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The racialisation of British citizenship 英国公民身份的种族化
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221117950
F. Webber
The history of British citizenship is a history of state racism – from the differential treatment of ‘non-patrial’ citizens who acquired citizenship through a colony rather than through British ancestry, which led to the ‘East African Asians’ scandal of 1968, and the quiet withdrawal of British citizenship from former colonial citizens when their countries became independent, which led to the Windrush scandal, through the dilution of the right of citizenship by birth in the UK (ius soli) in 1981, to current laws which apply the logic of deportation and exclusion to black and brown citizens. British citizens are divided into those claiming only British citizenship, who can never lose it whatever they do, and those who, although they may have been born here, have another citizenship and can lose British citizenship on the say-so of a minister. The latter group, with a second-class, disposable, contingent citizenship, are mostly from ethnic minorities – and the changes to citizenship law which have created these classes of citizenship were brought in to target British Muslims of South Asian and Middle Eastern heritage. While the government claims that only those whose actions pose grave threats to national security, or who have committed abhorrent crimes, will lose their citizenship, the division of citizens into those with secure and insecure status affects vastly more people.
英国公民身份的历史是一部国家种族主义的历史——从对通过殖民地而非英国血统获得公民身份的“非父系”公民的区别对待,这导致了1968年的“东非亚洲人”丑闻,到国家独立后,英国公民悄悄地从前殖民地公民手中撤回,这导致了Windrush丑闻,1981年,英国出生时的公民权(ius soli)被稀释为现行法律,将驱逐和排斥的逻辑适用于黑人和棕色人种公民。英国公民分为两类,一类只要求英国公民身份,无论做什么都不会失去英国公民身份;另一类,尽管他们可能出生在这里,但拥有另一种公民身份,并可以在部长的许可下失去英国公民资格。后一类人拥有二等、可支配、有条件的公民身份,他们大多来自少数民族——而创建这些公民身份类别的公民法修改是为了针对南亚和中东血统的英国穆斯林。尽管政府声称,只有那些行为对国家安全构成严重威胁或犯下滔天罪行的人才会失去公民身份,但将公民划分为安全和不安全身份的人会影响到更多的人。
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引用次数: 1
Britain and the repression of Black Power in the 1960s and ‘70s 英国与20世纪六七十年代对黑人力量的镇压
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221115336
B. Gowland
This article details the extensive security regimes deployed against Black Power in the Caribbean that were operated by regional governments and the (neo)colonial British state. These regimes of securitisation targeted radical Black political groups and actors whose Black Power ideology placed them in an antagonistic relation to independent West Indian states and Britain. The author argues that the British state’s involvement in the suppression of Black Power in the Caribbean is inseparable from the domestic repression of the British Black Power movement. But also, shared opposition to British (neo)imperialism and the personal ties of West Indian migrants to Britain connected Black Power resistance on both sides of the Atlantic. By drawing on British Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Ministry of Defence and Cabinet Office files, as well as political newspapers and publications produced at the time, the author traces the British state’s involvement in the transnational repression of Black Power in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
这篇文章详细介绍了由地区政府和(新)殖民地英国政府运作的针对加勒比黑人力量的广泛安全制度。这些证券化制度针对的是激进的黑人政治团体和行为者,他们的黑人力量意识形态使他们与独立的西印度各州和英国处于对立关系中。作者认为,英国政府参与对加勒比黑人力量的镇压与国内对英国黑人力量运动的镇压是分不开的。但同样,对英国(新)帝国主义的共同反对,以及西印度移民与英国的个人关系,将大西洋两岸的黑人力量抵抗联系在一起。通过查阅英国外交和联邦事务部、国防部和内阁办公室的文件,以及当时制作的政治报纸和出版物,作者追溯了英国政府在20世纪60年代末和70年代初参与对黑人力量的跨国镇压。
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引用次数: 2
Ultrasound features of endometrial pathology in women without abnormal uterine bleeding: results from the International Endometrial Tumor Analysis study (IETA3). 无异常子宫出血妇女子宫内膜病变的超声特征:国际子宫内膜肿瘤分析研究(IETA3)的结果。
IF 6.1 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24910
R Heremans, T Van Den Bosch, L Valentin, L Wynants, M A Pascual, R Fruscio, A C Testa, F Buonomo, S Guerriero, E Epstein, T Bourne, D Timmerman, F P G Leone
<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The primary aim of this study was to describe the ultrasound features of various endometrial and other intracavitary pathologies in women without abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) using the International Endometrial Tumor Analysis (IETA) terminology. The secondary aim was to compare our findings with published data on women with AUB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective observational study of women presenting at one of seven centers specialized in gynecological ultrasonography, from 2011 until 2018, for indications unrelated to AUB. All patients underwent transvaginal ultrasound using the IETA examination and measurement techniques. Ultrasonography was performed as part of routine gynecological examination or follow-up of non-endometrial pathology, or as part of the work-up before undergoing treatment for infertility, uterine prolapse or ovarian pathology. Ultrasound findings were described using the IETA terminology. Endometrial sampling was performed after the ultrasound scan. The histological endpoints were endometrial atrophy, proliferative or secretory endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, endometrial polyp, intracavitary leiomyoma, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), endometrial cancer (EC) and insufficient tissue. The findings in our cohort of women without AUB were compared with those in a published cohort of women with AUB who were examined with transvaginal ultrasound between 2012 and 2015 using the same IETA examination technique and terminology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study (IETA3), we included 1745 women without AUB who underwent a standardized transvaginal ultrasound examination followed by either endometrial sampling with histological diagnosis (n = 1537) or at least 1 year of clinical and ultrasound follow-up (n = 208). Of these, 858 (49.2%) women were premenopausal and 887 (50.8%) were postmenopausal. Histology showed the presence of EC and/or EIN in 29 (1.7%) women, endometrial polyps in 1028 (58.9%), intracavitary myomas in 66 (3.8%), proliferative or secretory changes or hyperplasia without atypia in 144 (8.3%), endometrial atrophy in 265 (15.2%) and insufficient tissue in five (0.3%). Most cases of EC or EIN (25/29 (86.2%)) were diagnosed after menopause. The mean endometrial thickness in women with EC or EIN was 11.2 mm (95% CI, 8.9-13.6 mm), being on average 2.4 mm (95% CI, 0.3-4.6 mm) thicker than their benign counterparts. Women with malignant endometrial pathology manifested more frequently non-uniform echogenicity (22/29 (75.9%)) than did those with benign endometrial pathology (929/1716 (54.1%)) (difference, +21.8% (95% CI, +4.2% to +39.2%)). Moderate to abundant vascularization (color score 3-4) was seen in 31.0% (9/29) of cases with EC or EIN compared with 12.8% (220/1716) of those with a benign outcome (difference, +18.2% (95% CI, -0.5% to +36.9%)). Multiple multifocal vessels were recorded in 24.1% (7/29) women with EC or EIN v
研究目的本研究的主要目的是使用国际子宫内膜肿瘤分析(IETA)术语描述无异常子宫出血(AUB)妇女的各种子宫内膜和其他腔内病变的超声特征。次要目的是将我们的研究结果与已发表的有关 AUB 妇女的数据进行比较:这是一项前瞻性观察研究,研究对象是2011年至2018年期间因与AUB无关的适应症而前往七家专业妇科超声中心之一就诊的女性。所有患者均采用IETA检查和测量技术进行了经阴道超声检查。超声检查是常规妇科检查或非子宫内膜病变随访的一部分,或者是不孕症、子宫脱垂或卵巢病变治疗前的检查项目之一。超声检查结果使用 IETA 术语进行描述。子宫内膜取样在超声扫描后进行。组织学终点为子宫内膜萎缩、增生性或分泌性子宫内膜、无不典型性的子宫内膜增生、子宫内膜息肉、腔内子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜上皮内瘤(EIN)、子宫内膜癌(EC)和组织不足。我们将无 AUB 妇女队列的检查结果与已发表的 2012 年至 2015 年期间使用相同的 IETA 检查技术和术语进行经阴道超声检查的 AUB 妇女队列的检查结果进行了比较:在这项研究(IETA3)中,我们纳入了1745名无AUB的女性,她们接受了标准化的经阴道超声检查,随后进行了子宫内膜取样和组织学诊断(n = 1537)或至少1年的临床和超声随访(n = 208)。其中,858 名(49.2%)妇女为绝经前妇女,887 名(50.8%)妇女为绝经后妇女。组织学检查结果显示,29 名妇女(1.7%)存在EC和/或EIN,1028 名妇女(58.9%)存在子宫内膜息肉,66 名妇女(3.8%)存在腔内肌瘤,144 名妇女(8.3%)存在增生性或分泌性变化或增生但无不典型性,265 名妇女(15.2%)存在子宫内膜萎缩,5 名妇女(0.3%)组织不足。大多数子宫内膜异位症或子宫内膜息肉病例(25/29(86.2%))是在绝经后确诊的。患有EC或EIN的妇女的子宫内膜平均厚度为11.2毫米(95% CI,8.9-13.6毫米),比良性病例平均厚2.4毫米(95% CI,0.3-4.6毫米)。恶性子宫内膜病变的妇女(22/29 (75.9%))比良性子宫内膜病变的妇女(929/1716 (54.1%))更经常表现出不均匀回声(差异,+21.8% (95% CI, +4.2% to +39.2%))。31.0%的EC或EIN病例(9/29)出现中度至大量血管化(颜色评分3-4),而良性病例为12.8%(220/1716)(差异为+18.2%(95% CI,-0.5%至+36.9%))。24.1%(7/29)的EC或EIN妇女记录有多发性多灶血管,而良性结果为EC或EIN的妇女为4.0%(68/1716)(差异为+20.2%(95% CI,+4.6%至+35.7%))。在患有EC或EIN的妇女中,19/29(65.5%)与良性结果的妇女(1412/1716(82.3%))相比(差异为-16.8%(95% CI,-34.2%至+0.6%)),规则的子宫内膜-子宫肌层交界处出现的频率较低(差异为-16.8%(95% CI,-34.2%至+0.6%))。在没有 AUB 的子宫内膜息肉妇女中,单一优势血管是最常见的血管模式(666/1028 (64.8%))。在患有子宫内膜息肉的妇女中,无论是有还是没有 AUB 的妇女,子宫内膜通常表现为异质回声,但与有 AUB 的妇女相比,没有 AUB 的妇女的子宫内膜平均薄 8.6 毫米(95% CI,5.2-12.0 毫米),血管化程度较低(颜色评分 3-4:差异,-26.8%(95% CI,-52.2%--1.3%))。在绝经前和绝经后妇女中,无症状子宫内膜息肉与较薄的子宫内膜有关,与有症状妇女的息肉相比,无症状子宫内膜息肉更常表现为明亮的边缘、规则的子宫内膜-子宫肌层交界处和单一的优势血管,而且血管化程度较低:我们使用 IETA 术语描述了无 AUB 妇女的 EC、息肉和其他腔内组织学的典型超声特征。我们的研究结果表明,无症状息肉或子宫内膜恶性肿瘤的子宫内膜可能比有症状的子宫内膜更薄、血管更少。© 2022 国际妇产科超声学会。
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引用次数: 0
Class and race in Latin America’s left populist politics 拉丁美洲左翼民粹主义政治中的阶级和种族
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221103073
Judith A. Teichman
This article challenges the notion that populist rhetoric in Latin America primarily and consistently arose in response to recent social dislocations and involves, from the onset, a Manichean struggle of the good people against an evil enemy. Instead, this work seeks the origins of polarisation, so often associated with populism, deep in history: in colonial conquest, in highly unequal economic, social and political relations in the post-independence period, and in nation-building myths that denied the existence of exclusions involving race/culture. Through an analysis of speeches given by former president of Argentina Juan Perón and former president of Venezuela Hugo Chávez, the author demonstrates a strong early conciliatory strain in populist rhetoric that calls for the respect and inclusion of racially and culturally distinct lower-class populist followers and acceptance of their importance to the nation. Initially, this rhetoric does not exclude the opposition in the populist leader’s concept of the nation. The Manichean aspect of populist rhetoric emerges later, when populist leaders come to believe that their pleas for material and cultural/racial inclusion have been and will always be rejected by anti-populists. In this interpretation, populism is a symptom of long-standing exclusion and latent pre-existing polarisation, not its cause.
这篇文章挑战了这样一种观点,即拉丁美洲的民粹主义言论主要且一贯地是为了应对最近的社会混乱,从一开始就涉及好人与邪恶敌人的摩尼教斗争。相反,这部作品在历史深处寻找两极分化的根源,这种两极分化经常与民粹主义联系在一起:殖民征服,独立后时期高度不平等的经济、社会和政治关系,以及否认存在种族/文化排斥的建国神话。通过分析阿根廷前总统胡安·佩龙和委内瑞拉前总统乌戈·查韦斯的演讲,作者展示了民粹主义言论中早期强烈的和解张力,呼吁尊重和包容种族和文化上不同的下层民粹主义追随者,并接受他们对国家的重要性。最初,这种言论并不排除民粹主义领导人对国家概念的反对。民粹主义言论的摩尼教方面后来出现了,当时民粹主义领导人开始相信,他们对物质和文化/种族包容的呼吁已经并将永远被反民粹主义者拒绝。在这种解释中,民粹主义是长期排斥和潜在的预先存在的两极分化的症状,而不是其原因。
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引用次数: 0
Moralising racial regimes: surveillance and control after Singapore’s ‘Little India riots’ 种族政权的道德化:新加坡“小印度暴乱”后的监视和控制
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221095733
Joe Greener
This article examines the moral politics of state organised social control in bolstering racialisation in Singapore after the 2013 disturbances in ‘Little India’, when agencies mobilised morally charged discourses regarding alcohol consumption amongst low-income South Asian migrants. Appealing to moral constructions of the ‘riots’ discredited socio-political analyses of the events, after which the state developed a mass architecture of alcohol-related ‘governing through crime’, placing migrant lives under permanent and constant surveillance. The piece contributes to debates about moral economy approaches by connecting the strategic deployment and justification of crime control underpinning racial regimes and reveals inadequacies in critical thinking around ‘race’ in Singapore, most notably a preoccupation with interactional accounts of racism rather than institutional state power.
这篇文章探讨了2013年“小印度”骚乱后,国家组织的社会控制在支持新加坡种族化方面的道德政治,当时各机构动员了关于低收入南亚移民饮酒的道德言论。对“骚乱”的道德建构的呼吁破坏了对事件的社会政治分析,之后国家发展了一个与酒精相关的“通过犯罪进行治理”的大规模架构,将移民的生活置于永久和持续的监视之下。这篇文章通过将支持种族制度的犯罪控制的战略部署和正当性联系起来,为关于道德经济方法的辩论做出了贡献,并揭示了新加坡围绕“种族”的批判性思维的不足之处,尤其是对种族主义的互动描述而非制度性国家权力的关注。
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引用次数: 1
Racism, radicalisation and Europe’s ‘Thin Blue Line’ 种族主义、激进主义和欧洲的“蓝线”
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221103063
Liz Fekete
Following analyses in the US of the reaction to Black Lives Matter in the Blue Lives Matter movement and the recasting of the police as victims, the author explores similar tendencies in Europe, in the context of changes in territorial policing, new technology and enhanced police powers under neoliberalism. She examines how racism has become entrenched in policing as the rank and file are resituating themselves as society’s victims and organising on an ever more extremist agenda. Police excesses are explained away and impunity extended to officers. At the same time, police are assuming the right to a special role and status in society that is not allowed to other agencies or public servants. In some instances, this has spilled over into collusion and collaboration with militarised far-right groups. The penetration of the far Right into policing is compounded by the dehumanisation within policing culture which stigmatises the ‘undeserving poor’ and emphasises threats to social order and governance as arising from marginalised black and ethnic minority communities.
在分析了美国对“蓝命攸关”运动中“黑人的命也是命”的反应以及将警察重塑为受害者之后,作者探讨了欧洲在新自由主义下领土警务、新技术和增强警察权力的变化背景下的类似趋势。她研究了种族主义是如何在警察中根深蒂固的,因为普通民众正在将自己重新定位为社会的受害者,并在越来越极端的议程上组织起来。警察的过度行为得到了解释,有罪不罚现象也延伸到了警察身上。与此同时,警察有权在社会中发挥其他机构或公务员所不允许的特殊作用和地位。在某些情况下,这已经蔓延到与军事化的极右翼团体的勾结和合作。极右翼对警务的渗透因警务文化中的非人化而加剧,这种非人化污名化了“不值得的穷人”,并强调了边缘化的黑人和少数民族社区对社会秩序和治理的威胁。
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引用次数: 5
Unsilencing Gaza: reflections on resistance by Sara Roy 沉默的加沙:萨拉·罗伊对抵抗的思考
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221089157
N. Murray
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引用次数: 1
Legacy of Violence: a history of the British Empire by Caroline Elkins 《暴力的遗产:大英帝国的历史》卡罗琳·埃尔金斯著
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221099784
J. Newsinger
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引用次数: 6
The conflict between national and transnational power: the Russian trap 国家与跨国力量的冲突:俄罗斯的陷阱
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-19 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221105740
Jerry Harris
The Russian invasion of Ukraine is a powerful assertion of geopolitical power and conflict. But Russia’s nationalist and expansionary drive takes place within the context of transnational economic ties. Such ties help define the nature of the war, and both the Russian and western response. The contradictory pressures of nationalist desires conflicting with transnational integration is an underappreciated complexity of the war that this article will explore.
俄罗斯入侵乌克兰是对地缘政治力量和冲突的有力宣示。但俄罗斯的民族主义和扩张动力是在跨国经济联系的背景下发生的。这种关系有助于界定这场战争的性质,以及俄罗斯和西方的反应。民族主义欲望的矛盾压力与跨国一体化的冲突是本文将探讨的战争的未被充分认识的复杂性。
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引用次数: 1
Torrens Title: property, race and (infra)structures of feeling in the settler colony 托伦斯标题:移民殖民地的财产、种族和(基础)情感结构
IF 2.6 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1177/03063968221098623
Andrew Brooks, A. Lorange
This article argues that property law can be understood as a key infrastructure of settler-colonial sovereignty. Rather than a simple importation of British law, the frontier mentality of the colonial outpost allowed for the implementation of a new legal framework for the allocation and registration of land. Taking the example of Torrens Title allows for an analysis of the ‘structures of feeling’ that are generated by, and that naturalise in turn, the possessive claim to property. We consider how the history of property as fungible commodity is entangled with the history of racialisation, and how Torrens Title shows the material and affective dimensions of settler law and of the long struggle to resist its illegal claim to sovereignty. We analyse the 2018 video essay Drawing Rights by Rachel O’Reilly, considering the troubled relationship between white possession and the unbroken sovereignty it denies, yet which remains a constant threat to the settler state. Her work articulates what Ruth Wilson Gilmore calls ‘infrastructures of feeling’, which, we argue, describes the way anti-colonial consciousness can materialise against structures and attachments of settlement.
本文认为,物权法可以被理解为定居者-殖民地主权的关键基础设施。殖民地前哨的边疆心态,并不是简单地引进英国法律,而是允许在土地分配和登记方面实施一种新的法律框架。以托伦斯标题为例,我们可以分析“情感结构”,这种结构是由对财产的所有权要求所产生的,并反过来归化。我们考虑财产作为可替代商品的历史是如何与种族化的历史纠缠在一起的,以及托伦斯产权如何显示了定居者法律的物质和情感层面,以及抵制其非法主权主张的长期斗争。我们分析了瑞秋·奥莱利(Rachel O’reilly) 2018年的视频文章《Drawing Rights》,考虑到白人占有与它所否认的不可分割的主权之间的麻烦关系,但这仍然是对定居者国家的持续威胁。她的作品阐明了露丝·威尔逊·吉尔摩所说的“感觉的基础设施”,我们认为,这描述了反殖民意识如何在殖民结构和依附中实现。
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引用次数: 0
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