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Proposal convergence and settlement under final offer arbitration 最终报价仲裁下的提案趋同与结算
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106179
Amy Farmer , Paul Pecorino

Under final offer arbitration (FOA), each party to the dispute submits a proposal to the arbitrator who must choose one of the two submitted proposals in the event an agreement is not reached. A long line of research on FOA has assumed that the submitted proposals to the arbitrator are the final bargaining positions of the parties to the dispute. One consequence of this assumption has been a focus on whether proposals submitted to the arbitrator converge towards one another. However, current practice implies a separation between settlement negotiations and proposals submitted to the arbitrator. We use a simple setting to show that proposal convergence can be consistent with an increase in disputes, a decrease in disputes or no effect on the dispute rate. In order to be fully evaluated, mechanisms which lead to proposal convergence must be embedded in a model in which disputes arise endogenously. Understanding FOA is important because it is a widely used procedure. These uses include labor disputes as well as pricing disputes in the telecommunications industries of the United States and Canada.

在最终报价仲裁(FOA)下,争议的每一方向仲裁员提交一份提案,如果未能达成协议,仲裁员必须从提交的两份提案中选择一份。关于FOA的一长列研究假设,提交给仲裁员的建议是争议各方的最终谈判立场。这一假设的一个后果是关注提交给仲裁员的建议是否会彼此趋同。然而,目前的做法意味着将和解谈判与提交仲裁员的建议分开。我们使用一个简单的设置来显示提案收敛可以与争议的增加、争议的减少或对争议率没有影响相一致。为了得到充分评价,必须将导致提案趋同的机制嵌入争端内生产生的模型中。理解FOA很重要,因为它是一个广泛使用的程序。这些用途包括美国和加拿大电信行业的劳资纠纷以及价格纠纷。
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引用次数: 0
Settled: Patent characteristics and litigation outcomes in the pharmaceutical industry 已解决:制药行业的专利特征和诉讼结果
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106169
Kiefer Ahn , Antonio Trujillo , Jason Gibbons , Charles L. Bennett , Gerard Anderson

A pharmaceutical company that seeks to produce a generic version of a brand drug before patent expiration can trigger a Paragraph IV litigation. However, generic and brand companies may avoid litigation through settlement, which sometimes involves payment to the generic company to delay generic entry. This behavior would be problematic if the settlement option was used to protect patents with low social value. This study explores the relationship between Paragraph IV litigation characteristics and the probability of a Paragraph IV settlement. Examining Paragraph IV settlements from 2003 to 2020, we find that the number of patents being litigated and the years of remaining market exclusivity are the strongest predictors of settlement. Moreover, we find no statistically significant relationship between active ingredient patents and settlement. This information may be helpful to regulators intending to promote the goals of the Hatch-Waxman Act.

制药公司在专利到期前生产品牌药的仿制药可以引发第四条款诉讼。然而,仿制药和品牌公司可能会通过和解来避免诉讼,这有时涉及到向仿制药公司付款以延迟仿制药上市。如果将和解选项用于保护社会价值较低的专利,这种行为就会产生问题。本研究探讨了第四款诉讼特征与第四款和解可能性之间的关系。通过对2003年至2020年第四段和解协议的研究,我们发现,诉讼专利数量和剩余市场独占年限是和解协议的最强预测因子。此外,我们发现活性成分专利与和解之间没有统计学上显著的关系。这些信息可能有助于监管机构打算促进哈奇-韦克斯曼法案的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Non-compliance of the European Court of Human Rights decisions: A machine learning analysis 不遵守欧洲人权法院判决:机器学习分析
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106167
Engin Yıldırım , Mehmet Fatih Sert , Burcu Kartal , Şuayyip Çalış

The paper investigates all (971) non-executed pending leading cases of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) between 2012 and 2020 through Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Drawing on the extant scholarship, our interest on compliance has centred on state level and case level variables. For the identification of important variables, four databases have been used. Each country party to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) received 232 distinct factors for eight years. Since we aim to make a parameter estimation for a high-dimensional data set, Simulated Annealing (SA) is employed as feature selection method. In the state level analysis, Support Vector Regression (SVR) model has been applied yielding the coefficients of the variables, which have been found to be important in spelling out non-compliance with the ECtHR decisions. For the case level analysis, different cluster techniques have been utilized and the countries have been grouped into four different clusters. We have found that the states that have relatively high levels of equality before the law, protection of individual liberties, social class equality with regard to enjoying civil liberties, access to justice and free and autonomous election management arrangements, are less susceptible to non-compliance of the decisions of the ECtHR. For the case level analysis, type of violated rights, the existence of dissent in the decision and dissenting votes of national judges for their appointing states affect the compliance behaviour of the states. In addition, a notable result of the research is that if a national judge casts a dissenting vote against the violation judgment of the ECtHR involving the state that appointed him/her, the judgment is likely not to be executed by the respondent state.

本文通过机器学习(ML)技术调查了2012年至2020年间欧洲人权法院(ECtHR)的所有(971)未执行未决主导案件。根据现有的学术成果,我们对合规性的兴趣集中在州一级和案例一级的变量上。为了识别重要变量,使用了四个数据库。《欧洲人权公约》的每个缔约国在八年内都收到232个不同的因素。由于我们的目标是对高维数据集进行参数估计,因此采用模拟退火(SA)作为特征选择方法。在州一级的分析中,已经应用了支持向量回归(SVR)模型,产生了变量的系数,这被发现在阐明不符合ECtHR决策方面很重要。在案例一级的分析中,采用了不同的集群技术,并将这些国家分为四个不同的集群。我们发现,那些在法律面前平等程度相对较高、保护个人自由、在享有公民自由、诉诸司法和自由自主的选举管理安排方面社会阶层平等的州,不太容易不遵守欧洲人权法院的决定。就案件层面的分析而言,被侵犯权利的类型、裁决中是否存在异议以及国家法官对其任命州的反对票会影响各州的合规行为。此外,该研究的一个显著结果是,如果一名国家法官对涉及任命他/她的州的ECtHR的违规判决投反对票,该判决很可能不会由被告州执行。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics in environmental legislation 环境立法的动态
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106170
Nicolae Stef , Arvind Ashta

We analyze environmental laws and regulations enacted by 125 countries from 1990 to 2021. An examination of the legislation dynamics yields four principal observations. First, countries with a higher degree of development tend to enact more environmental legislation than less developed countries. Second, parliamentary systems are associated with a higher number of environmental regulations compared to presidential systems. Third, legal origin seems to be related to legislation dynamics. Systems of English legal origin generate less new environmental legislation than any other legal family. Fourth, our estimates point out that ruling parties have strong incentives to slow down the dynamics of environmental laws and regulations one year prior to the legislative elections. However, high levels of government effectiveness seem to favor the modernization of environmental legislation in developed countries and parliamentary systems.

我们分析了1990年至2021年125个国家颁布的环境法律法规。对立法动态的审查产生了四个主要意见。首先,发展程度较高的国家往往比欠发达国家制定更多的环境立法。其次,与总统制相比,议会制与更高数量的环境法规有关。第三,法律渊源似乎与立法动态有关。英国法律体系产生的新环境立法比任何其他法律体系都少。第四,我们的估计指出,执政党有强烈的动机在立法选举前一年减缓环境法律法规的动态。然而,高水平的政府效率似乎有利于发达国家环境立法和议会制度的现代化。
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引用次数: 0
Ask more, awarded more: Evidence from Taiwan’s courts 问得多,判得多:来自台湾法院的证据
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106171
Yun-chien Chang , Kong-Pin Chen , Jen-Che Liao , Chang-Ching Lin

Whether a plaintiff is awarded more simply because she has asked for more is a fascinating question. The existing studies are predominantly experimental, as the “control group” in the experiments hardly exists in reality. Using Taiwan’s transaction data on land sales and leases to control for case differences, and matching them with adjudications in the court data, we show that the plaintiff’s claim, even if not based on market evidence, increases the judge’s award. Simultaneous equations model allows us to control for the unobsevables that affect both claims and awards. We also show that the release of public information weakens this effect.

原告是否仅仅因为她要求更多而得到更多的赔偿是一个有趣的问题。现有的研究以实验为主,实验中的“对照组”在现实中几乎不存在。我们使用台湾的土地买卖和租赁交易数据来控制案件差异,并将其与法院数据中的判决相匹配,我们发现原告的主张即使不是基于市场证据,也会增加法官的裁决。联立方程模型使我们能够控制影响索赔和赔偿的不可观察因素。我们还表明,公开信息的发布削弱了这种效应。
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引用次数: 0
Liability and the incentive to improve information about risk when injurers may be judgment-proof 责任和激励,以改善有关风险的信息,当伤害可能是判断证明
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106168
Till Requate , Tim Friehe , Aditi Sengupta

We analyze an injurer’s incentives to improve her information about accident risk. In contrast to the preceding literature, injurers can continuously improve their understanding of the expected harm their activity will impose on others. Regarding social incentives, the marginal benefit from improved risk information is increasing, possibly making either no or a perfect understanding of risk socially optimal. Turning to private incentives when the injurer’s asset constraint is non-binding, strict liability induces the first-best outcome, whereas the negligence rule induces excessive information acquisition. By contrast, when the injurer’s asset constraint is binding, under both liability rules, the injurer’s incentives to acquire information about risk is too small in many circumstances but can also be excessive in other circumstances.

我们分析了一名伤者的动机,以改进她关于事故风险的信息。与之前的文献相比,伤害者可以不断提高他们对其活动将对他人造成的预期伤害的理解。关于社会激励,改进风险信息的边际收益正在增加,这可能使对风险的不了解或完全了解成为社会最优。当伤害者的资产约束不具有约束力时,转向私人激励,严格责任会导致第一好结果,而疏忽规则会导致过度的信息获取。相比之下,当伤害者的资产约束具有约束力时,在这两种责任规则下,伤害者获取风险信息的动机在许多情况下太小,但在其他情况下也可能过大。
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引用次数: 0
Competing with Leviathan: Law and government ownership in China’s public-private partnership market 与利维坦竞争:中国公私合作市场中的法律与政府所有权
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106166
James Si Zeng

Despite years of economic reform, government-owned enterprises (GOEs) continue to be prevalent in certain sectors of China’s economy. Drawing on empirical evidence from China’s public-private partnership (PPP) market, this article empirically tests whether the theory of the ownership of enterprise can explain the distribution of GOEs in China. It first conducts an empirical study on the disclosed judgments of Chinese courts to show that the enforcement of PPP contracts remains relatively weak in China, which gives rise to the concern of government opportunism. It then presents empirical evidence that the level of government ownership in each project correlates with the chances of government opportunism, which can be measured by project duration, project sector, and renegotiation terms in the contract. These findings show that the level of government ownership is affected by two competing forces—ownership costs and transaction costs. While GOEs incur relatively high ownership costs, they generally incur lower transaction costs because they can curb government opportunism and thus can outcompete private firms in some projects.

尽管进行了多年的经济改革,但国有企业在中国经济的某些部门仍然普遍存在。本文借鉴中国公私合作市场的经验证据,实证检验了企业所有权理论能否解释中国国有企业的分布。本文首先对中国法院披露的判决进行了实证研究,发现中国PPP合同的执行力度仍然相对较弱,这引发了人们对政府机会主义的担忧。然后,它提供了经验证据,证明政府在每个项目中的所有权水平与政府机会主义的机会相关,这可以通过项目工期、项目部门和合同中的重新谈判条款来衡量。这些发现表明,政府所有权水平受到两种竞争力量的影响——所有权成本和交易成本。虽然国有企业的所有权成本相对较高,但它们通常会产生较低的交易成本,因为它们可以遏制政府机会主义,从而在某些项目中击败私营企业。
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引用次数: 0
Motivations for the restructuring of China’s patent court system 中国专利法院制度重构的动因
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106165
Jun Wang

Is the evolution of China’s patent litigation courts from a scattered expansion to a shrinking concentration spontaneous or is it a rational construction? Understanding the motivation for the adjustment of China’s patent court system is important for judging whether the system change is appropriate and for choosing the optimal patent litigation system. After addressing the endogeneity between the number of patents and the adjustment of the patent court system using patent incentives as an instrumental variable for the number of patents, responding to the need to protect the growing number of patents appears to be the underlying reason for the expansion of the number of patent courts in China until 2014. The number of patents directly contributed to the growth of the number of patent courts as patent cases proliferated. The downsizing of the patent court after 2014 was, in contrast, a targeted reform initiative in response to the decline in the quality of cases heard due to the increase in the number of patent courts. The adjustment of China’s patent court system thus appears to be the result of rational constructions in response to a changing reality.

中国专利诉讼法院从分散扩张到收缩集中的演变是自发的还是理性的构建?了解我国专利法院制度调整的动因,对于判断制度变革是否恰当,选择最优的专利诉讼制度具有重要意义。在解决了专利数量与专利法院系统调整之间的内生性问题后,将专利激励作为专利数量的工具变量,应对保护不断增长的专利数量的需求似乎是2014年中国专利法院数量扩大的根本原因。随着专利案件的激增,专利数量直接推动了专利法院数量的增长。相比之下,2014年后专利法院的缩编是一项有针对性的改革举措,以应对因专利法院数量增加而审理的案件质量下降的情况。因此,中国专利法院制度的调整似乎是对现实变化进行合理构建的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Market for artificial intelligence in health care and compensation for medical errors 医疗保健中的人工智能市场和医疗失误补偿
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106153
Bertrand Chopard, Olivier Musy

We study the market for AI systems that are used to help to diagnose and treat diseases, reducing the risk of medical error. Based on a two-firm vertical product differentiation model, we examine how, in the event of patient harm, the amount of the compensation payment, and the division of this compensation between physicians and AI system producers affects both price competition between firms, and the accuracy (quality) of AI systems. One producer sells products with the best-available accuracy. The other sells a system with strictly lower accuracy at a lower price. Specifically, we show that both producers enjoy a positive market share, so long as some patients are diagnosed by physicians who do not use an AI system. Any transfer in compensation payment from the physician to the AI producer in the case of a diagnostic error will be passed on in full to the physician via the price of the AI system. The quality of the AI diagnosis system is independent of how any compensation payment to the patient is divided between physicians and producers. However, the magnitude of the compensation payment matters. An increase in compensation increases demand for both AI systems. In addition, the higher the compensation paid to the harmed patient, the higher the quality of the low-quality AI system. As the other firm continues to offer the highest accuracy level, any increase in compensation will decrease vertical differentiation, thereby increasing price competition between firms.

我们研究用于帮助诊断和治疗疾病、降低医疗错误风险的人工智能系统的市场。基于两家公司的垂直产品差异化模型,我们研究了在患者受到伤害的情况下,赔偿金的金额以及医生和人工智能系统生产商之间的赔偿划分如何影响公司之间的价格竞争和人工智能系统的准确性(质量)。一家生产商以最佳的精度销售产品。另一家以更低的价格出售精度严格较低的系统。具体来说,我们表明,只要一些患者是由不使用人工智能系统的医生诊断的,两家生产商都享有积极的市场份额。在诊断错误的情况下,医生向人工智能生产商支付的任何赔偿金都将通过人工智能系统的价格全额转移给医生。人工智能诊断系统的质量独立于医生和生产商如何分配给患者的任何补偿。然而,赔偿金的数额很重要。补偿的增加增加了对这两种人工智能系统的需求。此外,向受伤害患者支付的赔偿金越高,低质量人工智能系统的质量就越高。随着另一家公司继续提供最高的准确性水平,薪酬的任何增加都将减少垂直差异,从而增加公司之间的价格竞争。
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引用次数: 0
Variability in punishment, risk preferences and crime deterrence 惩罚、风险偏好和犯罪威慑的可变性
IF 1.1 3区 社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2023.106140
Mario Menegatti

This work studies for the first time the effect on crime deterrence of variability in punishment under different assumptions on criminals risk preferences. We show that when criminals are risk averse, greater variability in punishment reduces the incentive to commit crimes, and that the opposite holds in the case of risk loving. The linkages between certainty of punishment, initial wealth and the incentive to commit crimes are also analyzed. We then analyze the effects of greater variability in punishment on deterrence policies founded on punishment severity, showing that this effect is positive if criminals are prudent and negative if they are imprudent. Lastly, we analyze for the first time variability in punishment as an instrument of deterrence policy. This analysis determines the optimal level of variability in the two cases of homogeneity and heterogeneity in risk preference.

本文首次研究了在不同罪犯风险偏好假设下,刑罚变异性对犯罪威慑的影响。我们表明,当罪犯是风险厌恶者时,更大的惩罚可变性会减少犯罪的动机,而在风险偏好的情况下,情况正好相反。本文还分析了刑罚确定性、初始财富和犯罪动机之间的关系。然后,我们分析了惩罚更大的可变性对基于惩罚严重性的威慑政策的影响,表明如果罪犯是谨慎的,这种影响是积极的,如果他们是不谨慎的,这种影响是消极的。最后,我们首次分析了惩罚作为威慑政策工具的可变性。该分析确定了风险偏好同质性和异质性两种情况下的最佳变异性水平。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
International Review of Law and Economics
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