International Review of Law and Economics最新文献

英文中文

And the law relaxed the rules – A quasi-experimental study of fatal police shootings in Europe 法律放宽了规定——一项关于欧洲警察致命枪击事件的准实验研究

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106282

Sebastian Roché , Simon Varaine , Paul Le Derff

Can the behavior of civil servants with a large autonomy, the police, be regulated by law? In the case of the use of deadly force, the subject remains understudied in Europe. A 2017 law in France relaxed restrictions and allowed for the first time the national police to use weapons beyond self-defense. This quasi-experimental study examines the impact that this regulatory change, used as an exogenous shock, has had on the number of deaths of occupants of vehicles. The monthly number of killings has significantly increased for the national police (experimental group), who are directly affected by the new regulation, but not other forces unaffected by the regulation such as the French gendarmerie, a military status force (control group 1), and other police forces of two neighboring states (Germany, Belgium, control group 2 and 3). The findings hold after controlling for the variations in level of violence in society, and police exposure to and death in dangerous traffic violations during the study period. When using more conservative specifications, the observed increase in lethal shootings does not reach statistical significance due to a lack of statistical power related to the rarity of police lethal shootings in the European context. We recommend that national regulations governing the use of weapons by police more clearly and unambiguously embed the notions of proportionality and absolute necessity.

拥有较大自治权的公务员——警察的行为能否受到法律的规制？在使用致命武力的情况下，这个问题在欧洲仍未得到充分研究。法国2017年的一项法律放宽了限制，首次允许国家警察使用自卫以外的武器。这项准实验研究考察了这种作为外源性冲击的监管变化对车辆乘员死亡人数的影响。直接受新规定影响的国家警察（实验组）每月的杀人数量显著增加，但其他不受该规定影响的部队，如法国宪兵队（对照组1）和两个邻国的其他警察部队（德国、比利时、对照组2和3）则没有增加。在控制了研究期间社会暴力程度的变化，以及警察在危险交通违规中暴露和死亡的情况后，研究结果仍然成立。当使用更保守的规格时，由于缺乏与欧洲背景下警察致命枪击事件罕见相关的统计能力，观察到的致命枪击事件的增加没有达到统计显著性。我们建议，关于警察使用武器的国家条例应更明确和毫不含糊地列入相称性和绝对必要性的概念。

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引用次数: 0

(Not) Canceling out the cross-section: Mitigating the effect of peremptory challenges on jury selection （不）取消横截面：减轻强制性质疑对陪审团选择的影响

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106259

Francis X. Flanagan

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees a criminal defendant the right to an impartial jury. According to current precedent, this requires individual jurors to be unbiased and the jury to have a fair possibility of being a representative cross-section of the community. I show that current selection procedures systematically exclude certain types of jurors, making it impossible to achieve a representative cross-section. I argue that this violates the requirements for an impartial jury, and I propose an alternative jury selection procedure that is incentive compatible and eliminates the distortion created by the current system. The new procedure also reduces the variance of the seated jury relative to a random selection, when measuring variance by distance to the median jury, which makes the application of justice less arbitrary. Data from Mississippi and Louisiana are analyzed to illustrate the results.

美国宪法第六修正案保证刑事被告有权获得公正的陪审团。根据目前的先例，这要求个别陪审员是公正的，陪审团有公平的可能性成为社会的代表性横截面。我表明，目前的选择程序系统地排除了某些类型的陪审员，使得不可能实现具有代表性的横截面。我认为这违反了公正陪审团的要求，我提出了一种替代的陪审团选择程序，这种程序是激励相容的，并消除了现行制度造成的扭曲。新程序还减少了坐席陪审团相对于随机选择的方差，通过测量与中间陪审团的距离来衡量方差，这使得司法的应用不那么任意性。分析了密西西比州和路易斯安那州的数据来说明结果。

引用次数: 0

Balancing power and performance: The role of managerial rent in competitive advantage 权力与绩效的平衡：管理租金在竞争优势中的作用

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106258

Chandra S. Mishra

We study whether managerial power enhances the firm’s competitive advantage (excess asset return). We find a positive impact of managerial power on excess asset return and management compensation, consistent with the managerial rent model. However, excess asset return (long-term performance) and management compensation increase at a decreasing rate with an increase in managerial power. We derive a novel measure of managerial power. Managerial power is positively associated with the firm’s shadow options and firm-specific risk. The managerial rent model strengthens managerial power theory in that managerial power enables managers to extract a share of the firm surplus, which in turn motivates managers to generate a firm surplus, suggesting a positive relationship between managerial power and firm performance. The excess asset return generated is shared between the shareholders and managers, resulting in an above-normal pay for management. However, we find that high managerial power reduces the positive impact of management compensation on the firm performance.

研究管理层权力是否能提高企业的竞争优势（超额资产收益）。我们发现管理层权力对超额资产收益和管理层薪酬存在正向影响，这与管理层租金模型相一致。然而，随着管理层权力的增加，超额资产收益（长期绩效）和管理层薪酬的增长呈递减趋势。我们得出了一种衡量管理权力的新方法。管理权力与企业的影子期权和企业特有风险呈正相关。管理租金模型强化了管理权力理论，因为管理权力使管理者能够提取一部分企业剩余，这反过来又激励管理者产生企业剩余，表明管理权力与企业绩效之间存在正相关关系。产生的超额资产回报由股东和管理者分享，从而导致管理层获得高于正常水平的薪酬。然而，我们发现高管理层权力会降低管理层薪酬对公司绩效的正向影响。

引用次数: 0

News flow as a determinant of the voting premium of dual-class shares 新闻流对双层股权表决权溢价的决定作用

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106270

Hubert de La Bruslerie

This article investigates the voting premium between two simultaneously traded classes of shares. We use a sample of dual-class firms listed in the U.S. and Canada for the 2012–2022 period to identify the determinants of the size of the voting premium. We do not confirm the results documented in the literature that the relative illiquidity between the two classes may explain the voting premium. The empirical tests also support the leverage effect hypothesis, a new feature in the literature. The empirical analysis also shows volatile voting premiums. We demonstrate that the voting premiums are not linked to the positive or negative sentiments attached to the disclosed information. This article contributes to the literature by showing that this instability is related to the magnitude of the news flow brought to the market about the controlling ownership’s change and the strategic shareholders’ behavior.

本文研究了两种同时交易的股票之间的投票溢价。我们使用2012-2022年期间在美国和加拿大上市的双重股权结构公司样本来确定投票溢价大小的决定因素。我们不确认文献中记录的结果，即两个阶级之间的相对非流动性可能解释投票溢价。实证检验也支持杠杆效应假说，这是文献中的一个新特征。实证分析也显示了不稳定的投票溢价。我们证明了投票溢价与所披露信息的正面或负面情绪无关。本文对文献的贡献在于，这种不稳定性与向市场提供的关于控股所有权变更和战略股东行为的新闻流量的大小有关。

引用次数: 0

Did recreational marijuana legalization increase crime in the long run? 从长远来看，娱乐性大麻合法化会增加犯罪吗？

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106246

Sunyoung Lee

This study comprehensively examines the long-term effects of state-level recreational marijuana legalization on crime rates by employing a difference-in-differences with multiple time periods methodology. The findings of this study do not yield conclusive evidence supporting a reduction in crime rates after legalizing recreational marijuana. Rather, they underscore notable positive associations with property crimes and suggest potential correlations with violent crimes, highlighting the critical need for continued research to help policymakers better understand the complex implications of cannbis policy and develop more nuanced, evidence-based approaches. Robustness checks, including synthetic control method and sensitivity analyses, confirm the reliability of these results.

本研究采用多时期差异中差异方法，全面考察了州级娱乐性大麻合法化对犯罪率的长期影响。这项研究的结果并没有提供确凿的证据来支持娱乐性大麻合法化后犯罪率的降低。相反，他们强调了大麻与财产犯罪的显著正相关关系，并提出了与暴力犯罪的潜在关联，强调了继续研究的迫切需要，以帮助政策制定者更好地理解大麻政策的复杂含义，并制定更细致的、基于证据的方法。鲁棒性检验，包括综合控制方法和灵敏度分析，证实了这些结果的可靠性。

引用次数: 0

Can independent directors effectively monitor related party transactions? Evidence from Hong Kong 独立董事能否有效监督关联交易？来自香港的证据

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106261

Hong Huang , Charles Zhen Qu , Haitian Lu

This paper empirically investigates whether independent directors of Hong Kong listed companies effectively monitor related party transactions (“RPTs”). We employ a quasi-experimental approach, utilizing a mandatory rule introduced in 2004 that changed the minimum number of independent directors, and enhanced the independence and qualification requirements of independent directors for listed companies. Using a triple-differences setup, we find that companies affected by these new requirements experienced a significant increase in the value of announced RPTs. This positive effect is observed both in companies affected by all aspects of the reform and in those that only needed to increase their number of independent directors. We also observe that return on assets for the affected companies increased significantly following the rule change. However, these affected companies showed no significant reduction in their preference for RPTs. Our findings underscore the positive value created by independent directors of Hong Kong listed companies in vetting RPTs. They suggest that, within an appropriately structured regulatory framework, independent directors, even where the company is owner-controlled, can be effective in enhancing shareholder value. As the regulatory framework resulted from the 2004 reform has remained largely unchanged, our findings are still relevant for Hong Kong and offer valuable insights on the function of independent directors for other jurisdictions, particularly those with ownership-concentrated markets seeking to enhance their RPT monitoring mechanisms.

本文对香港上市公司独立董事是否有效监控关联交易进行实证研究。我们采用了一种准实验方法，利用2004年出台的一项强制性规定，改变了独立董事的最低人数，并提高了上市公司独立董事的独立性和资格要求。使用三重差异设置，我们发现受这些新需求影响的公司在宣布的rpt值上经历了显著的增长。这种积极效应在受到改革各方面影响的公司和那些只需要增加独立董事数量的公司中都可以观察到。我们还观察到，在规则改变后，受影响公司的资产回报率显著增加。然而，这些受影响的公司对rpt的偏好并没有显著降低。我们的研究结果强调了香港上市公司独立董事在审查rpt方面所创造的积极价值。他们认为，在结构合理的监管框架内，独立董事（即使是在由所有者控制的公司）也能有效地提高股东价值。由于2004年改革形成的监管框架基本保持不变，我们的研究结果仍然适用于香港，并为其他司法管辖区，特别是那些寻求加强其RPT监督机制的所有权集中市场的独立董事的职能提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Corporate control: Persistence and the shifting role of control-enhancing mechanisms in Italian listed firms (1978–2018) 公司控制：意大利上市公司控制增强机制的持久性和角色转换（1978-2018）

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106260

Silvia Rigamonti

This paper analyses the evolution of ownership and control of non-financial listed firms in Italy from 1978 to 2018. Corporate control is persistent in the Italian stock market, and this is a constant trait across time periods. Instead, ownership has changed over time. The use of control-enhancing mechanisms and, relatedly, the wedge has followed an irregular path. Legal and market conditions significantly influence how controlling shareholders structure their ownership and control over time. Family capitalism remains pervasive.

本文分析了1978 - 2018年意大利非金融类上市公司所有权和控制权的演变。公司控制在意大利股票市场持续存在，这是一个贯穿各个时期的不变特征。相反，所有权随着时间的推移而变化。控制增强机制的使用，以及与之相关的楔形结构遵循了不规则的路径。随着时间的推移，法律和市场条件会显著影响控股股东如何构建其所有权和控制权。家族资本主义仍然普遍存在。

引用次数: 0

Reinforcing data protection and competition through art. 6(2) of the Digital Markets Act 通过《数字市场法》第 6(2)条加强数据保护和竞争数字市场法》第 6(2)条

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106265

Peter J. van de Waerdt

With the Digital Markets Act (DMA) the European Union has taken significant steps in the regulation of large digital market ecosystems. Data protection and competition law are becoming increasingly intertwined, and the DMA’s goals are tightly aligned with them. However, the provision explicitly intended to address the use (and cross-use) of data within gatekeepers’ ecosystems leaves much to be desired. Art. 5(2) DMA offers no substantive new obligations over the established GDPR system, especially in light of the ECJ’s judgement in Meta v. Bundeskartellamt. Furthermore, the consent exception on which it relies leaves a distinct risk of anti-competitive effects and decreasing privacy as a result of information asymmetries and the powerful market position of gatekeepers. However, art. 6(2) DMA also restricts gatekeepers’ ability to use data, if it was received through gatekeepers’ business users. The protective value of the DMA can be significantly increased if the European Commission adopts broad interpretations of when data is used “in competition with business users”, when it is “collected through commercial activities of business users or their customers” and when it is obtained “on the relevant core platform services or on services provided together with, or in support of, the relevant core platform services of the gatekeeper”. Doing so would conform to the interconnected nature of ecosystems’ data collection practices and their competitive position, and it would bolster the Commission’s ability to act against both the anti-competitive effects and potential privacy infringements of data pooling, above and beyond what art. 5(2) DMA offers.

随着《数字市场法》（DMA）的出台，欧盟在监管大型数字市场生态系统方面迈出了重要一步。数据保护与竞争法的关系日益密切，《数字市场法》的目标也与之紧密相连。然而，明确旨在解决把关人生态系统内数据使用（和交叉使用）问题的条款仍有许多不足之处。第 5(2)条DMA 第 5(2)条与 GDPR 既有体系相比没有提供实质性的新义务，尤其是考虑到欧洲法院在 Meta 诉联邦卡特尔局案中的判决。此外，由于信息不对称和守门人强大的市场地位，其所依赖的同意例外会带来明显的反竞争效应和隐私权减少的风险。然而，《德国信息权法》第 6(2)条也限制了对信息的使用。6(2) DMA 还限制了把关人使用数据的能力，如果这些数据是通过把关人的商业用户接收的。如果欧盟委员会对数据何时用于 "与商业用户竞争"、何时 "通过商业用户或其客户的商业活动收集 "以及何时 "在相关核心平台服务上或在与把关人的相关核心平台服务共同提供或支持的服务上 "获得数据进行广义解释，那么《数据保护法》的保护价值就会大大提高。这样做符合生态系统数据收集实践的相互关联性及其竞争地位，并将增强委员会的能力，使其能够在第 5(2)条规定之外，针对数据池的反竞争影响和潜在隐私侵犯采取行动。5(2) DMA 提供的保护。

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引用次数: 0

When do governments attack the judiciary? The explanatory power of political corruption 政府什么时候攻击司法？政治腐败的解释力

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106248

Aylin Aydin-Cakir , Ebru İlter Akarçay

In recent decades, the world has witnessed various examples of elected governments verbally attacking the judiciary, accusing judges of bias, or claiming that court decisions are politically motivated. Despite the prevalence of such court-curbing practices, we know very little about when exactly governments decide to verbally attack the judiciary. Focusing on the effect of political corruption, the objective of this study is to understand 1) whether and, if so, how corruption affects governments’ attacks on the judiciary and 2) whether and, if so, how its effect changes across different political contexts. We argue that in countries with fully or partially independent media, verbal attacks on the judiciary would increase with the level of corruption. However, in regimes where the media is not independent, political corruption would not have a significant effect on attacks on the judiciary. We conduct a time-series cross-sectional analysis across 165 countries (1991–2022) to test our hypotheses. The empirical results support our hypotheses. To better understand the causal mechanisms through which corruption and media independence together trigger governments’ verbal attacks on the judiciary, we compare the cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela in the second part of the study.

近几十年来，世界目睹了民选政府口头攻击司法机构、指责法官有偏见或声称法院裁决有政治动机的各种例子。尽管这种限制法院的做法很普遍，但我们对政府究竟何时决定口头攻击司法机构知之甚少。关注政治腐败的影响，本研究的目的是了解1)腐败是否以及如果存在，腐败如何影响政府对司法机构的攻击；2)腐败是否以及如果存在，其影响如何在不同的政治背景下发生变化。我们认为，在拥有完全或部分独立媒体的国家，对司法机构的口头攻击会随着腐败程度的增加而增加。然而，在媒体不独立的政权中，政治腐败不会对攻击司法系统产生重大影响。我们对165个国家（1991-2022）进行了时间序列横断面分析，以检验我们的假设。实证结果支持我们的假设。为了更好地理解腐败和媒体独立共同引发政府对司法机构的口头攻击的因果机制，我们在研究的第二部分比较了阿根廷、巴西和委内瑞拉的案例。

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Ex-ante versus Ex-post in competition law enforcement: Blurred boundaries and economic rationale 竞争执法中的事前与事后：模糊的边界和经济原理

IF 0.9 3区社会学 Q3 ECONOMICS

International Review of Law and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.irle.2025.106264

Patrice Bougette , Oliver Budzinski , Frédéric Marty

This paper explores the evolving landscape of competition law enforcement, focusing on the dynamic interplay between ex-ante and ex-post approaches. Amidst the digital transformation and regulatory shifts, traditional enforcement mechanisms are being re-evaluated. This study aims to dissect the economic rationale behind these shifts, proposing a hybrid framework that balances legal certainty with the flexibility needed to address contemporary market challenges. In particular, the analysis highlights the emergence of new competition policy approaches that combine regulatory-type interventions with strengthened enforcement strategies.

本文探讨了竞争执法的演变景观，重点关注事前和事后方法之间的动态相互作用。在数字化转型和监管转变的背景下，传统的执法机制正在被重新评估。本研究旨在剖析这些转变背后的经济原理，提出一个平衡法律确定性与应对当代市场挑战所需灵活性的混合框架。该分析特别强调了新的竞争政策方法的出现，这些方法将管制型干预与加强的执法战略相结合。

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