International Review of Law and Economics最新文献

英文中文

Conflict and property law: The hidden costs of takings and of liability rule protection 冲突与财产法：征收与责任规则保护的隐性成本

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106280

Sergio Mittlaender

This paper presents a novel argument for the law’s preference for property rules over liability rules based on their potential to reduce socially costly forms of retaliation by victims of takings. Property rules are more effective at mitigating conflict and discouraging costly retaliation by victims, thereby increasing social welfare. This hypothesis is tested empirically in a laboratory experiment involving a task that includes a valued possession that can be taken by others. Results reveal that both property and liability rules reduce retaliation, but property rules are more effective—particularly when the taking results in a net gain for the taker, who profits from the transgression. This suggests a hidden social cost in efficient takings under liability rules, providing evidence for the existing preference for property rules in legal systems. This paper contributes to the literature by revealing a significant, yet overlooked, advantage of property rules, rationalizing existing practice, and discussing the implications for the optimal choice of legal protection of entitlements.

本文提出了一个新的论点，认为法律更倾向于财产规则而不是责任规则，因为它们有可能减少征收受害者的社会代价高昂的报复形式。财产规则在缓解冲突和阻止受害者进行代价高昂的报复方面更为有效，从而增加了社会福利。这一假设在一个实验室实验中得到了实证检验，该实验涉及一项任务，其中包括一项可以被其他人拿走的有价值的财产。结果显示，财产和责任规则都减少了报复，但财产规则更有效——特别是当索取行为为索取者带来净收益时，索取者从违法行为中获利。这表明，在责任规则下的有效征收存在隐性社会成本，为法律体系中现有的财产规则偏好提供了证据。本文通过揭示财产规则的一个重要但被忽视的优势，使现有实践合理化，并讨论对权利法律保护的最佳选择的影响，对文献做出了贡献。

引用次数: 0

Do Chinese courts apply the “Hand Formula”: Empirical evidence from cases related to the duty of safety protection 中国法院是否适用“汉德公式”：安全保护义务相关案件的经验证据

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106279

Haoyi Zhang

This study analyzes over ten thousand judgments by Chinese courts in cases related to the duty of safety protection, using a sharp regression discontinuity design to examine the causal relationship between the ratio of expected loss to the burden of precaution and the determination of defendant negligence. The findings reveal that the decision-making process, guided by the Hand Formula, explains approximately 20% to 30% of judicial decisions. When focusing specifically on a cost–benefit analysis mindset, this process accounts for approximately 10% to 15% of decisions. These results indicate that the Hand Formula significantly influences judicial practice in China. Moreover, the cost–benefit analysis mindset inherent in the Hand Formula is not only a theoretical pursuit of economic efficiency but also reflects a universal intuitive sense of fairness and justice beyond positive legal norms.

本研究分析了中国法院在涉及安全保护义务的案件中做出的一万多份判决，采用急剧回归不连续设计来检验预期损失与预防责任之比与被告过失认定之间的因果关系。研究结果显示，在汉德公式的指导下，决策过程解释了大约20%至30%的司法判决。当专注于成本效益分析时，这个过程大约占决策的10%到15%。这些结果表明汉德公式对中国司法实践有显著影响。此外，汉德公式所蕴含的成本效益分析思维不仅是一种对经济效率的理论追求，更体现了一种超越积极法律规范的普遍直觉的公平正义感。

引用次数: 0

And the law relaxed the rules – A quasi-experimental study of fatal police shootings in Europe 法律放宽了规定——一项关于欧洲警察致命枪击事件的准实验研究

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106282

Sebastian Roché , Simon Varaine , Paul Le Derff

Can the behavior of civil servants with a large autonomy, the police, be regulated by law? In the case of the use of deadly force, the subject remains understudied in Europe. A 2017 law in France relaxed restrictions and allowed for the first time the national police to use weapons beyond self-defense. This quasi-experimental study examines the impact that this regulatory change, used as an exogenous shock, has had on the number of deaths of occupants of vehicles. The monthly number of killings has significantly increased for the national police (experimental group), who are directly affected by the new regulation, but not other forces unaffected by the regulation such as the French gendarmerie, a military status force (control group 1), and other police forces of two neighboring states (Germany, Belgium, control group 2 and 3). The findings hold after controlling for the variations in level of violence in society, and police exposure to and death in dangerous traffic violations during the study period. When using more conservative specifications, the observed increase in lethal shootings does not reach statistical significance due to a lack of statistical power related to the rarity of police lethal shootings in the European context. We recommend that national regulations governing the use of weapons by police more clearly and unambiguously embed the notions of proportionality and absolute necessity.

拥有较大自治权的公务员——警察的行为能否受到法律的规制？在使用致命武力的情况下，这个问题在欧洲仍未得到充分研究。法国2017年的一项法律放宽了限制，首次允许国家警察使用自卫以外的武器。这项准实验研究考察了这种作为外源性冲击的监管变化对车辆乘员死亡人数的影响。直接受新规定影响的国家警察（实验组）每月的杀人数量显著增加，但其他不受该规定影响的部队，如法国宪兵队（对照组1）和两个邻国的其他警察部队（德国、比利时、对照组2和3）则没有增加。在控制了研究期间社会暴力程度的变化，以及警察在危险交通违规中暴露和死亡的情况后，研究结果仍然成立。当使用更保守的规格时，由于缺乏与欧洲背景下警察致命枪击事件罕见相关的统计能力，观察到的致命枪击事件的增加没有达到统计显著性。我们建议，关于警察使用武器的国家条例应更明确和毫不含糊地列入相称性和绝对必要性的概念。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of antitrust enforcement on China’s digital platforms: Evidence from SAMR v. Alibaba 反垄断执法对中国数字平台的影响：来自SAMR诉阿里巴巴的证据

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106268

Kenneth Khoo , Sinchit Lai , Chuyue Tian

In this article, we explore the dynamics of antitrust enforcement in the Chinese e-commerce platform market by examining the landmark decision of SAMR v. Alibaba (2021) using an event study methodology. We find that the announcement of the antitrust investigation leads to a negative impact on Alibaba’s abnormal returns, while its competitors experience mixed outcomes, with some showing positive abnormal returns and others showing statistically insignificant changes. However, the announcement of the financial penalty triggers a positive stock market response for Alibaba and a negative response for its competitors, consistent with narratives suggesting that investors adjust their expectations based on new information revealed by the investigation. To assess the cumulative effects of the investigation on Alibaba, we conduct a long-horizon event study, which shows a 17 to 25% decline in Alibaba’s abnormal stock returns, with a relatively smaller decrease for its competitors. Additionally, using a synthetic control approach, we identify a 7 to 9% reduction in Alibaba’s gross profit margins compared to similar firms. Our findings reveal that the decision has a substantial impact on Alibaba’s profitability, with our estimates indicating an effect significantly larger than that observed in comparable studies in the EU and U.S.

在本文中，我们使用事件研究方法，通过研究SAMR诉阿里巴巴（2021年）的里程碑式判决，探讨中国电子商务平台市场的反垄断执法动态。我们发现，反垄断调查的宣布对阿里巴巴的异常收益产生了负面影响，而其竞争对手的结果则好坏参半，有的出现了正的异常收益，有的则出现了统计学上不显著的变化。然而，经济处罚的宣布引发了股市对阿里巴巴的正面反应，而对其竞争对手的负面反应，这与投资者根据调查披露的新信息调整预期的说法一致。为了评估调查对阿里巴巴的累积效应，我们进行了长期事件研究，结果显示阿里巴巴的异常股票收益下降了17 - 25%，而其竞争对手的异常股票收益下降幅度相对较小。此外，通过综合控制方法，我们发现与同类公司相比，阿里巴巴的毛利率下降了7%至9%。我们的研究结果显示，这一决定对阿里巴巴的盈利能力产生了重大影响，我们的估计表明，这种影响明显大于在欧盟和美国的可比研究中观察到的影响

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引用次数: 0

News flow as a determinant of the voting premium of dual-class shares 新闻流对双层股权表决权溢价的决定作用

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106270

Hubert de La Bruslerie

This article investigates the voting premium between two simultaneously traded classes of shares. We use a sample of dual-class firms listed in the U.S. and Canada for the 2012–2022 period to identify the determinants of the size of the voting premium. We do not confirm the results documented in the literature that the relative illiquidity between the two classes may explain the voting premium. The empirical tests also support the leverage effect hypothesis, a new feature in the literature. The empirical analysis also shows volatile voting premiums. We demonstrate that the voting premiums are not linked to the positive or negative sentiments attached to the disclosed information. This article contributes to the literature by showing that this instability is related to the magnitude of the news flow brought to the market about the controlling ownership’s change and the strategic shareholders’ behavior.

本文研究了两种同时交易的股票之间的投票溢价。我们使用2012-2022年期间在美国和加拿大上市的双重股权结构公司样本来确定投票溢价大小的决定因素。我们不确认文献中记录的结果，即两个阶级之间的相对非流动性可能解释投票溢价。实证检验也支持杠杆效应假说，这是文献中的一个新特征。实证分析也显示了不稳定的投票溢价。我们证明了投票溢价与所披露信息的正面或负面情绪无关。本文对文献的贡献在于，这种不稳定性与向市场提供的关于控股所有权变更和战略股东行为的新闻流量的大小有关。

引用次数: 0

“Platform Holdup” and Platform Regulation “平台堵塞”和平台监管

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106266

Jinglei Huang , Danxia Xie

The interaction between a platform and its users plays a crucial role in shaping its pricing strategy and overall success. When users incur an initial cost to join the platform and stand to gain utility, the risk of receiving minimal benefits due to aggressive pricing arises. This discourages user participation, leading to launch failures for potential platforms and significant welfare loss in equilibrium, identified as the “platform holdup” issue. Addressing the platform holdup problem can be achieved, in part, by introducing an implicit guarantee through government oversight, providing subsidies to potential users, and granting users dividend rights. The analysis of oligopoly cases shows that, in most instances, market competition alone is not sufficient to fully resolve the problem.

平台与用户之间的互动对其定价策略和整体成功起着至关重要的作用。当用户为加入平台并获得效用而产生初始成本时，由于激进的定价而获得最小收益的风险就会出现。这阻碍了用户的参与，导致潜在平台的启动失败和平衡中的重大福利损失，即“平台阻塞”问题。解决平台堵塞问题的部分方法是，通过政府监管引入隐性担保，向潜在用户提供补贴，并授予用户分红权。对寡头垄断案例的分析表明，在大多数情况下，仅靠市场竞争不足以完全解决问题。

引用次数: 0

Competition and the two margins of privacy 竞争与隐私的两个边缘

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106262

David Bounie , Antoine Dubus , Patrick Waelbroeck

This article analyzes the relationship between privacy protection and market competition. We consider a model where firms collect data to price discriminate consumers in a competitive product market, and we distinguish two margins of privacy. Firms strategically choose the number of consumers on whom they collect data – the extensive margin of privacy – as well as the precision of information – the intensive margin of privacy. We show that policymakers can efficiently protect both margins of privacy and consumer surplus by safeguarding the intensive margin. Indeed, when both strategic variables are strategic complements, restricting the amount of information that firms have on each consumer (the intensive margin) also induces firms to collect data on fewer consumers, thereby protecting the extensive margin of privacy. This softens the intensity of competition but also reduces rent extraction by firms, and total consumer surplus increases. When both variables are strategic substitutes, protecting the intensive margin harms privacy at the extensive margin, but still increases consumer surplus.

本文分析了隐私保护与市场竞争的关系。我们考虑了一个模型，在这个模型中，公司收集数据来对竞争产品市场中的消费者进行价格歧视，我们区分了两种隐私边际。公司战略性地选择他们收集数据的消费者数量——广泛的隐私边际——以及信息的精确度——隐私的密集边际。研究表明，政策制定者可以通过保护集约化边际来有效地保护隐私边际和消费者剩余边际。事实上，当这两个战略变量互为战略补充时，限制公司对每个消费者的信息量（密集边际）也会促使公司收集更少消费者的数据，从而保护广泛的隐私边际。这软化了竞争的强度，但也减少了公司的租金提取，总消费者剩余增加。当两个变量互为战略替代时，保护集约边际损害了粗放边际的隐私，但仍增加了消费者剩余。

引用次数: 0

Has the European Takeover Bids Directive reached its objectives? The cases of Finland, Germany and Spain 《欧洲收购投标指令》达到其目标了吗？芬兰、德国和西班牙的案例

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106269

Nuria Alcalde-Fradejas , Inés Pérez-Soba

Inspired in the common law tradition, the European Takeover Bids Directive (TBD) aimed to promote an efficient market for corporate control in Europe by facilitating competition among acquirers in EU economies while protecting the rights of minority shareholders of listed companies. After more than 15 years from its transposition into European national regulations, in this paper we investigate whether the main objectives of the Directive have been achieved in three European countries representing the three legal families included under the Civil law regime: Spain, as a country belonging to the French Civil law tradition, Finland, which belongs to the Nordic law tradition and, finally, Germany as a country representing Germanic Civil law tradition. To perform an in-depth analysis, we did not use a sample of takeovers, but a hand-collected database covering all takeovers launched in Finland and Spain over the period 2000–2019, and in Germany over 2002–2019. The results obtained in our analysis lead us to be sceptical about the clear achievement of the objectives intended by the Directive in the three countries analysed. Although more openness to European bidders seems to have been reached in Spain and Finland, there is no evidence of an increase in intra-European cross border takeovers following the TBD’s transposition in any of the countries analysed. Moreover, the premiums paid to minority shareholders (proxy for their higher protection) have remained unchanged in Germany and have been reduced in Spain and Finland.

受普通法传统的启发，《欧洲收购投标指令》（TBD）旨在通过促进欧盟经济体中收购者之间的竞争，同时保护上市公司少数股东的权利，促进欧洲公司控制的有效市场。在其转变为欧洲国家法规超过15年后，在本文中，我们研究了该指令的主要目标是否已经在三个欧洲国家实现，这些国家代表了民法制度下的三个法律家族：西班牙，作为一个属于法国民法传统的国家，芬兰，属于北欧法律传统，最后是德国，作为一个代表日耳曼民法传统的国家。为了进行深入分析，我们没有使用收购样本，而是使用了一个手工收集的数据库，涵盖了2000年至2019年期间在芬兰和西班牙以及2002年至2019年期间在德国发起的所有收购。在我们的分析中获得的结果使我们对所分析的三个国家中指令所打算的目标的明确实现持怀疑态度。尽管西班牙和芬兰似乎对欧洲竞标者更加开放，但在分析的任何国家中，没有证据表明在TBD转换后欧洲内部跨境收购有所增加。此外，在德国，支付给小股东的溢价（代表他们受到更高的保护）保持不变，在西班牙和芬兰则有所减少。

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引用次数: 0

The role of the regulatory framework in enhancing SMEs’ digital transformation 监管框架在促进中小企业数字化转型中的作用

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106263

Marianna Succurro , Cristiana Donati

This paper aims at exploring the current process of SMEs’ digital transformation in order to contribute to effective policy development. We first provide a definition of firms’ digital transformation and then investigate its fundamental determinants, so responding to the call for further research and more comprehensive understandings of the digital transformation process. The objective is to verify the impact of the regulatory environment on digital transformation of SMEs. The empirical analysis, based on data taken from the Flash Eurobarometer Survey of the European Commission, shows that the regulatory framework is strongly significant in explaining firms’ digital transformation. Specifically, SMEs’ awareness of the regulatory context and anticipated digital standards: 1) expedites their process of digital transformation; 2) positively moderates the relationship between any strategic plan and their digital transformation; 3) generates a relatively greater impact on the digital transformation of firms mainly involved in the adoption of more advanced digital technologies. Some policy implications conclude the work.

本文旨在探讨中小企业数字化转型的现状，以期为有效的政策制定做出贡献。我们首先给出了企业数字化转型的定义，然后调查了其基本决定因素，从而响应了进一步研究和对数字化转型过程更全面理解的呼吁。目的是验证监管环境对中小企业数字化转型的影响。基于欧盟委员会快速欧洲晴雨表调查（Flash Eurobarometer Survey）数据的实证分析表明，监管框架在解释企业数字化转型方面非常重要。具体而言，中小企业对监管环境和预期数字标准的认识：1)加快了他们的数字化转型进程；2)正向调节任何战略计划与其数字化转型之间的关系；3)对主要采用更先进数字技术的企业的数字化转型产生相对较大的影响。一些政策暗示结束了这项工作。

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引用次数: 0

Reinforcing data protection and competition through art. 6(2) of the Digital Markets Act 通过《数字市场法》第 6(2)条加强数据保护和竞争数字市场法》第 6(2)条

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106265

Peter J. van de Waerdt

With the Digital Markets Act (DMA) the European Union has taken significant steps in the regulation of large digital market ecosystems. Data protection and competition law are becoming increasingly intertwined, and the DMA’s goals are tightly aligned with them. However, the provision explicitly intended to address the use (and cross-use) of data within gatekeepers’ ecosystems leaves much to be desired. Art. 5(2) DMA offers no substantive new obligations over the established GDPR system, especially in light of the ECJ’s judgement in Meta v. Bundeskartellamt. Furthermore, the consent exception on which it relies leaves a distinct risk of anti-competitive effects and decreasing privacy as a result of information asymmetries and the powerful market position of gatekeepers. However, art. 6(2) DMA also restricts gatekeepers’ ability to use data, if it was received through gatekeepers’ business users. The protective value of the DMA can be significantly increased if the European Commission adopts broad interpretations of when data is used “in competition with business users”, when it is “collected through commercial activities of business users or their customers” and when it is obtained “on the relevant core platform services or on services provided together with, or in support of, the relevant core platform services of the gatekeeper”. Doing so would conform to the interconnected nature of ecosystems’ data collection practices and their competitive position, and it would bolster the Commission’s ability to act against both the anti-competitive effects and potential privacy infringements of data pooling, above and beyond what art. 5(2) DMA offers.

随着《数字市场法》（DMA）的出台，欧盟在监管大型数字市场生态系统方面迈出了重要一步。数据保护与竞争法的关系日益密切，《数字市场法》的目标也与之紧密相连。然而，明确旨在解决把关人生态系统内数据使用（和交叉使用）问题的条款仍有许多不足之处。第 5(2)条DMA 第 5(2)条与 GDPR 既有体系相比没有提供实质性的新义务，尤其是考虑到欧洲法院在 Meta 诉联邦卡特尔局案中的判决。此外，由于信息不对称和守门人强大的市场地位，其所依赖的同意例外会带来明显的反竞争效应和隐私权减少的风险。然而，《德国信息权法》第 6(2)条也限制了对信息的使用。6(2) DMA 还限制了把关人使用数据的能力，如果这些数据是通过把关人的商业用户接收的。如果欧盟委员会对数据何时用于 "与商业用户竞争"、何时 "通过商业用户或其客户的商业活动收集 "以及何时 "在相关核心平台服务上或在与把关人的相关核心平台服务共同提供或支持的服务上 "获得数据进行广义解释，那么《数据保护法》的保护价值就会大大提高。这样做符合生态系统数据收集实践的相互关联性及其竞争地位，并将增强委员会的能力，使其能够在第 5(2)条规定之外，针对数据池的反竞争影响和潜在隐私侵犯采取行动。5(2) DMA 提供的保护。

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