Pub Date : 2022-08-01Epub Date: 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742510
Eiji Aramaki, Shoko Wakamiya, Shuntaro Yada, Yuta Nakamura
Objectives: Owing to the rapid progress of natural language processing (NLP), the role of NLP in the medical field has radically gained considerable attention from both NLP and medical informatics. Although numerous medical NLP papers are published annually, there is still a gap between basic NLP research and practical product development. This gap raises questions, such as what has medical NLP achieved in each medical field, and what is the burden for the practical use of NLP? This paper aims to clarify the above questions.
Methods: We explore the literature on potential NLP products/services applied to various medical/clinical/healthcare areas.
Results: This paper introduces clinical applications (bedside applications), in which we introduce the use of NLP for each clinical department, internal medicine, pre-surgery, post-surgery, oncology, radiology, pathology, psychiatry, rehabilitation, obstetrics, and gynecology. Also, we clarify technical problems to be addressed for encouraging bedside applications based on NLP.
Conclusions: These results contribute to discussions regarding potentially feasible NLP applications and highlight research gaps for future studies.
{"title":"Natural Language Processing: from Bedside to Everywhere.","authors":"Eiji Aramaki, Shoko Wakamiya, Shuntaro Yada, Yuta Nakamura","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1742510","DOIUrl":"10.1055/s-0042-1742510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Owing to the rapid progress of natural language processing (NLP), the role of NLP in the medical field has radically gained considerable attention from both NLP and medical informatics. Although numerous medical NLP papers are published annually, there is still a gap between basic NLP research and practical product development. This gap raises questions, such as what has medical NLP achieved in each medical field, and what is the burden for the practical use of NLP? This paper aims to clarify the above questions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We explore the literature on potential NLP products/services applied to various medical/clinical/healthcare areas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This paper introduces clinical applications (bedside applications), in which we introduce the use of NLP for each clinical department, internal medicine, pre-surgery, post-surgery, oncology, radiology, pathology, psychiatry, rehabilitation, obstetrics, and gynecology. Also, we clarify technical problems to be addressed for encouraging bedside applications based on NLP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results contribute to discussions regarding potentially feasible NLP applications and highlight research gaps for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"52 1","pages":"243-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9719781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89869295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two decades into the twenty-first century, the celebration of military personnel and veterans continues unabated. One can hardly attend a sporting event, board an airplane, or drive through a small town without either witnessing or being asked to participate in some celebration of military service. As scholars such as Andrew Bacevich have noted, these uncritical celebrations have made it easier for the United States to engage in perpetual warfare. Appeals to veterans’ exceptionality have also, Joseph Darda explains in his important book How White Men Won The Culture Wars: A History of Veteran America, become “an unassailable method for undercutting black activism in sports” (186). This phenomenon, Darda argues, is the product of a half century or cultural work, undertaken by liberals and conservatives, that has imagined veterans as an aggrieved and, notably, white population whose needs must be privileged. In response to “the civil rights, feminist, and antiwar movements,” he argues, “White men discovered that they could reclaim [their] standing [by] alleging that the government had neglected them to meet the demands of people of color and women while leaving them for dead in Vietnam. . . . The legitimate suffering of some vets gave them a figure through whom they could articulate a racial grievance without acknowledging it as racial” (34). Darda’s work is indebted to a generation of scholars of Vietnam’s legacy who precede him, including Marita Sturken, H. Bruce Franklin, Susan Jeffords, and Kathleen Belew. As a result, on first glance some of the texts he chooses to analyze and some of his specific points about them will be familiar to readers conversant with this literature. This is to be expected, to some degree; there is only so much one can say about Rambo, First Blood: Part II. Where Darda excels, though, is in his ability to locate these texts within the larger assertion of an aggrieved white identity. He begins by illustrating how the Vietnam War was constructed as a traumatic site for white veterans, eliding the experiences of servicemembers of color (43-44, 47, 52). In his strongest chapters, Darda provides compelling readings of a range of cultural products while also attending to their production and reception. Noting that Larry Heineman’s Paco’s Story beat out Toni Morrison’s Beloved for the National Book Award in 1987, for example, he argues that Heineman nonetheless “maintained that the war novelist had no home in American literature, that critics looked down on him . . . . for reminding them of a war that they wished to forget” (65). Through such analyses,
{"title":"How White Men Won The Culture Wars: A History of Veteran America by Joseph Darda (review)","authors":"David Kieran","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac037","url":null,"abstract":"Two decades into the twenty-first century, the celebration of military personnel and veterans continues unabated. One can hardly attend a sporting event, board an airplane, or drive through a small town without either witnessing or being asked to participate in some celebration of military service. As scholars such as Andrew Bacevich have noted, these uncritical celebrations have made it easier for the United States to engage in perpetual warfare. Appeals to veterans’ exceptionality have also, Joseph Darda explains in his important book How White Men Won The Culture Wars: A History of Veteran America, become “an unassailable method for undercutting black activism in sports” (186). This phenomenon, Darda argues, is the product of a half century or cultural work, undertaken by liberals and conservatives, that has imagined veterans as an aggrieved and, notably, white population whose needs must be privileged. In response to “the civil rights, feminist, and antiwar movements,” he argues, “White men discovered that they could reclaim [their] standing [by] alleging that the government had neglected them to meet the demands of people of color and women while leaving them for dead in Vietnam. . . . The legitimate suffering of some vets gave them a figure through whom they could articulate a racial grievance without acknowledging it as racial” (34). Darda’s work is indebted to a generation of scholars of Vietnam’s legacy who precede him, including Marita Sturken, H. Bruce Franklin, Susan Jeffords, and Kathleen Belew. As a result, on first glance some of the texts he chooses to analyze and some of his specific points about them will be familiar to readers conversant with this literature. This is to be expected, to some degree; there is only so much one can say about Rambo, First Blood: Part II. Where Darda excels, though, is in his ability to locate these texts within the larger assertion of an aggrieved white identity. He begins by illustrating how the Vietnam War was constructed as a traumatic site for white veterans, eliding the experiences of servicemembers of color (43-44, 47, 52). In his strongest chapters, Darda provides compelling readings of a range of cultural products while also attending to their production and reception. Noting that Larry Heineman’s Paco’s Story beat out Toni Morrison’s Beloved for the National Book Award in 1987, for example, he argues that Heineman nonetheless “maintained that the war novelist had no home in American literature, that critics looked down on him . . . . for reminding them of a war that they wished to forget” (65). Through such analyses,","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"56 1","pages":"899 - 901"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43311876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In co-authoring Immigration: An American History, two of the nation’s leading experts on the subject—Carl Bon Tempo and Hasia Diner—have taken on possibly their greatest challenge yet: surveying four centuries of U.S. immigration history in a captivating yet concise narrative that engages general interest, student, and academic readers alike. Their adroit organization of the book, incorporation of classic and recent works of scholarship covering a wide array of subfields and subjects, and crisp narration of major immigration policy developments alongside concrete demonstrations of representative migrant experiences combine to produce an excellent and original work of synthesis. At a succinct 364 pages of main text, the book proceeds briskly. After a short introduction, the authors divide their work into thirteen chapters, each about twenty-five pages in length. While the chapters largely cover distinct historical eras and advance in chronological order, lengthier time periods—especially those which witnessed high rates of immigration—often receive two chapters split along thematic lines. Though the book prudently eschews broad theorizations in favor of a narrative synthesis, the authors do offer three bigpicture conclusions in their epilogue: that “Immigrants came . . . in search of a better life,” that “the state . . . shaped immigration,” and that “Immigrants are like us” (italics in original; 362, 363). The paired chapters stand out among the book’s many strengths as especially efficacious. They afford the authors enough space to dive into social, cultural, and economic histories of immigrants in one chapter while describing contemporaneous immigration politics and policy developments in the other. This organization, in turn, allows the authors to lean into their respective areas of expertise and past publications (such as Diner’s socioeconomic and cultural explorations of Jewish, Irish, and/or women’s immigration history and Bon Tempo’s work on the development of post-World War II U.S. refugee law) while interweaving older and newer examples of immigration scholarship (on subjects ranging from the evolution of the federal immigration apparatus to various immigrant rights movements). While this structure does produce occasional complications (with content about the Dillingham Commission split among back-to-back chapters, for instance), its benefits far outweigh these slight costs.
{"title":"Immigration: An American History by Carl J. Bon Tempo and Hasia R. Diner (review)","authors":"Brenda Shanahan","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac038","url":null,"abstract":"In co-authoring Immigration: An American History, two of the nation’s leading experts on the subject—Carl Bon Tempo and Hasia Diner—have taken on possibly their greatest challenge yet: surveying four centuries of U.S. immigration history in a captivating yet concise narrative that engages general interest, student, and academic readers alike. Their adroit organization of the book, incorporation of classic and recent works of scholarship covering a wide array of subfields and subjects, and crisp narration of major immigration policy developments alongside concrete demonstrations of representative migrant experiences combine to produce an excellent and original work of synthesis. At a succinct 364 pages of main text, the book proceeds briskly. After a short introduction, the authors divide their work into thirteen chapters, each about twenty-five pages in length. While the chapters largely cover distinct historical eras and advance in chronological order, lengthier time periods—especially those which witnessed high rates of immigration—often receive two chapters split along thematic lines. Though the book prudently eschews broad theorizations in favor of a narrative synthesis, the authors do offer three bigpicture conclusions in their epilogue: that “Immigrants came . . . in search of a better life,” that “the state . . . shaped immigration,” and that “Immigrants are like us” (italics in original; 362, 363). The paired chapters stand out among the book’s many strengths as especially efficacious. They afford the authors enough space to dive into social, cultural, and economic histories of immigrants in one chapter while describing contemporaneous immigration politics and policy developments in the other. This organization, in turn, allows the authors to lean into their respective areas of expertise and past publications (such as Diner’s socioeconomic and cultural explorations of Jewish, Irish, and/or women’s immigration history and Bon Tempo’s work on the development of post-World War II U.S. refugee law) while interweaving older and newer examples of immigration scholarship (on subjects ranging from the evolution of the federal immigration apparatus to various immigrant rights movements). While this structure does produce occasional complications (with content about the Dillingham Commission split among back-to-back chapters, for instance), its benefits far outweigh these slight costs.","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"56 1","pages":"887 - 889"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45413140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Deportation Express: A History of America Through Forced Removal. By Ethan Blue","authors":"Adam Goodman","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60887939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rather than interpreting the 1980s in the Federal Republic of Germany as a time of fear, neoliberal retrenchment, resurgent nationalism, collapsing leftist futures, or no-future nihilism, Jennifer Allen encourages us to view these years as a period of democratic awakenings and new utopian imaginaries, an era that witnessed “a reconceptualization of the idea of utopia itself” (28). No longer was utopia singular, totalizing, or abstracted from the present; rather, over the course of the 1980s, it became something towards which one could work, a set of sustainable, everyday strategies for building a better world. In making the case for this transformation and renaissance of utopian thought, Allen focuses on three different groups: site-specific performance artists, amateur historians associated with the Berlin History Workshop, and the political activists of the nascent Green Party, all of whom engaged in practices that democratized, decentralized, and normalized utopian practices, thus making utopia sustainable. Over the course of six chapters, Allen traces how these different groups imagined and actualized their sustainable utopian visions. She begins with an analysis of experimental artists such as Joseph Beuys and Gunter Demnig, who designed projects intended to actively intervene in and transform public space. With ventures such as Beuys’s “7000 Oaks,” in which thousands of oak trees were planted throughout the city of Kassel, these artists sought to decentralize and democratize the production of art and, in so doing, to encourage citizens to participate in the critical reconstitution of their everyday environments. The historians associated with the Berlin History Workshop sought to initiate similar changes in how people engaged with the past. Instead of simply producing written studies that challenged dominant and exclusionary interpretations of history, Workshop participants designed exhibits that allowed citizens to encounter the past in their everyday lives. For example, they organized walking tours that highlighted local resistance to Nazism, they worked to change street names, and they created the “Mobile Museum,” a bus that took historical exhibits (such as the T-4 exhibit on the Nazi euthanasia program) to neighborhoods throughout the city. By changing how people interacted with traces of the past in their everyday environments, members of the Workshop believed they could cultivate critical counter publics that would actively work towards creating utopian futures. Allen’s last example comes from the activists of the German Green Party, which emerged in the early 1980s as an
{"title":"Sustainable Utopias: The Art and Politics of Hope in Germany by Jennifer Allen (review)","authors":"Jake P. Smith","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac039","url":null,"abstract":"Rather than interpreting the 1980s in the Federal Republic of Germany as a time of fear, neoliberal retrenchment, resurgent nationalism, collapsing leftist futures, or no-future nihilism, Jennifer Allen encourages us to view these years as a period of democratic awakenings and new utopian imaginaries, an era that witnessed “a reconceptualization of the idea of utopia itself” (28). No longer was utopia singular, totalizing, or abstracted from the present; rather, over the course of the 1980s, it became something towards which one could work, a set of sustainable, everyday strategies for building a better world. In making the case for this transformation and renaissance of utopian thought, Allen focuses on three different groups: site-specific performance artists, amateur historians associated with the Berlin History Workshop, and the political activists of the nascent Green Party, all of whom engaged in practices that democratized, decentralized, and normalized utopian practices, thus making utopia sustainable. Over the course of six chapters, Allen traces how these different groups imagined and actualized their sustainable utopian visions. She begins with an analysis of experimental artists such as Joseph Beuys and Gunter Demnig, who designed projects intended to actively intervene in and transform public space. With ventures such as Beuys’s “7000 Oaks,” in which thousands of oak trees were planted throughout the city of Kassel, these artists sought to decentralize and democratize the production of art and, in so doing, to encourage citizens to participate in the critical reconstitution of their everyday environments. The historians associated with the Berlin History Workshop sought to initiate similar changes in how people engaged with the past. Instead of simply producing written studies that challenged dominant and exclusionary interpretations of history, Workshop participants designed exhibits that allowed citizens to encounter the past in their everyday lives. For example, they organized walking tours that highlighted local resistance to Nazism, they worked to change street names, and they created the “Mobile Museum,” a bus that took historical exhibits (such as the T-4 exhibit on the Nazi euthanasia program) to neighborhoods throughout the city. By changing how people interacted with traces of the past in their everyday environments, members of the Workshop believed they could cultivate critical counter publics that would actively work towards creating utopian futures. Allen’s last example comes from the activists of the German Green Party, which emerged in the early 1980s as an","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"56 1","pages":"908 - 909"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44369565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The World That Latin America Created: The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America in the Development Era. By Margarita Fajardo","authors":"Christy Thornton","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46584119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unintended Lessons of Revolution: Student Teachers and Political Radicalism in Twentieth-Century Mexico. By Tanalís Padilla","authors":"K. A. Aguilar","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42462243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This book explores the teachings and activities of the Mujaddidi Sufi Fazl Ahmad and his spiritual and familial descendants to construct a cultural landscape stretching from Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan in late precolonial India to Bukhara and Khoqand under imperial Russia. Mujaddidis took their identity from their training in the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1624). Ziad argues that Mujaddidi sainthood constituted a “hidden caliphate” in the form of a Persianate sacro-cultural sphere; this study of Fazl Ahmad’s lineage maps out a domain of exchange and circulation of Mujaddidi “scholarly, sacred, and diplomatic goods and services.” Chapter 3 and the associated Appendix B track the reproduction of two manuals in print and manuscript form (thirteen of one and nine of the other) presenting a model for understanding the transmission of spiritual knowledge and the extension of the Mujaddidi Sufi order. These manuals served as a Mujaddidi curriculum and, repackaged with texts produced by other lineages, constitute a continuous Mujaddidi tradition from Sindh to Khoqand. Ziad tells us that these texts were demanded by disciples who carried them back to remote villages to serve as teaching aids. Commissions reveal a literate reading class, rulers, and courtiers among the audience for these texts. Ziad’s presentation of this material is highly instructive in proposing a model for understanding the regional dispersal of a spiritual tradition and undergirds his treatment of the Mujaddidi Sufi order as a unified tradition by providing evidence of Mujaddidi teachers providing spiritual services demanded by their students and other social elites. In chapters 4–9, Ziad examines the lives and careers of Fazl Ahmad and some members of his family and lineage “beyond the Oxus and the Indus.” Chapters 4 and 5 present Fazl Ahmad’s teaching and activities in Peshawar, a node of activity in which Fazl Ahmad’s personnel managed caravan trade routes, correspondence and land grants from the 1760s until his death in 1816, and in Bukhara where he established a second khanqah. Ziad makes good use of twentieth century Urdu language hagiographies and waqf documentation located in the Uzbekistan national archives to situate Fazl Ahmad. Chapter 7 examines Fazl Ahmad’s adaptation to a non-sedentary environment through his deputization of the illiterate Faqir Sahib who was already a spiritual leader in his own right, and the latter’s base of operations in Zakori and in the Powindah tribal
本书探讨了穆贾迪迪·苏菲·法兹尔·艾哈迈德及其精神和家族后代的教义和活动，以构建一个从殖民前印度晚期的白沙瓦和德拉伊斯梅尔汗到俄罗斯帝国统治下的布哈拉和霍坎德的文化景观。圣战者的身份来源于他们在Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi（公元1624年）的教导中接受的训练。齐亚德认为穆贾迪迪圣徒以波斯人神圣文化领域的形式构成了一个“隐藏的哈里发国”；这项对法兹尔·艾哈迈德血统的研究描绘了穆贾迪“学术、神圣和外交商品和服务”的交流和流通领域。“第3章和相关的附录B追踪了两本印刷版和手稿形式的手册（其中十三本和另九本）的复制，为理解精神知识的传播和穆贾迪迪·苏菲教团的扩展提供了一个模型。这些手册作为圣战者的课程，并与其他谱系产生的文本重新包装，构成了从信德省到Khoqand的持续圣战者传统。齐亚德告诉我们，这些经文是由门徒要求的，他们把它们带回偏远的村庄作为教具。委员会揭示了这些文本的读者中有一个识字的阅读阶层、统治者和朝臣。齐亚德对这些材料的介绍具有很强的指导意义，提出了一个理解精神传统区域分散的模型，并通过提供穆贾迪教师提供学生和其他社会精英所要求的精神服务的证据，巩固了他将穆贾迪-苏菲秩序视为一个统一传统的处理方式。在第4章至第9章中，齐亚德考察了法兹尔·艾哈迈德和他的一些家庭成员和血统“在奥克斯河和印度河之外”的生活和职业生涯。第4章和第5章介绍了法兹勒·艾哈迈德在白沙瓦的教学和活动，从1760年代到1816年去世，法兹尔·Ahmad的人员在白沙瓦管理商队贸易路线、通信和土地赠与，在布哈拉建立了第二个汗国。齐亚德很好地利用了乌兹别克斯坦国家档案馆中的二十世纪乌尔都语圣徒传记和宗教基金会文件来定位法兹尔·艾哈迈德。第7章考察了法兹尔·艾哈迈德通过代表文盲法奇尔·萨希布（Faqir Sahib），以及后者在扎科里和波温达部落的行动基地，对非定居环境的适应
{"title":"Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus by Waleed Ziad (review)","authors":"S. Haroon","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac036","url":null,"abstract":"This book explores the teachings and activities of the Mujaddidi Sufi Fazl Ahmad and his spiritual and familial descendants to construct a cultural landscape stretching from Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan in late precolonial India to Bukhara and Khoqand under imperial Russia. Mujaddidis took their identity from their training in the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1624). Ziad argues that Mujaddidi sainthood constituted a “hidden caliphate” in the form of a Persianate sacro-cultural sphere; this study of Fazl Ahmad’s lineage maps out a domain of exchange and circulation of Mujaddidi “scholarly, sacred, and diplomatic goods and services.” Chapter 3 and the associated Appendix B track the reproduction of two manuals in print and manuscript form (thirteen of one and nine of the other) presenting a model for understanding the transmission of spiritual knowledge and the extension of the Mujaddidi Sufi order. These manuals served as a Mujaddidi curriculum and, repackaged with texts produced by other lineages, constitute a continuous Mujaddidi tradition from Sindh to Khoqand. Ziad tells us that these texts were demanded by disciples who carried them back to remote villages to serve as teaching aids. Commissions reveal a literate reading class, rulers, and courtiers among the audience for these texts. Ziad’s presentation of this material is highly instructive in proposing a model for understanding the regional dispersal of a spiritual tradition and undergirds his treatment of the Mujaddidi Sufi order as a unified tradition by providing evidence of Mujaddidi teachers providing spiritual services demanded by their students and other social elites. In chapters 4–9, Ziad examines the lives and careers of Fazl Ahmad and some members of his family and lineage “beyond the Oxus and the Indus.” Chapters 4 and 5 present Fazl Ahmad’s teaching and activities in Peshawar, a node of activity in which Fazl Ahmad’s personnel managed caravan trade routes, correspondence and land grants from the 1760s until his death in 1816, and in Bukhara where he established a second khanqah. Ziad makes good use of twentieth century Urdu language hagiographies and waqf documentation located in the Uzbekistan national archives to situate Fazl Ahmad. Chapter 7 examines Fazl Ahmad’s adaptation to a non-sedentary environment through his deputization of the illiterate Faqir Sahib who was already a spiritual leader in his own right, and the latter’s base of operations in Zakori and in the Powindah tribal","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"56 1","pages":"885 - 886"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49178496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Although seventeenth-century Manila has been anointed the birthplace of global trade and its diversity is well-established, how individuals navigated that milieu is only recently coming to light. To elucidate how various persons experienced Manila, this article assembles and analyzes nearly one hundred denunciations of sorcery (hechicería) made to the Philippine branch of the Inquisition between ca. 1620 and 1650. The hexes and spells sold in this period promised material and physical benefits. Individuals purchased or learned about spells primarily from Indigenous Philippine peoples, but also from Manila's Moluccan, Indian, and Japanese residents who either imitated Philippine hexes or marketed their own, distinct spells. This exchange took place outside Manila's city walls, in the sprawling city of Extramuros, where frequent interactions between diverse peoples facilitated exchange and even contributed to the emergence of novel, hybridized hexes mixing Catholic invocations and Philippine rituals. Cumulatively, what these denunciations of a minor crime capture is the everyday interactions between diverse peoples that defined Manila. In the process, they establish how residents experienced and navigated the world's first global city.
{"title":"Of Two-Tailed Lizards: Spells, Folk-Knowledge, and Navigating Manila, 1620–1650","authors":"D. M. Findley","doi":"10.1093/jsh/shac032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shac032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Although seventeenth-century Manila has been anointed the birthplace of global trade and its diversity is well-established, how individuals navigated that milieu is only recently coming to light. To elucidate how various persons experienced Manila, this article assembles and analyzes nearly one hundred denunciations of sorcery (hechicería) made to the Philippine branch of the Inquisition between ca. 1620 and 1650. The hexes and spells sold in this period promised material and physical benefits. Individuals purchased or learned about spells primarily from Indigenous Philippine peoples, but also from Manila's Moluccan, Indian, and Japanese residents who either imitated Philippine hexes or marketed their own, distinct spells. This exchange took place outside Manila's city walls, in the sprawling city of Extramuros, where frequent interactions between diverse peoples facilitated exchange and even contributed to the emergence of novel, hybridized hexes mixing Catholic invocations and Philippine rituals. Cumulatively, what these denunciations of a minor crime capture is the everyday interactions between diverse peoples that defined Manila. In the process, they establish how residents experienced and navigated the world's first global city.","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"56 1","pages":"294 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5334/cie.38
Cathleen Halligan, Sarah Cryer
"Emotionally based school avoidance" (EBSA) is a term used to describe young people who have difficulty attending school due to emotional needs. In comparison to previously favoured terms such as "school refuser", EBSA highlights the impact of unmet emotional needs over school non-attendance, which then informs the intervention offered for students struggling to attend school. This paper presents an exploratory single-case study undertaken at a specialist GCSE setting (School X) for students experiencing EBSA. The work was commissioned by the programme following three consecutive years in which all students completing their GCSEs (national curriculum) showed improvement in attendance and 85% achieved above their predicted grade. In addition, 95% of students were still in post-16 study after leaving the school. The study, therefore, aimed to explore students' views of protective factors in a setting where they have previously made progress in terms of attendance and achievement. Qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured questions with students in a group setting, delivered online using an anonymised computer software system. Quantitative data were gathered with students in a one-to-one situation using an adaption of the Q-sort technique, a self-contained "qualiquantilogical" methodology that aims to explore human subjectivity. Findings were collectively analysed using thematic analysis, which produced two over-arching themes: interconnectivity and psychological safety. Findings from this study are considered alongside research about interventions suggested to be effective for supporting students experiencing EBSA to re-engage with school and education.
{"title":"Emotionally Based School Avoidance (EBSA): Students' Views of What Works in a Specialist Setting.","authors":"Cathleen Halligan, Sarah Cryer","doi":"10.5334/cie.38","DOIUrl":"10.5334/cie.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Emotionally based school avoidance\" (EBSA) is a term used to describe young people who have difficulty attending school due to emotional needs. In comparison to previously favoured terms such as \"school refuser\", EBSA highlights the impact of unmet emotional needs over school non-attendance, which then informs the intervention offered for students struggling to attend school. This paper presents an exploratory single-case study undertaken at a specialist GCSE setting (School X) for students experiencing EBSA. The work was commissioned by the programme following three consecutive years in which all students completing their GCSEs (national curriculum) showed improvement in attendance and 85% achieved above their predicted grade. In addition, 95% of students were still in post-16 study after leaving the school. The study, therefore, aimed to explore students' views of protective factors in a setting where they have previously made progress in terms of attendance and achievement. Qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured questions with students in a group setting, delivered online using an anonymised computer software system. Quantitative data were gathered with students in a one-to-one situation using an adaption of the Q-sort technique, a self-contained \"qualiquantilogical\" methodology that aims to explore human subjectivity. Findings were collectively analysed using thematic analysis, which produced two over-arching themes: interconnectivity and psychological safety. Findings from this study are considered alongside research about interventions suggested to be effective for supporting students experiencing EBSA to re-engage with school and education.</p>","PeriodicalId":47169,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social History","volume":"20 1","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11104314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88548535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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