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Every tree fixed with a purpose: Contesting value in Olmsted's parks 每棵树都有固定用途:奥姆斯特德公园的价值之争
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231220425
Eric S. Godoy
Olmsted was an influential landscape architect whose works include many parks, recreation grounds and more. Inspired by Romantic and transcendentalist thinkers, he developed ‘pastoral transcendentalism’, a style of designing parks that mimicked natural spaces to reproduce their values within cities. Although environmental justice scholars have pointed out how these designs limit access to parks, I argue that environmental philosophers have not adequately discussed Olmsted, particularly his axiology of nature. Reflecting on it reveals how environmental injustice consists not only of restricting access to nature to protect its essential value – for Olmsted, scenery that could induce a contemplative mindset – but in delimiting nature's value without consideration of how people actually appreciate it.
奥姆斯特德是一位极具影响力的景观建筑师,他的作品包括许多公园、休闲场所等。受浪漫主义和超验主义思想家的启发,他发展了 "田园超验主义",这种公园设计风格模仿自然空间,在城市中再现自然空间的价值。尽管环境正义学者已经指出了这些设计如何限制了人们进入公园,但我认为环境哲学家并没有充分讨论奥姆斯特德,尤其是他的自然公理。反思奥姆斯特德的自然公理可以发现,环境不公正不仅包括限制人们接触自然以保护其基本价值--对奥姆斯特德来说,风景可以诱发沉思的心态--还包括限定自然的价值,而不考虑人们实际上是如何欣赏自然的。
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引用次数: 0
On degrowth strategy: The Simpler Way perspective 关于去增长战略:简单之路 "视角
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231214309
Ted Trainer
The rapidly expanding degrowth literature has focused predominantly on the case for degrowth and its goals and much less attention has been given to how it might be achieved. The following discussion is not concerned to review the current state of the discussion and refers to it only in order to develop a case for a particular approach to degrowth strategy, that is, one deriving from the simpler way perspective on the global predicament. This focuses on the alarming and poorly recognised extent to which global sustainability limits have been exceeded. When this is understood it is clear that extremely radical solutions must be sought. There has to be transition to far simpler lifestyles and systems. This requires abandoning various fundamental structures and taken-for-granted assumptions and ways. Thus it will be argued that numerous degrowth strategies are inappropriate, including attempting to reform existing governmental policies and adopting eco-socialist goals and means. This perspective on the situation has coercive implications for viable strategy. One major implication of the simpler way perspective is that ends and means must be anarchist.
在迅速发展的脱增长文献中,主要集中于脱增长的理由及其目标,而对如何实现脱增长的关注要少得多。下面的讨论并不是要回顾当前的讨论情况,而是要为一种特殊的脱增长战略方法提供论据,即一种从全球困境的简单角度出发的方法。其重点是全球可持续性极限已被超越的惊人程度,而这一程度却未得到充分认识。明白了这一点,显然就必须寻求极其激进的解决方案。必须向简单得多的生活方式和系统过渡。这就需要放弃各种基本结构和理所当然的假设和方式。因此,有观点认为,包括试图改革现有的政府政策和采用生态社会主义的目标和手段在内的许多 "脱增长 "战略都是不恰当的。这种视角对可行的战略具有强制意义。更简单方法观点的一个主要含义是,目的和手段必须是无政府主义的。
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引用次数: 0
The ‘civic-transformative’ value of urban street trees 城市行道树的 "公民改造 "价值
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231180306
Oliver Harrison
Urban street trees (USTs) have a range of values – some of which are easier to quantify than others. Focusing specifically on the UK context and using the Sheffield Tree Protests (2012–) as a case study, whilst confirming existing research as to the variety of values associated with their specifically ‘cultural’ services, the article argues that USTs have an additional potential form – what I call ‘civic-transformative value’. This form of value has at least three key characteristics. Firstly, it is place-based and communal; second, its form is ‘relational’; and finally, as intrinsically contingent, it is pluralistic in the sense that its civic-transformative potential is dependent on successfully integrating a range of other values. The article emphasises both the possibility and necessity of ‘convergence’ – that is, a pluralistic and pragmatic alliance of values which might help protect not only USTs, but other embattled sites of nature.
城市行道树(USTs)有一系列的价值,其中一些比其他的更容易量化。本文特别关注英国的背景,并以谢菲尔德树抗议活动(2012 -)为例进行研究,同时确认了现有的研究,即与他们特定的“文化”服务相关的各种价值,本文认为ust还有一种额外的潜在形式——我称之为“公民变革价值”。这种形式的价值至少有三个关键特征。首先,它是基于地方和公共的;第二,它的形式是“关系”的;最后,作为内在的偶然性,它是多元化的,因为它的公民变革潜力依赖于成功地整合一系列其他价值观。这篇文章强调了“趋同”的可能性和必要性——也就是说,一个多元化和务实的价值观联盟,它不仅可以帮助保护ust,还可以帮助保护其他陷入困境的自然遗址。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: On the Emergence of an Ecological Class: A Memo by Bruno Latour & Nikolaj Schultz 书评:论生态阶级的出现:布鲁诺-拉图尔和尼古拉-舒尔茨的备忘录
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196541
Justin Simpson
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Incomparable Values: Analysis, Axiomatics, and Applications by John Nolt 书评不可比值:约翰-诺特的《分析、公理和应用
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196645
Leo Yan
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引用次数: 0
Who owns NATURE? Conceptual appropriation in discourses on climate and biotechnologies 谁拥有大自然?气候和生物技术论述中的概念挪用
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196535
Jeroen K.G. Hopster, Alessio Gerola, Ben Hofbauer, Guido Löhr, Julia Rijssenbeek, Paulan Korenhof
Emerging technologies can have profound conceptual implications. Their emergence frequently calls for the articulation of new concepts, or for modifications and novel applications of concepts that are already entrenched in communication and thought. In this paper, we introduce the notion of “conceptual appropriation” to capture the dynamics between concepts and emerging technologies. By conceptual appropriation, we mean the novel application of a value-laden concept to lay a contestable claim on an underdetermined phenomenon. We illustrate the dynamics of conceptual appropriation by analyzing the concept NATURE and its uptake in three discourses of emerging technology: cellular agriculture, solar geo-engineering, and biomimicry. We argue that NATURE and its cognate NATURALNESS are strongly valanced concepts upon which different stakeholders lay a claim. In doing so, stakeholders advance distinct conceptions of nature, typically to suit their own interests. Our case-studies illustrate how in discourses on emerging technology, the application of value-concepts is entangled with ideological stakes and power dynamics.
新兴技术可能具有深刻的概念含义。它们的出现经常要求阐明新概念,或者修改和新颖地应用已经在交流和思想中根深蒂固的概念。在本文中,我们引入了“概念挪用”的概念来捕捉概念和新兴技术之间的动态关系。通过概念挪用,我们指的是对一个充满价值的概念的新颖应用,以对一个未确定的现象提出有争议的主张。我们通过分析自然概念及其在新兴技术的三个话语中的吸收来说明概念挪用的动态:细胞农业、太阳能地球工程和仿生学。我们认为,自然和它的同源自然是强烈的价值概念,不同的利益相关者提出索赔。在这样做的过程中,利益相关者提出了不同的自然概念,通常是为了满足自己的利益。我们的案例研究表明,在新兴技术的话语中,价值概念的应用如何与意识形态利益和权力动态纠缠在一起。
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引用次数: 1
Book Review: Strange Natures. Conservation in the Era of Synthetic Biology by Kent H. Redford and William M. Adams 书评奇怪的天性。合成生物学时代的自然保护》,肯特-H-雷德福和威廉-M-亚当斯著
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196550
Magdalena Hoły-Łuczaj
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引用次数: 0
Mud, metaphors and politics: Meaning-making during the 2021 German floods 泥泞、隐喻与政治:2021 年德国洪灾期间的意义建构
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231177511
Brigitte Nerlich, R. Jaspal
On 14 July 2021, the western states of Germany, Rheinland Palatinate and North-Rhein-Westphalia experienced major flash floods and about two hundred people died. This article explores how those affected and journalists they spoke to created meaning from the mayhem of an unprecedented disaster and how social representations of flooding emerged in which language, politics and values were intimately intertwined. Combining thematic analysis with elements of social representations theory, and analysing a sample of articles from a national news magazine, we show how social representations of the floods were shaped by the objectification of the floods through metonymy (mud and debris) and the anchoring of the floods through personification and metaphors (natural and mechanical forces), thus adding a new dimension to the existing body of work on flood and metaphors. We claim that the immediate focus on the extreme force of the 2021 floods, on the one hand, and the weakness of political response, on the other, may entrench feelings of helplessness and divert attention away from more systematic and long-term engagement with flood dangers in the context of climate change, including extreme weather events.
2021年7月14日,德国西部的莱茵-普法尔茨州和北莱茵-威斯特伐利亚州经历了严重的山洪暴发,约有200人死亡。这篇文章探讨了灾民和与他们交谈的记者如何从一场前所未有的灾难的混乱中创造意义,以及语言、政治和价值观密切交织在一起的洪水的社会表征是如何出现的。将主题分析与社会表征理论的要素相结合,并分析了一份全国性新闻杂志的文章样本,我们展示了洪水的社会表征是如何通过转喻(泥浆和碎片)对洪水的物化以及通过人格化和隐喻(自然和机械力量)对洪水的锚定来塑造的,从而为现有的洪水和隐喻工作增添了一个新的维度。我们认为,一方面,直接关注2021年洪水的极端力量,另一方面,政治反应薄弱,可能会加深人们的无助感,转移人们对气候变化背景下(包括极端天气事件)更系统和长期参与洪水危险的注意力。
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引用次数: 0
Slow ecology: Local knowledge and natural restoration on the lower Danube 慢生态:多瑙河下游的地方知识与自然恢复
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231170511
Stelu Şerban
In the first half of the 2000s, one project to restore the former Danube floodplain was carried out in Belene, a marginal town on the Bulgarian Danube. The aim of this article is to record the practices that were already in place before the interventions on the Danube, as part of a heterogeneous local knowledge that had an alternative vision to the scientific knowledge of experts involved in the restoration project. The data comes from qualitative interviews with locals and experts implicated in this project, as well as ethnographic observations from the fieldwork I carried out in 2013–2014, 2020 and 2022. The conclusion is that without attempting to replace the scientific knowledge, the locals aim to impose, through their local knowledge, a sort of slow ecology that eases the pace of the restoration of the former Danube floodplains.
21世纪前半期,在保加利亚多瑙河边缘小镇贝林(Belene)开展了一个恢复前多瑙河漫滩的项目。本文的目的是记录在多瑙河干预之前已经存在的实践,作为异质当地知识的一部分,这些知识与参与恢复项目的专家的科学知识有着不同的看法。这些数据来自与该项目相关的当地人和专家的定性访谈,以及我在2013-2014年、2020年和2022年进行的田野调查中的民族志观察。结论是,在不试图取代科学知识的情况下,当地人的目标是通过他们的当地知识,强加一种缓慢的生态,以减缓前多瑙河泛滥平原的恢复速度。
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引用次数: 0
A social and ethical game-changer? An empirical ethics study of CRISPR in the salmon farming industry 改变社会和伦理的游戏规则?三文鱼养殖业中的 CRISPR 实证伦理研究
IF 2.2 2区 哲学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1177/09632719231196543
H. Winther, T. Blix, Lotte Holm, A. Myhr, Bjørn Myskja
The genome editing technology CRISPR is described as a technological game-changer because of its flexibility and precision, and as an ethical game-changer due to its ability to engineer traits in living organisms without crossing species, avoiding a significant objection to genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In salmon farming, applications of CRISPR in breeding hold the promise of handling environmental and fish welfare challenges yet require social acceptance. Adopting an empirical bioethics framework, this stakeholder interview study shows that respecting species borders is important, but not decisive, for acceptance among Norwegian stakeholders. The main objections are based on moral reflections about technology use and outcomes. These reflections combine principles and pragmatic deliberations of moral costs and benefits, suggesting that CRISPR applications with environmentally and ethically significant benefits can be socially acceptable. This indicates that the game-changing potential of CRISPR relies on the characteristics of the editing and the context in which the application takes place.
基因组编辑技术CRISPR因其灵活性和精确性被描述为技术上的游戏规则改变者,同时也被描述为道德上的游戏规则改变者,因为它能够在不跨物种的情况下改造生物体的特征,避免了对转基因生物(GMOs)的重大反对。在鲑鱼养殖中,CRISPR在育种中的应用有望解决环境和鱼类福利挑战,但需要社会认可。采用经验生物伦理学框架,这个利益相关者访谈研究表明,尊重物种边界是重要的,但不是决定性的,挪威利益相关者之间的接受。主要的反对意见是基于对技术使用和结果的道德反思。这些反思结合了原则和对道德成本和收益的务实考虑,表明具有环境和伦理意义的CRISPR应用可以被社会接受。这表明,CRISPR改变游戏规则的潜力取决于编辑的特征和应用发生的环境。
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Environmental Values
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