Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2021.1898358
C. Graves, Jennifer A. Samp
ABSTRACT Relational framing theory (RFT) explains how individuals process relational messages during interaction through two content-laden dimensions—dominance-submission and affiliation-disaffiliation—and a content-free intensifier: involvement. RFT research has generally utilized measures of relevance more conducive to the content-laden variables than to the content-free variable. This study advanced a new involvement scale that operates as a measure of degree rather than relevance. Participants (N = 319) provided perceptions of involvement in a hypothetical conversation. Results were consistent with reliable and valid measurement and a unidimensional factor structure. Future research can adopt the degree-based involvement scale to assess the extent to which a communicator is engrossed in interaction.
{"title":"Refining the measurement of involvement in applications of relational framing theory","authors":"C. Graves, Jennifer A. Samp","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2021.1898358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1898358","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Relational framing theory (RFT) explains how individuals process relational messages during interaction through two content-laden dimensions—dominance-submission and affiliation-disaffiliation—and a content-free intensifier: involvement. RFT research has generally utilized measures of relevance more conducive to the content-laden variables than to the content-free variable. This study advanced a new involvement scale that operates as a measure of degree rather than relevance. Participants (N = 319) provided perceptions of involvement in a hypothetical conversation. Results were consistent with reliable and valid measurement and a unidimensional factor structure. Future research can adopt the degree-based involvement scale to assess the extent to which a communicator is engrossed in interaction.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"121 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2021.1898358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43785910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2021.1885372
David M. Keating, Emily Galper
ABSTRACT Campaigns rely on the repetition of similar messages over time. However, message fatigue can lead people to ignore or resist messages, such as ones aimed at preventing tobacco usage. We implemented a longitudinal design to examine the impact of message fatigue on message processing outcomes in the context of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); we also tested whether functional matching weakens these effects. Participants with greater fatigue toward health messages about e-cigarettes were less likely to pay attention to and more likely to be annoyed with utilitarian messages about e-cigarette use. At the same time, greater feelings of fatigue predicted higher evaluations of message quality. Functional matching among participants with utilitarian attitude functions did not modify these effects. These findings suggest that fatigue promoted automatic evaluations of utilitarian messages about e-cigarettes, potentially limiting the impact of genuinely novel information, and opportunities exist to design e-cigarette messaging that targets non-utilitarian concerns.
{"title":"An examination of how message fatigue impacts young adults’ evaluations of utilitarian messages about electronic cigarettes","authors":"David M. Keating, Emily Galper","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2021.1885372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1885372","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Campaigns rely on the repetition of similar messages over time. However, message fatigue can lead people to ignore or resist messages, such as ones aimed at preventing tobacco usage. We implemented a longitudinal design to examine the impact of message fatigue on message processing outcomes in the context of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); we also tested whether functional matching weakens these effects. Participants with greater fatigue toward health messages about e-cigarettes were less likely to pay attention to and more likely to be annoyed with utilitarian messages about e-cigarette use. At the same time, greater feelings of fatigue predicted higher evaluations of message quality. Functional matching among participants with utilitarian attitude functions did not modify these effects. These findings suggest that fatigue promoted automatic evaluations of utilitarian messages about e-cigarettes, potentially limiting the impact of genuinely novel information, and opportunities exist to design e-cigarette messaging that targets non-utilitarian concerns.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"90 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2021.1885372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45766821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2021.1899908
Melinda R. Aley, Brandon M. Thomas
ABSTRACT Advertising often depicts traditional gender stereotypes. However, the LGBTQ community represents a market that does not conform to these stereotypes. This study used a content analysis to analyze 360 magazine advertisements targeting various audiences (male, female, LGBTQ) to examine differences in product type promotion and gender depictions. In terms of product types, appearance-based products target feminine audiences, hedonistic products target masculine audiences, and homosexuality-based ads depict products tailored for the unique needs of the LGBTQ community. Additionally, advertisements in masculine and feminine magazines used traditional gender stereotypes, while LGBTQ advertisements did not contain these stereotypes.
{"title":"An examination of differences in product types and gender stereotypes depicted in advertisements targeting masculine, feminine, and LGBTQ audiences","authors":"Melinda R. Aley, Brandon M. Thomas","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2021.1899908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1899908","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Advertising often depicts traditional gender stereotypes. However, the LGBTQ community represents a market that does not conform to these stereotypes. This study used a content analysis to analyze 360 magazine advertisements targeting various audiences (male, female, LGBTQ) to examine differences in product type promotion and gender depictions. In terms of product types, appearance-based products target feminine audiences, hedonistic products target masculine audiences, and homosexuality-based ads depict products tailored for the unique needs of the LGBTQ community. Additionally, advertisements in masculine and feminine magazines used traditional gender stereotypes, while LGBTQ advertisements did not contain these stereotypes.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"132 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2021.1899908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45587949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112
Austin Y. Hubner
ABSTRACT This study examines how two major news outlets framed COVID-19 in the months leading up to COVID-19 being declared a pandemic. A combination of computational and manual coding found that the dominant media frames were outbreak, economic consequences, and social consequences. A secondary component of the analysis examined the sources quoted in early media coverage and found that citizens, interest group individuals, and politicians were quoted the most. This suggests that early news coverage of COVID-19 might have contributed to the current politicization of the virus in the United States.
{"title":"How did we get here? A framing and source analysis of early COVID-19 media coverage","authors":"Austin Y. Hubner","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines how two major news outlets framed COVID-19 in the months leading up to COVID-19 being declared a pandemic. A combination of computational and manual coding found that the dominant media frames were outbreak, economic consequences, and social consequences. A secondary component of the analysis examined the sources quoted in early media coverage and found that citizens, interest group individuals, and politicians were quoted the most. This suggests that early news coverage of COVID-19 might have contributed to the current politicization of the virus in the United States.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"112 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43321844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2021.1880385
John S. Seiter, Timothy Curran
ABSTRACT The researchers explored factors associated with depressive symptoms and adherence to CDC guidelines in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to developing an original measure of social-distancing fatigue (SDF), two hypothesized models, grounded in a social skills deficit framework, were tested using Model 4 of the Hayes’ PROCESS 3.0. Results indicated that participants’ level of cognitive flexibility associated negatively with SDF, and positively with adherence. Moreover, while feeling exhaustion/burnout associated positively with depressive symptoms and negatively with adherence, a sense of tedium did not.
{"title":"Social-distancing fatigue during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mediation analysis of cognitive flexibility, fatigue, depression, and adherence to CDC guidelines","authors":"John S. Seiter, Timothy Curran","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2021.1880385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1880385","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The researchers explored factors associated with depressive symptoms and adherence to CDC guidelines in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to developing an original measure of social-distancing fatigue (SDF), two hypothesized models, grounded in a social skills deficit framework, were tested using Model 4 of the Hayes’ PROCESS 3.0. Results indicated that participants’ level of cognitive flexibility associated negatively with SDF, and positively with adherence. Moreover, while feeling exhaustion/burnout associated positively with depressive symptoms and negatively with adherence, a sense of tedium did not.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"68 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2021.1880385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48543809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2020.1870447
Jenna McNallie, P. Gettings
ABSTRACT This study examined associations among stress, resilience, and relational maintenance behaviors (RMB) in the development of grandchild-grandparent relationships for grandparents in varying near-parental roles. Grandparents (n = 389) in greater near-parental roles reported higher stress and less relationship satisfaction; however, resilience moderated some of these relationships. Grandparents in greater near-parental roles with moderate and high levels of resilience enacted more RMB compared to those with low resilience. Furthermore, moderated mediation analyses suggested that, for grandparents with low resilience, increases in serving in near-parental roles decreased relationship satisfaction perhaps due to higher stress. In contrast, for grandparents with moderate/high resilience, increases in serving in near-parental roles were associated with more RMB, and ultimately, increased relationship satisfaction.
{"title":"Examining grandparental role, stress, and resilience in the development of grandparent-grandchild relationships","authors":"Jenna McNallie, P. Gettings","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2020.1870447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1870447","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined associations among stress, resilience, and relational maintenance behaviors (RMB) in the development of grandchild-grandparent relationships for grandparents in varying near-parental roles. Grandparents (n = 389) in greater near-parental roles reported higher stress and less relationship satisfaction; however, resilience moderated some of these relationships. Grandparents in greater near-parental roles with moderate and high levels of resilience enacted more RMB compared to those with low resilience. Furthermore, moderated mediation analyses suggested that, for grandparents with low resilience, increases in serving in near-parental roles decreased relationship satisfaction perhaps due to higher stress. In contrast, for grandparents with moderate/high resilience, increases in serving in near-parental roles were associated with more RMB, and ultimately, increased relationship satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"45 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2020.1870447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45097990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2020.1867091
Charles J. Wigley, L. McCroskey, Andrew S. Rancer
ABSTRACT Research on resistance to persuasion has examined a number of relevant variables such as one’s bolstering of one’s own argument and, for example, generating counterarguments in order to resist a persuasive message. Is resistance to persuasion a function of a widespread practice of bolstering and/or counterarguing? Or, is resistance to persuasion more meaningfully examined from an individual differences approach based on relative levels of trait argumentativeness within samples? Three hypotheses were offered and tested. Results suggested that empirical investigations of the relationship of bolstering arguments and generating counterarguments to resistance to persuasion should report argumentativeness levels of research participants. Trait argumentativeness may have a very substantial role in the effect sizes reported in resistance to persuasion research. High argumentatives significantly preferred counterarguing over bolstering in resistance to persuasion whereas low argumentatives significantly preferred bolstering over counterarguing, suggesting a root difference between high and low argumentatives requiring further investigation for verification.
{"title":"Trait argumentativeness as a correlate of bolster and counterargue tendencies in resistance to persuasion research","authors":"Charles J. Wigley, L. McCroskey, Andrew S. Rancer","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2020.1867091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1867091","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research on resistance to persuasion has examined a number of relevant variables such as one’s bolstering of one’s own argument and, for example, generating counterarguments in order to resist a persuasive message. Is resistance to persuasion a function of a widespread practice of bolstering and/or counterarguing? Or, is resistance to persuasion more meaningfully examined from an individual differences approach based on relative levels of trait argumentativeness within samples? Three hypotheses were offered and tested. Results suggested that empirical investigations of the relationship of bolstering arguments and generating counterarguments to resistance to persuasion should report argumentativeness levels of research participants. Trait argumentativeness may have a very substantial role in the effect sizes reported in resistance to persuasion research. High argumentatives significantly preferred counterarguing over bolstering in resistance to persuasion whereas low argumentatives significantly preferred bolstering over counterarguing, suggesting a root difference between high and low argumentatives requiring further investigation for verification.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"12 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2020.1867091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44954545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2020.1867090
Martin Tanis, M. Buijzen
ABSTRACT Emerging adults are increasingly “unfriending” their parents on Social Networking Sites (SNS). A survey among 300 emerging adults who recently moved out of the parental home investigated whether family communication patterns were related to shielding of SNS content from parents and whether perceived undesirability of privacy invasion mediated this relation. Structural equation modeling analyses showed that emerging adults from high conformity-oriented families reported higher perceived undesirability of privacy invasion, which related to higher shielding of SNS content. In contrast, emerging adults from high conversation-oriented families reported lower perceived undesirability of privacy invasion, which related to lower shielding of SNS content.
{"title":"Shielding SNS content from parents: a survey investigating perspectives of emerging adults who have recently left the parental home","authors":"Martin Tanis, M. Buijzen","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2020.1867090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1867090","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Emerging adults are increasingly “unfriending” their parents on Social Networking Sites (SNS). A survey among 300 emerging adults who recently moved out of the parental home investigated whether family communication patterns were related to shielding of SNS content from parents and whether perceived undesirability of privacy invasion mediated this relation. Structural equation modeling analyses showed that emerging adults from high conformity-oriented families reported higher perceived undesirability of privacy invasion, which related to higher shielding of SNS content. In contrast, emerging adults from high conversation-oriented families reported lower perceived undesirability of privacy invasion, which related to lower shielding of SNS content.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2020.1867090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42777973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2020.1870445
Lichen Zhen, Yuanfeixue Nan, Becky Pham
ABSTRACT The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic is a salient cause for distress among college students. Studies have indicated that parental support, as well as self-disclosure on social media, can alleviate the negative impacts of stressful life disruptions on students’ perceived stress levels. Using survey data collected from a sample of 215 college students from a university in the Southwestern United States, this study examined the stress-buffering effects of self-disclosure on social media and students’ perceived support from their parents. The results show that 1) core self-disclosure on social media and 2) support from parent(s) both moderate the level of stress students are experiencing due to life disruptions caused by COVID-19. Therefore, we call for attention to social media’s role as an arena for mental health interventions and the importance of parental support for college students in a crisis.
{"title":"College students coping with COVID-19: stress-buffering effects of self-disclosure on social media and parental support","authors":"Lichen Zhen, Yuanfeixue Nan, Becky Pham","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2020.1870445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1870445","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic is a salient cause for distress among college students. Studies have indicated that parental support, as well as self-disclosure on social media, can alleviate the negative impacts of stressful life disruptions on students’ perceived stress levels. Using survey data collected from a sample of 215 college students from a university in the Southwestern United States, this study examined the stress-buffering effects of self-disclosure on social media and students’ perceived support from their parents. The results show that 1) core self-disclosure on social media and 2) support from parent(s) both moderate the level of stress students are experiencing due to life disruptions caused by COVID-19. Therefore, we call for attention to social media’s role as an arena for mental health interventions and the importance of parental support for college students in a crisis.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"23 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2020.1870445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45863966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08824096.2020.1870446
E. A. Andrews, J. Yang
ABSTRACT Sexual assault is a troubling issue across universities in the United States. Bystanders who witness sexual assault can play a powerful role in preventing or reducing sexual assault; however, they often do not intervene when they still have the chance. The current study uses an experimental design to study the effect of prosocial bystander modeling on college students’ intention to intervene in future witnessed instances of sexual assault. Results indicate that perceived behavioral control is more influential on intention to intervene when participants are exposed to the prosocial bystander message. This result suggests that vicarious learning may increase individuals’ perceived ability to intervene. Our findings have practical implications for improving sexual assault prevention training on college campuses.
{"title":"Behavioral modeling: inspiring college students to intervene in instances of sexual assault","authors":"E. A. Andrews, J. Yang","doi":"10.1080/08824096.2020.1870446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2020.1870446","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sexual assault is a troubling issue across universities in the United States. Bystanders who witness sexual assault can play a powerful role in preventing or reducing sexual assault; however, they often do not intervene when they still have the chance. The current study uses an experimental design to study the effect of prosocial bystander modeling on college students’ intention to intervene in future witnessed instances of sexual assault. Results indicate that perceived behavioral control is more influential on intention to intervene when participants are exposed to the prosocial bystander message. This result suggests that vicarious learning may increase individuals’ perceived ability to intervene. Our findings have practical implications for improving sexual assault prevention training on college campuses.","PeriodicalId":47084,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research Reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"33 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08824096.2020.1870446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46414709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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