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Mud, metaphors and politics: Meaning-making during the 2021 German floods 泥泞、隐喻与政治:2021 年德国洪灾期间的意义建构
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231177511
Brigitte Nerlich, R. Jaspal
On 14 July 2021, the western states of Germany, Rheinland Palatinate and North-Rhein-Westphalia experienced major flash floods and about two hundred people died. This article explores how those affected and journalists they spoke to created meaning from the mayhem of an unprecedented disaster and how social representations of flooding emerged in which language, politics and values were intimately intertwined. Combining thematic analysis with elements of social representations theory, and analysing a sample of articles from a national news magazine, we show how social representations of the floods were shaped by the objectification of the floods through metonymy (mud and debris) and the anchoring of the floods through personification and metaphors (natural and mechanical forces), thus adding a new dimension to the existing body of work on flood and metaphors. We claim that the immediate focus on the extreme force of the 2021 floods, on the one hand, and the weakness of political response, on the other, may entrench feelings of helplessness and divert attention away from more systematic and long-term engagement with flood dangers in the context of climate change, including extreme weather events.
2021年7月14日,德国西部的莱茵-普法尔茨州和北莱茵-威斯特伐利亚州经历了严重的山洪暴发,约有200人死亡。这篇文章探讨了灾民和与他们交谈的记者如何从一场前所未有的灾难的混乱中创造意义,以及语言、政治和价值观密切交织在一起的洪水的社会表征是如何出现的。将主题分析与社会表征理论的要素相结合,并分析了一份全国性新闻杂志的文章样本,我们展示了洪水的社会表征是如何通过转喻(泥浆和碎片)对洪水的物化以及通过人格化和隐喻(自然和机械力量)对洪水的锚定来塑造的,从而为现有的洪水和隐喻工作增添了一个新的维度。我们认为,一方面,直接关注2021年洪水的极端力量,另一方面,政治反应薄弱,可能会加深人们的无助感,转移人们对气候变化背景下(包括极端天气事件)更系统和长期参与洪水危险的注意力。
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引用次数: 0
Slow ecology: Local knowledge and natural restoration on the lower Danube 慢生态:多瑙河下游的地方知识与自然恢复
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231170511
Stelu Şerban
In the first half of the 2000s, one project to restore the former Danube floodplain was carried out in Belene, a marginal town on the Bulgarian Danube. The aim of this article is to record the practices that were already in place before the interventions on the Danube, as part of a heterogeneous local knowledge that had an alternative vision to the scientific knowledge of experts involved in the restoration project. The data comes from qualitative interviews with locals and experts implicated in this project, as well as ethnographic observations from the fieldwork I carried out in 2013–2014, 2020 and 2022. The conclusion is that without attempting to replace the scientific knowledge, the locals aim to impose, through their local knowledge, a sort of slow ecology that eases the pace of the restoration of the former Danube floodplains.
21世纪前半期,在保加利亚多瑙河边缘小镇贝林(Belene)开展了一个恢复前多瑙河漫滩的项目。本文的目的是记录在多瑙河干预之前已经存在的实践,作为异质当地知识的一部分,这些知识与参与恢复项目的专家的科学知识有着不同的看法。这些数据来自与该项目相关的当地人和专家的定性访谈,以及我在2013-2014年、2020年和2022年进行的田野调查中的民族志观察。结论是,在不试图取代科学知识的情况下,当地人的目标是通过他们的当地知识,强加一种缓慢的生态,以减缓前多瑙河泛滥平原的恢复速度。
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引用次数: 0
A social and ethical game-changer? An empirical ethics study of CRISPR in the salmon farming industry 改变社会和伦理的游戏规则?三文鱼养殖业中的 CRISPR 实证伦理研究
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196543
H. Winther, T. Blix, Lotte Holm, A. Myhr, Bjørn Myskja
The genome editing technology CRISPR is described as a technological game-changer because of its flexibility and precision, and as an ethical game-changer due to its ability to engineer traits in living organisms without crossing species, avoiding a significant objection to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In salmon farming, applications of CRISPR in breeding hold the promise of handling environmental and fish welfare challenges yet require social acceptance. Adopting an empirical bioethics framework, this stakeholder interview study shows that respecting species borders is important, but not decisive, for acceptance among Norwegian stakeholders. The main objections are based on moral reflections about technology use and outcomes. These reflections combine principles and pragmatic deliberations of moral costs and benefits, suggesting that CRISPR applications with environmentally and ethically significant benefits can be socially acceptable. This indicates that the game-changing potential of CRISPR relies on the characteristics of the editing and the context in which the application takes place.
基因组编辑技术CRISPR因其灵活性和精确性被描述为技术上的游戏规则改变者,同时也被描述为道德上的游戏规则改变者,因为它能够在不跨物种的情况下改造生物体的特征,避免了对转基因生物(GMOs)的重大反对。在鲑鱼养殖中,CRISPR在育种中的应用有望解决环境和鱼类福利挑战,但需要社会认可。采用经验生物伦理学框架,这个利益相关者访谈研究表明,尊重物种边界是重要的,但不是决定性的,挪威利益相关者之间的接受。主要的反对意见是基于对技术使用和结果的道德反思。这些反思结合了原则和对道德成本和收益的务实考虑,表明具有环境和伦理意义的CRISPR应用可以被社会接受。这表明,CRISPR改变游戏规则的潜力取决于编辑的特征和应用发生的环境。
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引用次数: 0
Promises and pitfalls of environmental pragmatism 环境实用主义的承诺与陷阱
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196542
Henrik Rydenfelt
Environmental pragmatism has faced numerous criticisms for relativism and crude instrumentalism as well as for sidestepping the fundamental concerns of environmental ethics. Recently, Andre Santos Campos and Sofia Guedes Vaz have proposed a new ‘method’ of environmental pragmatism, justificatory moral pluralism, with the aim of overcoming these criticisms. It is argued that this new approach is plagued by the traditional concerns. Instead, the pitfalls of pragmatism can be avoided by adopting the central insight of the classical pragmatists that values may be revised in light of experience in a process that resembles scientific inquiry. The resulting view may not be satisfying for those who expect pragmatism to live up to its periodic promise of immediate and concrete results. Nevertheless, pragmatism presents the environmental ethicist with a range of promising tasks.
环境实用主义因相对主义和粗糙的工具主义以及回避环境伦理的基本关切而面临许多批评。最近,安德烈·桑托斯·坎波斯和索菲亚·格德斯·瓦兹提出了一种新的环境实用主义“方法”,即正当的道德多元主义,旨在克服这些批评。有人认为,这种新方法受到传统问题的困扰。相反,实用主义的陷阱可以通过采纳古典实用主义者的核心见解来避免,即价值观可以在类似于科学探究的过程中根据经验进行修正。对于那些期望实用主义能够实现其定期承诺的即时和具体结果的人来说,由此得出的观点可能不会令人满意。然而,实用主义给环境伦理学家提出了一系列有希望的任务。
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引用次数: 0
Unearthing intentionality: Building transformative capacity by reclaiming consciousness 发掘意向性:通过恢复意识培养变革能力
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231175245
Benedikt Schmid, Iana Nesterova
In transformation research of late, accounts on the relation between intentionality and agency on the one hand, and the more routinised and structured side of social co-existence on the other, are increasingly nuanced. However, we observe a deficiency in the way arguments are set up by the interlocutors: both, scholars who grant intentionality a central role and those who emphasise its limitations generally do so at the level of ontology – debating degrees of human capacity for conscious planning versus a largely unconscious reproduction. We wish to shift this question from an ontological to a pedagogical one, exploring possibilities to cultivate and learn intentionality. We do so by developing the concept of consciousness-in-nature that we derive from, and contextualise in, the traditions of deep ecology and (Westernised) Buddhism which both view human beings as inseparable from nature and one another. With consciousness-in-nature we refer to an understanding of humans as a part of nature that has developed the capacity for (self-) reflection and deliberation – a capacity that is not static or firm but can be nurtured and cultivated or clouded over and subdued. From this standpoint, we lay out an understanding of the role of (re)learning consciousness for processes of social change and explore potentials for its nurturing.
在最近的转型研究中,一方面是意向性和能动性之间的关系,另一方面是社会共存中更为常规和结构化的一面,这两者之间的关系越来越微妙。然而,我们观察到对话者建立论点的方式有一个缺陷:无论是承认意向性中心作用的学者,还是强调意向性局限性的学者,通常都是在本体论的层面上这样做的——辩论人类有意识计划的能力程度,还是在很大程度上无意识的繁殖。我们希望将这个问题从一个本体论的问题转变为一个教学的问题,探索培养和学习意向性的可能性。我们通过发展自然意识的概念来做到这一点,我们从深层生态学和(西方化的)佛教的传统中衍生出来,并将其置于背景中,这两个传统都认为人类与自然和彼此是不可分割的。对于自然意识,我们指的是将人类理解为自然的一部分,人类已经发展出(自我)反思和思考的能力——这种能力不是静态的或坚定的,而是可以培育和培养的,也可以被遮蔽和抑制。从这个角度出发,我们阐述了(再)学习意识在社会变革过程中的作用,并探索了培养它的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Rarity and endangerment: Why do they matter? 稀有性和濒危性:它们为何重要?
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231171836
Simon P. James
It is often supposed that valuable organisms are more valuable if they are rare. Likewise if they belong to endangered species. I consider what kinds of value rarity and endangerment can add in such cases. I argue that individual organisms of a valuable species typically have instrumental value as means to the end of preserving their species. This progenitive value, I suggest, tends to increase exponentially with rarity. Endlings, for their part, typically have little progenitive value; however, I argue that they may nonetheless have persistence value because, merely by existing, they postpone the numerical extinction of their species. Finally, I propose that a sentient endling can have higher lifeworld value than it would have had were it not the last of its kind. This, I argue, is because when a sentient endling dies, very little of its lifeworld is preserved – and this, I suggest, can be a bad thing.
人们通常认为,有价值的生物如果稀有就更有价值。同样,如果它们属于濒危物种。我考虑在这种情况下,稀有和濒危可以增加什么样的价值。我认为,有价值物种的个体生物通常具有工具价值,作为保护其物种的手段。我认为,这种繁殖价值往往会随着稀有性呈指数增长。结局,就其本身而言,通常没有繁殖价值;然而,我认为它们可能仍然具有持久价值,因为仅仅通过存在,它们就推迟了其物种的数量灭绝。最后,我提出,一个有感情的结局可能比它不是最后一个这样的结局具有更高的生活世界价值。我认为,这是因为当一个有知觉的生物死亡时,它的生活世界几乎没有被保存下来——我认为,这可能是一件坏事。
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引用次数: 1
Normative implications of ecophenomenology. Towards a deep anthropo-related environmental ethics 生态现象学的规范意义。建立与人类相关的深层环境伦理学
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231174086
Kira Meyer
Corporeality of human beings should be taken seriously and be included in their self-understanding as the ‘nature we are ourselves’. Such an ecophenomenological account has important normative implications. Firstly, I argue that the instrumental value of nature can be particularly well justified based on an ecophenomenological approach. Secondly, sentience is inseparable from corporeality. Therefore, insofar as it is a concern of the ecophenomenological approach to take corporeality and its implications seriously, sentient beings deserve direct moral consideration. Thirdly, it can strengthen the so-far underestimated category of eudaimonic values of nature, which can be best developed through an ecophenomenological reconstruction. Taken together, ecophenomenology is vital for environmental ethics and helps us to leave behind its widespread ‘centrism’. Ecophenomenology should therefore, both methodically and philosophically, be included in the discussion of environmental ethical problems.
人类的物质性应该被认真对待,并被纳入他们的自我理解中,作为“我们是我们自己的本性”。这样的生态现象学解释具有重要的规范含义。首先,我认为,基于生态现象学的方法,自然的工具价值可以得到特别好的证明。其次,感觉与肉体是分不开的。因此,只要它是生态现象学方法所关注的,认真对待肉体及其含义,有知觉的生物应该得到直接的道德考虑。第三,它可以加强迄今为止被低估的自然的现实价值范畴,这可以通过生态现象学重建得到最好的发展。综上所述,生态现象学对环境伦理至关重要,并帮助我们摆脱其广泛的“中心主义”。因此,生态现象学应该在方法上和哲学上纳入环境伦理问题的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Being of deep transformations: A personal journey inspired by Clive L. Spash 深刻变革的存在:受克莱夫-斯帕什启发的个人旅程
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231184615
Iana Nesterova
The works of Clive L. Spash provided inspiration to many. In the case of my own theoretical and philosophical journey, Spash's social-ecological economics became an important grounding. However, apart from directing this journey, his works have been a major influence in another domain: the domain of my personal being in and relating with the world. This paper explicates this side of Spash's influence. The paper's roots specifically go back to Spash’s work on new foundations for ecological economics and the invitation he extended to his fellow humans to act personally and consistently with one's environmental and social values. Far from glorifying the mode of being, here referred to as being of deep transformations, I aim to draw others’ attention to the challenges and constraints.
克莱夫·l·斯帕什(Clive L. Spash)的作品为许多人提供了灵感。在我自己的理论和哲学旅程中,斯帕什的社会生态经济学成为了一个重要的基础。然而,除了指导这段旅程之外,他的作品在另一个领域也产生了重大影响:我个人在世界中的存在和与世界的关系。本文阐述了Spash的这一方面的影响。这篇论文的根源可以追溯到斯帕什关于生态经济学新基础的研究,以及他向人类同胞发出的邀请,即以个人的名义,始终如一地履行自己的环境和社会价值观。我的目的不是赞美存在的模式,这里指的是深度转变的存在,而是要引起别人对挑战和制约的注意。
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引用次数: 1
Beyond Statism and Deliberation: Questioning Ecological Democracy through Eco-Anarchism and Cosmopolitics 超越国家主义和审议:通过生态无政府主义和世界政治质疑生态民主
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3197/096327123x16759401706533
J. Smessaert, G. Feola
This paper decentres the predominance of statism and deliberation in ecological democracy scholarship. We use insights from eco-anarchism and cosmopolitics to identify democratic configurations beyond capitalism and its entanglement with the nation-state. These configurations are premised on the idea that sustainability transformation not only implies a move beyond capitalism and the nation-state, but might comprise their dismantling. We propose and apply an analytical framework encompassing the dimensions actors, praxis and processes and institution(s) to contrast these three political theories and bring forward a diversity of democratic praxes that revolve around the generation of autonomy and the building of multispecies political communities. Finally, we discuss transformation possibilities from within the capitalist nation-state and propose research directions for post-statist, autonomous and diverse ecological democracies.
本文着重分析了国家主义和审议在生态民主学术中的主导地位。我们利用生态无政府主义和世界政治的见解来识别超越资本主义及其与民族国家纠缠的民主配置。这些配置的前提是,可持续转型不仅意味着超越资本主义和民族国家,而且可能包括它们的拆除。我们提出并应用了一个包含行动者、实践、过程和制度维度的分析框架来对比这三种政治理论,并提出了围绕自治的产生和多物种政治社区建设的民主实践的多样性。最后,我们讨论了资本主义民族国家内部的转型可能性,并提出了后国家主义、自治和多样化生态民主的研究方向。
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引用次数: 1
Slippery Slope Arguments as Precautionary Arguments: A New Way of Understanding the Concern about Geoengineering Research 滑坡论证作为预防性论证:一种理解地球工程研究关注的新途径
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3197/096327123x16702350862737
James Andow
It has been argued that geoengineering research should not be pursued because of a slippery slope from research to problematic deployment. These arguments have been thought weak or defective on the basis of interpretations that treat the arguments as relying on dubious premises. The paper urges a new interpretation of these arguments as precautionary arguments, i.e. as relying on a precautionary principle. This interpretation helps us better appreciate the potential normative force of the worries, their potential policy relevance, and the kind of evidence required by slippery slope arguments. Understood as precautionary arguments, it is clear that slippery slope arguments against geoengineering capture concerns that are worth taking seriously.
有人认为不应该进行地球工程研究,因为从研究到有问题的部署会产生滑坡效应。这些论点被认为是软弱的或有缺陷的,因为这些解释将这些论点视为依赖于可疑的前提。本文敦促将这些论点作为预防性论点进行新的解释,即依赖于预防性原则。这种解释有助于我们更好地理解这些担忧潜在的规范性力量,它们潜在的政策相关性,以及滑坡理论所需的证据。将其理解为预防性论点,很明显,反对地球工程的滑坡论点值得认真对待。
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引用次数: 2
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Environmental Values
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