Criminology & Criminal Justice最新文献

英文中文

Collateral consequences of criminal records from the other side of the pond: How exceptional is American penal exceptionalism? 大洋彼岸犯罪记录的附带后果:美国的刑事例外论有多特殊?

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231161437

A. Corda, Marti Rovira, Andrew Henley

In this article, we highlight the existence and expansion of so-called ‘collateral consequences’ (CCs) of criminal records in Europe to challenge the prevalent view that these are features of the claimed ‘American exceptionalism’ within the penal field. First, we consider how CCs have been widely presented as a quintessential example of American penal exceptionalism within extant scholarship before problematising the adoption of such a framework from a European perspective. Second, we demystify the issue of CCs within Europe by highlighting the deleterious effects which CCs have on the lives of European people with a criminal record. Third, we consider precisely what can be regarded as ‘exceptional’ about CCs in the United States as compared to Europe by analysing key areas of possible differentiation. We conclude by cautioning against the view that European penality is necessarily – and always homogeneously and consistently – ‘progressive’ in relation to its treatment of criminal records and criminal record subjects. We also suggest that far greater attention and vigilance is required from criminologists and criminal justice scholars regarding the expansion and operation of CCs in Europe.

在本文中，我们强调了欧洲犯罪记录的所谓“附带后果”(cc)的存在和扩大，以挑战普遍的观点，即这些是在刑事领域中所谓的“美国例外论”的特征。首先，我们考虑cc如何在现有学术中被广泛视为美国刑法例外论的典型例子，然后再从欧洲的角度对这种框架的采用提出问题。其次，我们通过强调cc对有犯罪记录的欧洲人的生活产生的有害影响，来揭开欧洲内部cc问题的神秘面纱。第三，我们通过分析可能存在差异的关键领域，准确地考虑了与欧洲相比，美国CCs的“例外”之处。最后，我们提醒大家不要认为欧洲的刑罚在处理犯罪记录和犯罪记录主体方面必然是——而且总是同质一致的——“进步的”。我们还建议，犯罪学家和刑事司法学者需要对欧洲cc的扩张和运作给予更多的关注和警惕。

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引用次数: 4

Mitigating and bordering: The dual nature of Canadian collateral consequences of conviction 减轻和界定：加拿大定罪附带后果的双重性质

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231162512

Lili Dao

Roughly, 13% of Canada’s adult population has some kind of criminal record. Collateral consequences stemming from a criminal record are wide-ranging, from formal restrictions to more informal forms of exclusions. In this article, I argue that Canada exhibits a distinct and dual approach with regard to collateral consequences. A commitment to principles, such as human dignity, rehabilitation, proportionality and individualisation in sentencing, especially by the courts, has increasingly mitigated the impact of collateral consequences in many areas. Yet, these interventions to limit collateral consequences have been far more uncommon for immigration-related collateral consequences, where the impact of a criminal conviction has only expanded in the last decades. This suggests the centrality of the criminalisation of migration in Canada’s bordering regime and its role in drawing boundaries between desirable and undesirable migrants. This dual nature of collateral consequences also sends a message about who is, and who is not, deserving of second chances.

大约13%的加拿大成年人有犯罪记录。犯罪记录带来的附带后果是广泛的，从正式的限制到更非正式的排斥。在本文中，我认为加拿大在附带后果方面表现出一种独特的双重方法。对人的尊严、康复、量刑的相称性和个体化等原则的承诺，特别是法院的承诺，在许多领域日益减轻了附带后果的影响。然而，这些限制附带后果的干预措施在与移民相关的附带后果中却罕见得多，在移民相关的附带后果中，刑事定罪的影响在过去几十年中只是扩大了。这表明移民犯罪在加拿大边境制度中的核心地位，以及它在划定理想移民和不理想移民之间的界限方面的作用。这种附带后果的双重性质也传递了一个信息，即谁值得，谁不值得第二次机会。

引用次数: 1

Criminal records and employment restrictions in Argentina: Between post-sentence discrimination and resistance strategies 阿根廷的犯罪记录和就业限制：在判决后歧视和抵抗策略之间

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231162519

Leandro Gastón, C. Carnevale

The current growth of criminal background screening for non-criminal justice purposes observed in the Global North is also found in Latin America. The aim of this article is twofold. First, it contextualises, analyses and discusses recent changes in criminal record policies in Latin American jurisdictions. Second, the article focuses on Argentina – a jurisdiction that has not passed any significant reforms to mitigate the disclosure and the effects of criminal records for employment purposes. Specifically, attention is devoted to worker co-operatives created and owned by people with a criminal record – a strategy specifically designed to overcome post-sentence discrimination in the employment setting. Through the analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with members of Argentine worker co-operatives, we explore the reasons behind the establishment of these organisations as well as their advantages in terms of reintegration and desistance from crime. The article concludes by examining the extent to which this ‘resistance strategy’ against stigma and discrimination in the labour market can be replicated in other countries of the region.

目前在全球北方为非刑事司法目的进行犯罪背景审查的情况有所增加，拉丁美洲也有这种情况。这篇文章的目的是双重的。首先，它对拉丁美洲司法管辖区的犯罪记录政策的最新变化进行了背景分析和讨论。其次，这篇文章关注的是阿根廷——这个司法管辖区尚未通过任何重大改革，以减轻为就业目的而披露犯罪记录的影响。具体来说，关注的焦点是由有犯罪记录的人创建和拥有的工人合作社——这是一项专门为克服判刑后就业环境中的歧视而设计的战略。通过对阿根廷工人合作社成员进行的半结构化访谈的分析，我们探讨了建立这些组织背后的原因，以及它们在重新融入社会和制止犯罪方面的优势。文章最后考察了这种针对劳动力市场耻辱和歧视的“抵抗策略”在多大程度上可以在该地区的其他国家复制。

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引用次数: 0

An international review and normative examination of the collateral consequences of criminal record disclosures for domestic abuse 对披露家庭虐待犯罪记录的附带后果进行国际审查和规范审查

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231162514

K. Hadjimatheou

Domestic abuse disclosure schemes allow members of the public to request and receive information from police about the criminal histories of their partners, if they are at risk of abuse. In doing so, they open new pathways for disclosure of criminal record information beyond the spheres of employment and access to public services. This article reviews existing domestic abuse disclosure schemes and addresses their normative implications. Specifically, it examines the extent to which moral and legal criticisms that are frequently levelled at other kinds of criminal record checks apply equally to domestic abuse disclosure schemes. It is argued that, while domestic abuse disclosure schemes are less susceptible to criticisms of unfair disadvantage or disproportionate punishment than employer checks or other forms of third-party disclosure, they sit uneasily with respect for the moral agency and dignity of people with histories of abuse. These insights reveal the limits of a one-size-fits-all approach to analysis of criminal record disclosures, highlighting the need for more granular, crime-specific research in this field.

家庭虐待披露计划允许公众在伴侣面临虐待风险的情况下，向警方请求并接收有关其犯罪史的信息。通过这样做，他们为披露就业和获得公共服务领域之外的犯罪记录信息开辟了新的途径。本文回顾了现有的家庭虐待披露计划，并阐述了其规范意义。具体而言，它审查了经常针对其他类型犯罪记录检查的道德和法律批评在多大程度上同样适用于家庭虐待披露计划。有人认为，尽管与雇主检查或其他形式的第三方披露相比，家庭虐待披露计划不太容易受到不公平劣势或过度惩罚的批评，但它们对有虐待史的人的道德能动性和尊严感到不安。这些见解揭示了一刀切的犯罪记录披露分析方法的局限性，突出了在该领域进行更精细、针对犯罪的研究的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Privacy, promotionalism and the proliferation of state-performed criminal record screening in the Netherlands: How a restrictive legal framework can still result in a steep increase of criminal background checks 荷兰的隐私、宣传主义和国家犯罪记录筛查的激增：限制性的法律框架如何仍然会导致犯罪背景调查的急剧增加

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/17488958231161427

E. V. Zand-Kurtovic, M. Boone

The Netherlands has endorsed a unique system regarding the management, disclosure and screening of criminal records. Disclosure to third parties is strongly restricted, yet all (potential) employees can request a government agency to provide a risk assessment − known as a Certificate of Conduct (‘VOG’ in Dutch) − for every kind of employment application to determine whether they are fit for a given job. This article explains how and why this Dutch policy approach, deemed respectful of individual privacy rights, can nonetheless go hand in hand with the promotion, proliferation and pervasiveness of criminal record screening. It challenges the often dichotomic approach of the comparative literature on criminal record policies and helps understand that privacy protection alone cannot be fully equated with the rehabilitation and re-entry in society of people with a criminal history. Although the Dutch criminal record system avoids any unnecessary publicity of criminal record data, it nonetheless triggers adverse impairments on reintegration processes through stigmatisation and exclusion resulting from the ubiquitous use of Certificates of Conduct in the labour market. This questions the promotion of the Dutch screening instrument as an exemplary model for criminal record information sharing within Europe.

荷兰赞同在管理、披露和审查犯罪记录方面建立一个独特的制度。向第三方披露信息受到严格限制，但所有（潜在）员工都可以要求政府机构为各种就业申请提供风险评估，即行为证明（荷兰语中的“VOG”），以确定他们是否适合特定的工作。这篇文章解释了荷兰的这种被视为尊重个人隐私权的政策方法如何以及为什么能够与犯罪记录筛查的推广、扩散和普及齐头并进。它挑战了关于犯罪记录政策的比较文献中经常存在的二分法，并有助于理解仅凭隐私保护不能完全等同于有犯罪史的人的康复和重返社会。尽管荷兰的犯罪记录系统避免了对犯罪记录数据进行任何不必要的公开，但由于在劳动力市场上普遍使用行为证明，它会因污名化和排斥而对重返社会进程造成不利影响。这对荷兰筛查工具作为欧洲犯罪记录信息共享的示范模式的推广提出了质疑。

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引用次数: 2

Book review: Macrocriminology and Freedom, by John Braithwaite 书评:《宏观犯罪学与自由》，约翰·布雷斯韦特著

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/17488958221102999

Sandra Walklate

引用次数: 0

Dispositions that matter: Investigating criminalized women's resettlement through their (trans)carceral habitus. 重要的倾向:调查被定罪的妇女通过其(跨)性取向的重新安置。

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/17488958211017371

Kaitlyn Quinn

Whether prisoner resettlement is framed in terms of public health, safety, economic prudence, recidivism, social justice, or humanitarianism, it is difficult to overstate its importance. This article investigates women's experiences exiting prison in Canada to deepen understandings of post-carceral trajectories and their implications. It combines feminist work on transcarceration and Bourdieusian theory with qualitative research undertaken in Canada to propose the (trans)carceral habitus as a theoretical innovation. This research illuminates the continuity of criminalized women's marginalization before and beyond their imprisonment, the embodied nature of these experiences, and the adaptive dispositions that they have demonstrated and depended on throughout their lives. In doing so, this article extends criminological work on carceral habitus which has rarely considered the experiences of women. Implications for resettlement are discussed by tracing the impact of criminalized women's (trans)carceral habitus (i.e. distrust, skepticism, vigilance about their environments and relationships) on their willingness to access support and services offered by resettlement organizations.

无论重新安置囚犯是出于公共卫生、安全、经济审慎、累犯、社会正义还是人道主义考虑，其重要性怎么强调都不为过。本文以加拿大女性出狱经历为研究对象，探讨她们出狱后的生活轨迹及其影响。它将女权主义关于跨性别的研究和布尔迪厄理论与加拿大进行的定性研究结合起来，提出(跨)性别习惯作为一种理论创新。这项研究阐明了被定罪妇女在监禁前后被边缘化的连续性，这些经历的具体性质，以及她们在一生中所表现出来并依赖的适应倾向。在这样做的过程中，本文扩展了很少考虑妇女经验的犯罪学工作。通过追踪被定罪的妇女(跨性别)收容习惯(即不信任、怀疑、对其环境和关系保持警惕)对她们获得安置组织提供的支持和服务的意愿的影响，讨论了对重新安置的影响。

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引用次数: 4

Fear, learning, or self-control? Predictors of Russian citizens’ compliance with mandatory and voluntary Covid-19 prevention measures 恐惧，学习，还是自我控制?俄罗斯公民遵守强制性和自愿性Covid-19预防措施的预测因素

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/17488958221147505

Anna Gurinskaya, Mahesh K. Nalla, Chae M. Jaynes

In this article, we examine citizens’ willingness to comply with Covid-19 prevention strategies of mandatory mask-wearing and recommended social distance/contact limitation measures from competing theoretical perspectives. These include self-control, deterrence, learning, social control theories, and fear of the infection. Data for the study come from 508 respondents from St. Petersburg—Russia’s second largest city—in May 2020, when the Covid-19 regional legislation that mandated citizens to wear masks in public went into effect. Overall, our findings suggest mixed support for various theoretical perspectives. Among the variables included in the analysis, fear of the infection is positively related to compliance with both mandated and recommended measures. Fear of Covid-19 infection, fear of punishment, and fear of disapproval on behalf of significant others that would follow non-compliance appear to be strong predictors of law-abiding behavior. Learning and self-control theories explain compliance with non-mandatory measures, but not with mask-wearing, which carried a penalty for violating the mandate.

本文从不同的理论角度考察了公民对强制佩戴口罩和建议的社交距离/接触限制措施的遵守意愿。这些包括自我控制、威慑、学习、社会控制理论和对感染的恐惧。该研究的数据来自俄罗斯第二大城市圣彼得堡的508名受访者。2020年5月，要求公民在公共场合戴口罩的新冠肺炎地区立法生效。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，不同的理论观点得到了不同的支持。在分析中包括的变量中，对感染的恐惧与遵守规定和建议的措施呈正相关。对Covid-19感染的恐惧，对惩罚的恐惧，以及对代表不遵守规定的重要他人的反对的恐惧，似乎是守法行为的有力预测因素。学习理论和自我控制理论解释了对非强制性措施的遵守，但没有解释戴口罩的情况，因为戴口罩会因违反规定而受到惩罚。

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引用次数: 1

Book review: Sensory Penalties: Exploring the Senses in Spaces of Punishment and Social Control 书评:《感官惩罚:探索惩罚和社会控制空间中的感官》

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1177/17488958211051506

R. Morgan

引用次数: 0

"Prison didn't change me, I have changed": Narratives of change, self, and prison time. “监狱没有改变我，是我改变了”:关于改变、自我和监狱时光的叙述。

IF 1.5 3区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Criminology & Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2022-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.1177/17488958211031336

Katharina Maier, Rosemary Ricciardelli

Drawing on interview data with over 50 male former prisoners in Ontario, Canada, we examine male ex-prisoners' narratives of change within prison settings. Specifically, we focus on how ex-prisoners talk about change to self and their persona, as they reflect back on both their pre-prison selves and the ways they believe prison changed them. We find that these ex-prisoners described prison as a time where they developed a more general sense of positive change. Ex-prisoners described how prison living made them "calmer," "stronger," and more "patient" overall. These descriptions stand in tension with the overall hostility of prison environments where prisoners are forced to focus on survival and basic well-being as they navigate the risks and threats of prison living. Overall, in this article, we seek to contribute to emerging discussions on positivity within prison settings, acknowledging that studying the more positive impacts of prison is a delicate yet important endeavor necessary to help better understand the experiential complexities of punishment.

根据对加拿大安大略省50多名男性前囚犯的访谈数据，我们研究了男性前囚犯对监狱环境变化的叙述。具体来说，我们关注前囚犯如何谈论改变自我和他们的角色，因为他们反思入狱前的自己以及他们认为监狱改变他们的方式。我们发现，这些前囚犯将监狱描述为他们发展出一种更普遍的积极改变感的时期。前囚犯描述了监狱生活如何让他们“更平静”、“更强壮”、更“耐心”。这些描述与监狱环境的整体敌意相矛盾，在监狱环境中，囚犯被迫专注于生存和基本福利，因为他们要应对监狱生活的风险和威胁。总的来说，在本文中，我们试图对监狱环境中积极因素的新兴讨论做出贡献，承认研究监狱的积极影响是一项微妙而重要的努力，有助于更好地理解惩罚的经验复杂性。

引用次数: 6

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