will be recruited to complete the questionnaire. The final results of this study aim to provide recommendations for enhancing the services based on consumer feedback and gain insights into the demand for e-scooters and shared e-scooters, including analyzing the differences in demand for these products and proposing suggestions to better meet consumer needs. By addressing the challenges faced by consumers in using e-scooters and shared e-scooters, the results of this research will contribute to the development of more user-friendly and efficient transportation solutions, ultimately promoting the adoption of sustainable transportation options in Taiwan and globally, and supporting the reduction of carbon emissions while improving the quality of life for the public.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to improve modern society, the commercial aviation industry offers a significant opportunity. Although many parts of commercial aviation including maintenance, the ramp, and air traffic control show promise to integrate AI, the highly computerized digital flight deck (DFD) could be challenging. The researchers seek to understand what role AI could provide going forward by assessing AI evolution on the commercial flight deck over the past 50 years. A modified SHELL diagram is used to complete a Human Factors (HF) analysis of the early use for AI on the commercial flight deck through introduction of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), followed by the Enhanced GPWS (EGPWS) used currently, to demonstrate a form of Trustworthy AI (TAI). The recent Boeing 737 MAX 8 accidents are analyzed using an updated SHELL analysis that illustrates increased computer automation and information on the contemporary DFD. The 737 MAX 8 accidents and the role of the MCAS AI system are scrutinized to reveal the extent to which AI can fail and create distrust among end-users. Both analyses project what must be done to implement and integrate TAI effectively in a contemporary DFD design. The ergonomic evolution of AI on the commercial flight deck illustrates how it has helped achieve industry safety gains. Through gradual integration, the quest for pilot trust has been challenged when attempting to balance efficiency and safety in commercial flight. Preliminary data from a national survey of company pilots indicates that trust in AI is regarded positively in general, although less so when applied to personal involvement. Implications for DFD design incorporating more advanced AI are considered further within the realm of trust and reliability.
随着人工智能(AI)寻求改善现代社会，商用航空业提供了一个重要的机会。尽管商业航空的许多部分，包括维护、停机坪和空中交通管制，都有望整合人工智能，但高度计算机化的数字驾驶舱(DFD)可能具有挑战性。研究人员试图通过评估过去50年人工智能在商业飞行甲板上的演变，了解人工智能在未来可能发挥的作用。通过引入近地预警系统(GPWS)，使用修改的SHELL图来完成人工智能在商业飞行甲板上早期使用的人为因素(HF)分析，然后是目前使用的增进型GPWS (EGPWS)，以展示一种可信赖的人工智能(TAI)形式。最近的波音737 MAX 8事故分析使用了最新的SHELL分析，说明了计算机自动化程度的提高和当代DFD的信息。737 MAX 8事故和MCAS人工智能系统的作用被仔细审查，以揭示人工智能可能失败的程度，并在最终用户中造成不信任。两者都分析了在当代DFD设计中有效地实现和集成TAI必须做些什么。人工智能在商业飞行甲板上的人体工程学发展说明了它如何帮助实现行业安全收益。通过逐步整合，在试图平衡商业飞行的效率和安全时，对飞行员信任的追求受到了挑战。一项针对公司试点的全国性调查的初步数据表明，人们普遍认为对人工智能的信任是积极的，尽管在个人参与方面则不那么积极。将更先进的人工智能纳入DFD设计的影响在信任和可靠性领域得到进一步考虑。
{"title":"The Evolution of AI on the Commercial Flight Deck: Finding Balance between Efficiency and Safety While Maintaining the Integrity of Operator Trust","authors":"Mark Miller, Sam Holley, Leila Halawi","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004175","url":null,"abstract":"As artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to improve modern society, the commercial aviation industry offers a significant opportunity. Although many parts of commercial aviation including maintenance, the ramp, and air traffic control show promise to integrate AI, the highly computerized digital flight deck (DFD) could be challenging. The researchers seek to understand what role AI could provide going forward by assessing AI evolution on the commercial flight deck over the past 50 years. A modified SHELL diagram is used to complete a Human Factors (HF) analysis of the early use for AI on the commercial flight deck through introduction of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), followed by the Enhanced GPWS (EGPWS) used currently, to demonstrate a form of Trustworthy AI (TAI). The recent Boeing 737 MAX 8 accidents are analyzed using an updated SHELL analysis that illustrates increased computer automation and information on the contemporary DFD. The 737 MAX 8 accidents and the role of the MCAS AI system are scrutinized to reveal the extent to which AI can fail and create distrust among end-users. Both analyses project what must be done to implement and integrate TAI effectively in a contemporary DFD design. The ergonomic evolution of AI on the commercial flight deck illustrates how it has helped achieve industry safety gains. Through gradual integration, the quest for pilot trust has been challenged when attempting to balance efficiency and safety in commercial flight. Preliminary data from a national survey of company pilots indicates that trust in AI is regarded positively in general, although less so when applied to personal involvement. Implications for DFD design incorporating more advanced AI are considered further within the realm of trust and reliability.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara La Scaleia, Francesco Lacquaniti, Myrka Zago
Vestibular hypofunction due to aging or disease can be severely debilitating for daily life, causing dizziness, space disorientation, imbalance, limited mobility, and increased risk of falls. Current methods and techniques for vestibular rehabilitation often fail short of achieving stable, effective results due to the lack of physiologically-based, ergonomic approaches. Here we propose a novel approach based on the application of small-amplitude random displacements of the head and body, which can lead to enhanced vestibular function. The phenomenon we studied is akin to stochastic resonance, whereby the application of a given, optimal level of noise during periodic or non-periodic stimuli can determine an increased sensitivity in nonlinear systems, such as the vestibular perceptual system. The idea is that an appropriate level of noise can raise subthreshold stimuli above threshold, thereby making them detectable by the brain. We tested the protocol in a series of experiments involving 30 healthy young participants who were asked to discriminate the direction of whole-body motion imparted by a MOOG platform. Blindfolded subjects were presented with the discrimination of forward-backward single-cycle sinusoidal motion in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. The procedure followed an adaptive staircase. Vestibular threshold (i.e., minimum amplitude of applied motion that was discriminated by the subjects) was then computed from the slope of the psychometric function fitting the individual performance. We compared the vestibular threshold between the baseline condition (no external noise) and the conditions when band-limited white-noise was applied by the platform in the forward-backward direction. We found that in 26/30 participants the discrimination threshold was better with at least one noise level than that at baseline. The overall response curve roughly obeyed the bell-shaped function typical of stochastic resonance. We conclude that small-amplitude noise can ameliorate vestibular perception even in healthy young subjects. The advantage of this approach is that it is non-invasive and ecological, since it involves the application of small oscillations to the patient. Moreover, the task is easily understood since it consists of a classical discrimination paradigm.
{"title":"A novel stimulation protocol for vestibular rehabilitation","authors":"Barbara La Scaleia, Francesco Lacquaniti, Myrka Zago","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004373","url":null,"abstract":"Vestibular hypofunction due to aging or disease can be severely debilitating for daily life, causing dizziness, space disorientation, imbalance, limited mobility, and increased risk of falls. Current methods and techniques for vestibular rehabilitation often fail short of achieving stable, effective results due to the lack of physiologically-based, ergonomic approaches. Here we propose a novel approach based on the application of small-amplitude random displacements of the head and body, which can lead to enhanced vestibular function. The phenomenon we studied is akin to stochastic resonance, whereby the application of a given, optimal level of noise during periodic or non-periodic stimuli can determine an increased sensitivity in nonlinear systems, such as the vestibular perceptual system. The idea is that an appropriate level of noise can raise subthreshold stimuli above threshold, thereby making them detectable by the brain. We tested the protocol in a series of experiments involving 30 healthy young participants who were asked to discriminate the direction of whole-body motion imparted by a MOOG platform. Blindfolded subjects were presented with the discrimination of forward-backward single-cycle sinusoidal motion in a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. The procedure followed an adaptive staircase. Vestibular threshold (i.e., minimum amplitude of applied motion that was discriminated by the subjects) was then computed from the slope of the psychometric function fitting the individual performance. We compared the vestibular threshold between the baseline condition (no external noise) and the conditions when band-limited white-noise was applied by the platform in the forward-backward direction. We found that in 26/30 participants the discrimination threshold was better with at least one noise level than that at baseline. The overall response curve roughly obeyed the bell-shaped function typical of stochastic resonance. We conclude that small-amplitude noise can ameliorate vestibular perception even in healthy young subjects. The advantage of this approach is that it is non-invasive and ecological, since it involves the application of small oscillations to the patient. Moreover, the task is easily understood since it consists of a classical discrimination paradigm.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian Gonsher, Adriana Salazar, Shrey Mehta, Samantha Shulman, Nicholas Gaitanis, Arshiya Khosla, Denise Danielle Tamesis, Jillian Sun
Integrating sensors and screen interfaces directly into mobility devices offers individuals living with mobility issues, and medical providers, the opportunity to monitor health data and offer patient-specific therapeutic feedback in real time. This paper presents a series of prototypes that were developed in order to assess how these features can be optimally integrated into common mobility devices such as the walking cane. The early prototypes explored strategies for mounting a smartphone to a cane, as a low-cost strategy for improving mobility and reducing isolation by making use of smartphone apps for wayfinding, gait tracking, and video-conferencing. The later prototypes focused on the non-invasive integration of physiological sensors, in particular a pulse oximeter, to provide instantaneous physiological data to both the user and healthcare providers. Through a process of prototyping and critique, and integrating feedback from users, we developed an iterative series of designs that explore new strategies for affordable and easily accessible assistive technology. We conclude with a discussion of how these design strategies might be further developed and combined in order to provide more opportunities for seniors living with mobility issues to age in place.
{"title":"The Smart Cane Project: Integrating Screen Interfaces and Physiological Sensors into Mobility Devices","authors":"Ian Gonsher, Adriana Salazar, Shrey Mehta, Samantha Shulman, Nicholas Gaitanis, Arshiya Khosla, Denise Danielle Tamesis, Jillian Sun","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004383","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating sensors and screen interfaces directly into mobility devices offers individuals living with mobility issues, and medical providers, the opportunity to monitor health data and offer patient-specific therapeutic feedback in real time. This paper presents a series of prototypes that were developed in order to assess how these features can be optimally integrated into common mobility devices such as the walking cane. The early prototypes explored strategies for mounting a smartphone to a cane, as a low-cost strategy for improving mobility and reducing isolation by making use of smartphone apps for wayfinding, gait tracking, and video-conferencing. The later prototypes focused on the non-invasive integration of physiological sensors, in particular a pulse oximeter, to provide instantaneous physiological data to both the user and healthcare providers. Through a process of prototyping and critique, and integrating feedback from users, we developed an iterative series of designs that explore new strategies for affordable and easily accessible assistive technology. We conclude with a discussion of how these design strategies might be further developed and combined in order to provide more opportunities for seniors living with mobility issues to age in place.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a study on the implementation of a damper mechanism in the shoulder straps of children's school bags, which is known in Japan as Randsel. The increasing size of textbooks and the need to carry tablet computers further emphasized the necessity for such improvements, particularly for younger elementary school children. To evaluate the effectiveness of the damper strap, a computer vision tracking method was employed. Six schoolchildren were selected as participants and instructed to engage in jogging and walking in place while carrying the Randsel on their shoulders. Three markers were placed on the participants' shoulder and at the top and bottom of the Randsel to facilitate tracking. Results indicated that conventional Randsel designs exhibited delayed up-and-down movements in response to the participants' body motions during jogging on the spot. This resulted in a downward pull on the shoulder when the body was in an upward motion and an upward pull when the body descended to the ground, thereby disrupting the jogging walk. In contrast, the newly invented damper shoulder strap synchronized the timing of the up-and down movements with the body's motion. The delay time of Randsel’s movement from body motion was significantly reduced.
{"title":"Improving Comfort of Shoulder and Back Health in Children's School Bags: Examining Damper Shoulder Straps and Ergonomic Factors","authors":"Shigekazu Ishihara, Shuichi Konno","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004357","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study on the implementation of a damper mechanism in the shoulder straps of children's school bags, which is known in Japan as Randsel. The increasing size of textbooks and the need to carry tablet computers further emphasized the necessity for such improvements, particularly for younger elementary school children. To evaluate the effectiveness of the damper strap, a computer vision tracking method was employed. Six schoolchildren were selected as participants and instructed to engage in jogging and walking in place while carrying the Randsel on their shoulders. Three markers were placed on the participants' shoulder and at the top and bottom of the Randsel to facilitate tracking. Results indicated that conventional Randsel designs exhibited delayed up-and-down movements in response to the participants' body motions during jogging on the spot. This resulted in a downward pull on the shoulder when the body was in an upward motion and an upward pull when the body descended to the ground, thereby disrupting the jogging walk. In contrast, the newly invented damper shoulder strap synchronized the timing of the up-and down movements with the body's motion. The delay time of Randsel’s movement from body motion was significantly reduced.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrian Flowers, Arthur Wollocko, Caroline Kingsley, Elizabeth Thiry, Michael Jenkins
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate degradation in human color perception that can occur when using augmented reality displays.Background: Stereoscopic augmented reality displays are known to degrade a user’s ability to interpret projected color information. However, a quantitative breakdown of this degradation does not exist for contemporary augmented reality displays that use waveguide optical combiners.Method: Participants performed the Ishihara color test and an augmented reality-focused variant of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 test on color perception using a set of commercially available augmented reality displays (Microsoft HoloLens, Magic Leap One, and DAQRI Smart Glasses).Results: From our analysis of participant performance, we generated specifications to maximize color discrimination and highlighted common areas of difficulty for each headset.Conclusions: We defined a novel aware modification to a gold-standard test of color discrimination that accounts for spatial color distortion along the lens an AR display. The optimal color usage across displays will vary based on the design of the optical combiner, which necessitates a re-usable color test to characterize color degradation on each headset design.Applications: The design guidelines specified in this article will minimize the degradation in color perception when using augmented reality displays, allowing them to be used in domains that require fine color discrimination.
{"title":"Degradation in Dynamic Color Discrimination with Waveguide-Based Augmented Reality Displays","authors":"Adrian Flowers, Arthur Wollocko, Caroline Kingsley, Elizabeth Thiry, Michael Jenkins","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004451","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate degradation in human color perception that can occur when using augmented reality displays.Background: Stereoscopic augmented reality displays are known to degrade a user’s ability to interpret projected color information. However, a quantitative breakdown of this degradation does not exist for contemporary augmented reality displays that use waveguide optical combiners.Method: Participants performed the Ishihara color test and an augmented reality-focused variant of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 test on color perception using a set of commercially available augmented reality displays (Microsoft HoloLens, Magic Leap One, and DAQRI Smart Glasses).Results: From our analysis of participant performance, we generated specifications to maximize color discrimination and highlighted common areas of difficulty for each headset.Conclusions: We defined a novel aware modification to a gold-standard test of color discrimination that accounts for spatial color distortion along the lens an AR display. The optimal color usage across displays will vary based on the design of the optical combiner, which necessitates a re-usable color test to characterize color degradation on each headset design.Applications: The design guidelines specified in this article will minimize the degradation in color perception when using augmented reality displays, allowing them to be used in domains that require fine color discrimination.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135312893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitchell Tindall, Beth Atkinson, Jordan Sanders, Sarah Beadle, James Pharmer
The doubling of artificial intelligence (AI) performance every six months (Sevilla et al., 2022) during the last decade necessitates that the application of these capabilities in high stakes settings not be done arbitrarily. Defining a structured, human-centered process increases the likelihood that the application of AI is done safely, effectively, and efficiently. Such a process, which considers both AI and automation, should start by identifying clear definitions to guide categorization of capabilities. A recent literature review identified 28 definitions for AI (Collins et al., 2021), to include AI being “…the ability of a machine to perform cognitive functions…problem solving, [and] decision-making.” Due to their complexity, investments in developing models can reach the millions (Maslej et al., 2023). Alternatively, automation can be defined as “…something which runs itself with little to no human interaction…” and guided by specific rules (GeeksforGeeks, 2022). Unique to AI is the ability to learn and evolve (GeeksforGeeks, 2022). With these definitions, the next step should focus on a comprehensive review of targeted domain tasks. This would include understanding the associated knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs), as well as the tasks’ criticality, frequency, and difficulty. Such information is generally a product of (cognitive) task analysis and/or front end analysis and is valuable when building criteria for the appropriateness of AI/automation. A recommended next step should include reengagement with experienced end-users, which is imperative for ensuring a comprehensive understanding of tasks and for yielding valuable insight into AI applications. This poster will provide an overview of the steps undertaken for initial consideration of AI and automation within a Navy domain, to include exclusion criteria and lessons learned with regard to applying this process. Finally, results will include estimated applicability of AI/automation technologies as related to current tasking in relevant aviation platforms.
在过去十年中，人工智能(AI)性能每六个月翻一番(Sevilla等人，2022年)，这就要求不能随意地在高风险环境中应用这些功能。定义一个结构化的、以人为中心的流程增加了安全、有效和高效地完成人工智能应用的可能性。这样一个同时考虑人工智能和自动化的过程，应该从确定明确的定义开始，以指导能力的分类。最近的一篇文献综述确定了人工智能的28种定义(Collins et al.， 2021)，其中包括“……机器执行认知功能……解决问题和决策的能力”。由于它们的复杂性，开发模型的投资可以达到数百万美元(Maslej et al.， 2023)。另外，自动化可以被定义为“……在很少或没有人类交互的情况下自行运行的东西……”，并由特定规则指导(GeeksforGeeks, 2022)。人工智能的独特之处在于学习和进化的能力(GeeksforGeeks, 2022)。有了这些定义，下一步应该关注目标领域任务的全面回顾。这将包括理解相关的知识、技能和能力(KSAs)，以及任务的重要性、频率和难度。这些信息通常是(认知)任务分析和/或前端分析的产物，在构建人工智能/自动化的适当性标准时很有价值。建议的下一步应该包括与有经验的最终用户重新接触，这对于确保对任务的全面理解以及对人工智能应用产生有价值的见解是必不可少的。这张海报将概述在海军领域内初步考虑人工智能和自动化所采取的步骤，包括排除标准和应用这一过程的经验教训。最后，结果将包括与相关航空平台当前任务相关的人工智能/自动化技术的估计适用性。
{"title":"A Human-Centered Approach to Artificial Intelligence Applications in Naval Aviation","authors":"Mitchell Tindall, Beth Atkinson, Jordan Sanders, Sarah Beadle, James Pharmer","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004216","url":null,"abstract":"The doubling of artificial intelligence (AI) performance every six months (Sevilla et al., 2022) during the last decade necessitates that the application of these capabilities in high stakes settings not be done arbitrarily. Defining a structured, human-centered process increases the likelihood that the application of AI is done safely, effectively, and efficiently. Such a process, which considers both AI and automation, should start by identifying clear definitions to guide categorization of capabilities. A recent literature review identified 28 definitions for AI (Collins et al., 2021), to include AI being “…the ability of a machine to perform cognitive functions…problem solving, [and] decision-making.” Due to their complexity, investments in developing models can reach the millions (Maslej et al., 2023). Alternatively, automation can be defined as “…something which runs itself with little to no human interaction…” and guided by specific rules (GeeksforGeeks, 2022). Unique to AI is the ability to learn and evolve (GeeksforGeeks, 2022). With these definitions, the next step should focus on a comprehensive review of targeted domain tasks. This would include understanding the associated knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs), as well as the tasks’ criticality, frequency, and difficulty. Such information is generally a product of (cognitive) task analysis and/or front end analysis and is valuable when building criteria for the appropriateness of AI/automation. A recommended next step should include reengagement with experienced end-users, which is imperative for ensuring a comprehensive understanding of tasks and for yielding valuable insight into AI applications. This poster will provide an overview of the steps undertaken for initial consideration of AI and automation within a Navy domain, to include exclusion criteria and lessons learned with regard to applying this process. Finally, results will include estimated applicability of AI/automation technologies as related to current tasking in relevant aviation platforms.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rune Stensrud, Sigmund Valaker, Olav Rune Nummedal
Current uncrewed system (UxS) solutions tend to operate with tightly coupled Command and Control systems, making it difficult to contribute to operating as an integrated force. The case presented in this article is used to reason at the conceptual level about the different requirements and approaches for a future Norwegian UxS Integrated C2 system in order to inform the national development of an UxS Integrated C2 Reference Architecture. This is one in a series of papers that will develop a mission engineering approach and represents functional analysis needed for future acquisition of Norwegian UxS. Based on this work and the development of the situated Cognitive Engineering (sCE)-method eliciting knowledge, and knowledge acquisition information, we make key findings for outlining a strategic guide for an initial Norwegian UxS reference system and set-up (manning, organization and technical know-how).UxS solutions must be available to support ISR services for a variety of tasks and units on all military branches and levels. An UxS reference system must be adapted to the operational area and be available to operate within a harsh environment at the Northern Flank of NATO supporting those who need the information. Modern UxS solutions are based on human control and management, which entails human autonomy teaming which can be labour-intensive, with the potential for cognitive overload as well as bottlenecks in information processing. In the article, we presents a framework that support future acquisition of Norwegian UxS that suggests that autonomy must be distributed to reduce vulnerability and be scalable to handle emergency adapted the Northern Flank of NATO environment e.g. an autonomous system that interacts with its surroundings demonstrating a cooperative design approach with new opportunities (e.g. with and without AI support). We claim that a common future acquisition framework of Norwegian UxS applications (with AI) can reduce the burden on the operator based on results from our Functional Analysis (sCE-method) and empirical studies.
{"title":"Exploring Human autonomy teaming methods in challenging environments: the case of uncrewed system (UxS) solutions – challenges and opportunities (with AI)","authors":"Rune Stensrud, Sigmund Valaker, Olav Rune Nummedal","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004307","url":null,"abstract":"Current uncrewed system (UxS) solutions tend to operate with tightly coupled Command and Control systems, making it difficult to contribute to operating as an integrated force. The case presented in this article is used to reason at the conceptual level about the different requirements and approaches for a future Norwegian UxS Integrated C2 system in order to inform the national development of an UxS Integrated C2 Reference Architecture. This is one in a series of papers that will develop a mission engineering approach and represents functional analysis needed for future acquisition of Norwegian UxS. Based on this work and the development of the situated Cognitive Engineering (sCE)-method eliciting knowledge, and knowledge acquisition information, we make key findings for outlining a strategic guide for an initial Norwegian UxS reference system and set-up (manning, organization and technical know-how).UxS solutions must be available to support ISR services for a variety of tasks and units on all military branches and levels. An UxS reference system must be adapted to the operational area and be available to operate within a harsh environment at the Northern Flank of NATO supporting those who need the information. Modern UxS solutions are based on human control and management, which entails human autonomy teaming which can be labour-intensive, with the potential for cognitive overload as well as bottlenecks in information processing. In the article, we presents a framework that support future acquisition of Norwegian UxS that suggests that autonomy must be distributed to reduce vulnerability and be scalable to handle emergency adapted the Northern Flank of NATO environment e.g. an autonomous system that interacts with its surroundings demonstrating a cooperative design approach with new opportunities (e.g. with and without AI support). We claim that a common future acquisition framework of Norwegian UxS applications (with AI) can reduce the burden on the operator based on results from our Functional Analysis (sCE-method) and empirical studies.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica Williams, Rhyse Bendell, Stephen Fiore, Florian Jentsch
Socially intelligent artificial agents have recently shown some evidence of improving team performance when advising human teammates during the execution of time-pressured, complex missions. These agents, imbued with a form of social intelligence supported by Artificial Theory of Mind, have also demonstrated some negative outcomes associated with their approaches to delivering advice and motivating teammates to succeed. Here, we closely examine team performance outcomes associated with a simulated team Urban Search and Rescue mission in the context of interventions delivered by artificial socially intelligent agents that served as advisors to the human teammates engaged in task execution. The task studied here required some individual taskwork effectiveness as well as a notable amount of interdependent teamwork coordination. The interdependent activities provided the advising artificially intelligent teammates an opportunity to observe and intervene to improve aspects of team process. Some of the interventions delivered by the socially intelligent agents were found to positively impact performance, notably those that targeted objective data and the dissemination of information to the right individual at appropriate timepoints; however, other interventions negatively impacted team outcomes. Results showed that Motivation interventions aimed solely at bolstering the motivation of team members did not yield positive outcomes; in fact, they were found to have adverse effects on overall team performance and task execution.
在执行时间紧迫、复杂的任务时，社会智能人工智能代理在为人类队友提供建议时，最近显示出一些改善团队绩效的证据。这些被人工心智理论(Artificial Theory of Mind)所支持的社会智能所渗透的代理人，在提供建议和激励队友取得成功的方法上也表现出了一些负面的结果。在这里，我们仔细研究了与模拟团队城市搜索和救援任务相关的团队绩效结果，在人工社会智能代理提供干预的背景下，人工社会智能代理作为参与任务执行的人类队友的顾问。这里研究的任务需要一些个人任务效率，以及大量的相互依赖的团队协调。相互依赖的活动为提供建议的人工智能团队成员提供了观察和干预的机会，以改进团队过程的各个方面。社会智能代理提供的一些干预措施被发现对绩效有积极影响，特别是那些针对客观数据和在适当的时间点向正确的个人传播信息的干预措施;然而，其他干预措施会对团队结果产生负面影响。结果表明，仅以增强团队成员的动机为目的的动机干预并没有产生积极的结果;事实上，他们被发现对整体团队绩效和任务执行有不利影响。
{"title":"Artificial Social Intelligence in Action: Lessons Learned from Human-Agent Hybrid Search and Rescue","authors":"Jessica Williams, Rhyse Bendell, Stephen Fiore, Florian Jentsch","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004190","url":null,"abstract":"Socially intelligent artificial agents have recently shown some evidence of improving team performance when advising human teammates during the execution of time-pressured, complex missions. These agents, imbued with a form of social intelligence supported by Artificial Theory of Mind, have also demonstrated some negative outcomes associated with their approaches to delivering advice and motivating teammates to succeed. Here, we closely examine team performance outcomes associated with a simulated team Urban Search and Rescue mission in the context of interventions delivered by artificial socially intelligent agents that served as advisors to the human teammates engaged in task execution. The task studied here required some individual taskwork effectiveness as well as a notable amount of interdependent teamwork coordination. The interdependent activities provided the advising artificially intelligent teammates an opportunity to observe and intervene to improve aspects of team process. Some of the interventions delivered by the socially intelligent agents were found to positively impact performance, notably those that targeted objective data and the dissemination of information to the right individual at appropriate timepoints; however, other interventions negatively impacted team outcomes. Results showed that Motivation interventions aimed solely at bolstering the motivation of team members did not yield positive outcomes; in fact, they were found to have adverse effects on overall team performance and task execution.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Wallstén, Gregory Axton, Anna Bakidou, Eunji Lee, Bengt Arne Sjöqvist, Stefan Candefjord
Demographic changes in the West with an increasingly elderly population puts stress on current healthcare systems. New technologies are necessary to secure patient safety. AI development shows great promise in improving care, but the question of how necessary it is to be able to explain AI results and how to do it remains to be evaluated in future research. This study designed a prototype of eXplainable AI (XAI) in a prehospital IT system, based on an AI model for risk prediction of severe trauma to be used by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians. The design was then evaluated on seven EMS clinicians to gather information about usability and AI interaction.Through ethnography, expert interviews and literature review, knowledge was gathered for the design. Then several ideas developed through stages of prototyping were verified by experts in prehospital healthcare. Finally, a high-fidelity prototype was evaluated by the EMS clinicians. The primary design was based around a tablet, the most common hardware for ambulances. Two input pages were included, with the AI interface working as both an indicator at the top of the interface and a more detailed overlay. The overlay could be accessed at any time while interacting with the system. It included the current risk prediction, based on the colour codes of the South African Triage Scale (SATS), as well as a recommendation based on guidelines. That was followed by two rows of predictors, for or against a serious condition. These were ordered from left to right, depending on importance. Beneath this, the most important missing variables were accessible, allowing for quick input.The EMS clinicians thought that XAI was necessary for them to trust the prediction. They make the final decision, and if they can’t base it on specific parameters, they feel they can’t make a proper judgement. In addition, both rows of predictors and missing variables served as reminders of what they might have missed in patient assessment, as stated by the EMS clinicians to be a common issue. If given a prediction from the AI that was different from their own, it might cause them to think more about their decision, moving it away from the normally relatively automatic process and likely reducing the risk of bias.While focused on trauma, the overall design was created to be able to include other AI models as well. Current models for risk prediction in ambulances have so far not seen a big benefit of using artificial neural networks (ANN) compared to more transparent models. This study can help guide the future development of AI for prehospital healthcare and give insights into the potential benefits and implications of its implementation.
{"title":"'Design for integrating explainable AI for dynamic risk prediction in prehospital IT systems","authors":"David Wallstén, Gregory Axton, Anna Bakidou, Eunji Lee, Bengt Arne Sjöqvist, Stefan Candefjord","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1004199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004199","url":null,"abstract":"Demographic changes in the West with an increasingly elderly population puts stress on current healthcare systems. New technologies are necessary to secure patient safety. AI development shows great promise in improving care, but the question of how necessary it is to be able to explain AI results and how to do it remains to be evaluated in future research. This study designed a prototype of eXplainable AI (XAI) in a prehospital IT system, based on an AI model for risk prediction of severe trauma to be used by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians. The design was then evaluated on seven EMS clinicians to gather information about usability and AI interaction.Through ethnography, expert interviews and literature review, knowledge was gathered for the design. Then several ideas developed through stages of prototyping were verified by experts in prehospital healthcare. Finally, a high-fidelity prototype was evaluated by the EMS clinicians. The primary design was based around a tablet, the most common hardware for ambulances. Two input pages were included, with the AI interface working as both an indicator at the top of the interface and a more detailed overlay. The overlay could be accessed at any time while interacting with the system. It included the current risk prediction, based on the colour codes of the South African Triage Scale (SATS), as well as a recommendation based on guidelines. That was followed by two rows of predictors, for or against a serious condition. These were ordered from left to right, depending on importance. Beneath this, the most important missing variables were accessible, allowing for quick input.The EMS clinicians thought that XAI was necessary for them to trust the prediction. They make the final decision, and if they can’t base it on specific parameters, they feel they can’t make a proper judgement. In addition, both rows of predictors and missing variables served as reminders of what they might have missed in patient assessment, as stated by the EMS clinicians to be a common issue. If given a prediction from the AI that was different from their own, it might cause them to think more about their decision, moving it away from the normally relatively automatic process and likely reducing the risk of bias.While focused on trauma, the overall design was created to be able to include other AI models as well. Current models for risk prediction in ambulances have so far not seen a big benefit of using artificial neural networks (ANN) compared to more transparent models. This study can help guide the future development of AI for prehospital healthcare and give insights into the potential benefits and implications of its implementation.","PeriodicalId":470195,"journal":{"name":"AHFE international","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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